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Umemoto Y, Tanaka S, Kambayashi A, Sugimoto K, Kashiwagura Y, Namiki N, Uchida S. Gummi Formulations Comprising Amenamevir Solid Dispersions with Polyvinyl Alcohol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:862-871. [PMID: 34470950 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether solid dispersions (SDs) are applicable to gummi formulations. Amenamevir was selected as a model of a poorly water-soluble drug, and polyvinyl alcohols (PVAs) with various degrees of hydrolysis (PVA 66, PVA 80, PVA 88, and PVA 66/88) were used as SD carriers. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to develop a gummi formulation that was suitable for an amenamevir SD using SD with PVA 66. Dissolution studies and clinical sensory tests on 11 formulations calculated by DOE revealed that a gummi formulation comprising 10.5% gelatin and 22.8% water was suitable for SD of the drug. Gummi formulations comprising amenamevir SDs with various PVAs were prepared using the determined gummi formulation, and their ability to dissolve amenamevir, their stability, and their oral absorption in dogs were evaluated. The results suggested that PVA 66, PVA 66/88, and PVA 80 were appropriate in terms of dissolution, stability, and in vivo absorption, respectively. Considering these results comprehensively, it was concluded that PVA 80, which enabled the highest degree of absorption, was the most suitable SD carrier for gummi formulations. Thus, it was possible to apply a PVA SD of amenamevir to gummi formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Umemoto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka.,Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Shimako Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Koki Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yasuharu Kashiwagura
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Noriyuki Namiki
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Shinya Uchida
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Umemoto Y, Uchida S, Yoshida T, Shimada K, Kojima H, Takagi A, Tanaka S, Kashiwagura Y, Namiki N. An effective polyvinyl alcohol for the solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs in solid dispersion formulations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ohtsu Y, Susaki Y, Noguchi K. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Novel Helicase-Primase Inhibitor, Amenamevir (ASP2151), in Rodents. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 43:693-706. [PMID: 29748821 PMCID: PMC6244745 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The helicase-primase inhibitor amenamevir (ASP2151) is a novel therapeutic agent which has been approved for the treatment of herpes zoster. The present study examined the pharmacokinetic profile of amenamevir in rodents and compared it with data from the literature of past and current established therapies (acyclovir and valaciclovir) to provide additional data to facilitate drug discovery and proper drug use. METHODS In situ absorption, blood and plasma radioactivity concentrations, tissue distribution, and excretion were determined using liquid scintillation counting. Plasma amenamevir concentrations were measured using a validated chromatographic method. Chemical structures of in vivo metabolites were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Amenamevir, after single intravenous administration to mice, had an elimination half-life of 2 h. Bioavailability was 40% after single oral administration. In situ absorption data indicated that amenamevir is mainly absorbed in the small intestine. The main component in mouse plasma was amenamevir, accounting for 87.9% of amenamevir-derived components. Our results suggest that the main elimination pathway in mice is oxidative metabolism at a methyl group and a 1,2,3-trisubstituted benzene ring followed by biliary and fecal excretion. Following oral administration of 14C-amenamevir to mice, 100.63% of the dose (10.06% in urine and 90.46% in feces) was excreted by 96 h post-dose. CONCLUSIONS The underlying mechanism of the improved pharmacokinetic profile of amenamevir was linked to an improved absorption ratio (not hepatic availability) compared to acyclovir, and qualitative differences in elimination (slow metabolism of amenamevir vs rapid urinary excretion of acyclovir/valaciclovir).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ohtsu
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoko Susaki
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.,Regulatory Management, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Noguchi
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
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Kato K, den Adel M, Groenendaal-van de Meent D, Ohtsu Y, Takada A, Katashima M. An Open-Label, Single-Dose, Human Mass Balance Study of Amenamevir in Healthy Male Adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:595-602. [PMID: 30412362 PMCID: PMC6619336 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amenamevir is an inhibitor of the helicase-primase enzyme complex developed for the treatment of varicella zoster virus. This mass balance study investigated the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of a single dose (200 mg) of 14 C-labeled amenamevir in healthy male volunteers. Blood, urine, and feces samples were collected for up to 8 days after the dose. Safety and tolerability were assessed through voluntary reporting of adverse events, physical examination, and clinical laboratory testing. Amenamevir was rapidly absorbed, with a median time to peak drug concentration of 1.0 to 1.5 hours and a plasma half-life of 8 to 9 hours. Overall, 95.3% of the administered dose was recovered, with the majority of radiolabeled drug excreted in feces (74.6%) followed by urine (20.6%). The major route of elimination was fecal, with around 70% of the dose excreted as metabolites and <0.1% as the unchanged drug. Metabolic profiling revealed that predominantly radiolabeled amenamevir (80%) and its hydroxyl metabolite R5 (up to 7.1%) were present in plasma. Single-dose amenamevir was well tolerated; 3 transient and mild adverse events were reported in 3 subjects. Overall, >95% of a single 200-mg dose of amenamevir was eliminated by 168 hours after the dose, with the major route of elimination being fecal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kato
- Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
