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Liu X, He S, Chen H, Zheng Y, Noor H, Zhao L, Qin H, Hou X. Steric molecular combing effect enables Self-Healing binder for silicon anodes in Lithium-Ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:592-602. [PMID: 38552576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries with its superior capacity. However, the volume change of the silicon anode seriously affects the electrode integrity and cycle stability. The waterborne guar gum (GG) binder has been regarded as one of the most promising binders for Si anodes. Here, a unique steric molecular combing approach based on guar gum, glycerol, and citric acid is proposed to develop a self-healing binder GGC, which would boost the structural stability of electrode materials. The GGC binder is mainly designed to weaken van der Waals' forces between polymers through the plasticizing effect of glycerol, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of GG, and exposing the guar hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid. The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid forms stronger hydrogen bonds, which can help achieve self-healing effect to cope with the severe volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. Silicon electrode lithium-ion batteries prepared with GGC binders exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, with a discharge capacity of up to 1579 mAh/g for 1200 cycles at 1 A/g, providing a high capacity retention rate of 96%. This paper demostrates the great potential of GGC binders in realizing electrochemical performance enhancement of silicon anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Shenggong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hedong Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hadia Noor
- Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, Faculty of Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Haiqing Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superhard Material, National Engineering Research Center for Special Mineral Material, China Nonferrous Metals (Guilin) Geology and Mining Co., Ltd., Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China; SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511517, China.
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2
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Ye W, He W, Long J, Chen P, Ding B, Dou H, Zhang X. Versatile Composite Binder with Fast Lithium-Ion Transport for LiCoO 2 Cathodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:17401-17410. [PMID: 38537112 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The low ionic conductivity of LiCoO2 limits the rate performance of the overall electrode. Here, a polymeric composite binder composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is reported to efficiently improve the ion transport in the LiCoO2 electrode. This is where the lithium-ion transport channel constructed by oxygen atoms of PEO can afford the electrode a lithium-ion transport number (tLi+) as high as 0.70 with the optimized composite binder in a mass ratio of 1:1 (O5F5), significantly higher than that of traditional PVDF (0.44). As a result, the O5F5 binder endows the LiCoO2 electrode with an impressive capacity of 90 mAh g-1 even at 15 C, which is twice as high as the PVDF electrode. In addition, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the LiCoO2 electrode with the O5F5 binder is close to 100% and the capacity retention is 91% after 100 cycles at 1 C. This study overcomes the problem of slow ion conductivity of the LiCoO2 electrode, providing an easy method for developing high-rate cathode binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Bing Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
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Yu N, Ke J, Li L, Bi Y. Encapsulating carboxymethyl substituted chitosan on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode for enhanced charge/discharge performances. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Oishi A, Tatara R, Togo E, Inoue H, Yasuno S, Komaba S. Sulfated Alginate as an Effective Polymer Binder for High-Voltage LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:51808-51818. [PMID: 36351777 PMCID: PMC9706501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the increasing demand for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has inspired extensive research on high-voltage cathode materials, such as LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), their commercialization is hindered by problems associated with the decomposition of common carbonate solvent-based electrolytes at elevated voltages. To address these problems, we prepared high-voltage LNMO composite electrodes using five polymer binders (two sulfated and two nonsulfated alginate binders and a poly(vinylidene fluoride) conventional binder) and compared their electrochemical performances at ∼5 V vs Li/Li+. The effects of binder type on electrode performance were probed by analyzing cycled electrodes using soft/hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The best-performing sulfated binder, sulfated alginate, uniformly covers the surface of LNMO and increased its affinity for the electrolyte. The electrolyte decomposition products generated in the initial charge-discharge cycle on the alginate-covered electrode participated in the formation