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Dennison J, Puri A, Warrington S, Endo T, Adeloye T, Johnston A. Amenamevir: Studies of Potential CYP2C8- and CYP2B6-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions With Montelukast and Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 7:860-870. [PMID: 29870591 PMCID: PMC6221039 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amenamevir (formerly ASP2151) induces cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B6 and CYP3A4 and inhibits CYP2C8. We conducted 2 studies, 1 using montelukast as a probe to assess CYP2C8 and the other bupropion to assess CYP2B6. The montelukast study examined the effect of amenamevir on the pharmacokinetics of montelukast in 24 healthy men: each subject received montelukast 10 mg alone, followed by montelukast 10 mg with amenamevir 400 mg, or vice versa after a washout period. In the bupropion study, 24 subjects received a single dose of 150 mg bupropion on days 1, 15, 22, and 29, and repeated once-daily doses of 400 mg amenamevir on days 6-15. Amenamevir increased peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve of montelukast by about 22% (ratio 121.7%, 90%CI [114.8, 129.1]; 121% [116.2, 128.4], respectively) with a similar increase in hydroxymontelukast (ratio 121.4%, 90%CI [106.4, 138.5]; 125.6 % [111.3, 141.7]). Amenamevir reduced peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve of bupropion by 16% (84.29%, 90%CI [78.00, 91.10]; 84.07%, 90%CI [78.85, 89.63]), with recovery after 1 week; the pharmacokinetics of the primary metabolite hydroxybupropion was unaffected. Thus, amenamevir increased plasma concentrations of montelukast and decreased those of bupropion, but it did not do so enough to require dose adjustment of coadministered substrates of either CYP2C8 or CYP2B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Dennison
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Cumberland Avenue, London, England
| | - Adeep Puri
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Cumberland Avenue, London, England
| | | | | | - Temitope Adeloye
- Hammersmith Medicines Research, Cumberland Avenue, London, England
| | - Atholl Johnston
- Analytical Services International Ltd, St. George's-University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, England
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Ariza-Heredia EJ, Chemaly RF, Shahani LR, Jang Y, Champlin RE, Mulanovich VE. Delay of alternative antiviral therapy and poor outcomes of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplant - a retrospective study. Transpl Int 2018; 31:639-648. [PMID: 29464765 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir is commonly used to prevent and treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), and only few reports have been published on acyclovir-resistant HSV in HCT recipients. We reviewed the medical records of patients with a microbiologic diagnosis of acyclovir-resistant HSV by plaque reduction test who received an HCT from 2002 through 2014. A total of 4 028 HCTs were performed during the study period, and 18 of the recipients met the diagnostic criteria for acyclovir-resistant HSV. All cases had undergone allogeneic HCTs. Most patients were in the pre-engraftment period or on systemic corticosteroid therapy for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The median time between diagnosis and susceptibility testing was 15 days, and antiviral therapy was changed at a median of 27 days. Patients required prolonged therapy (~80 days), and many had serious complications including renal failure and hospitalization. In conclusion, acyclovir-resistant HSV infection is more likely during the period of profound deficit in T-cell-mediated immunity and is associated with significant morbidities. Higher doses of acyclovir prophylaxis might be needed for patients with history of HSV during pre-engraftment or GVHD treatment. In patients who do not respond or progress after 1 week of acyclovir therapy, testing for drug-resistant HSV, and early switch to an alternative antiviral should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella J Ariza-Heredia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lokesh R Shahani
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Jang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor E Mulanovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Takada A, Katashima M, Kaibara A, Chono K, Katsumata K, Sawamoto T, Suzuki H, Yano Y. Integrative pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of amenamevir (ASP2151) for treatment of recurrent genital herpes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:323-32. [PMID: 27461507 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amenamevir is a novel drug that targets the viral helicase-primase complex. While dose-dependent efficacy had been observed in non-clinical studies, no clear dose dependence has been observed in humans. We therefore developed a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to explain this inconsistency between species and to clarify the immune-related healing of amenamevir in humans. The model consisted of a non-linear kinetic model for a virtual number of virus plaques as a built-in biomarker. Lesion score was defined as an endpoint of antiviral efficacy, and logit model analysis was applied to the ordered-categorical lesion score. The modeling results suggested the time course profiles of lesion score could be explained with the efficacy terms in the logit model, using change in number of virus plaques as an indicator of the effects of amenamevir and time elapsed as an indicator of the healing of the immune response. In humans, the PD effect was almost dose-independent, and immune-related healing may have been the driving force behind the reduction in lesion scores. Drug efficacy is occasionally masked in diseases healed by the immune response, such as genital herpes. The PK/PD model proposed in the present study must be useful for explanation the PK/PD relationship of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsugu Takada
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Atsunori Kaibara
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Chono
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Taiji Sawamoto
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yano
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchicho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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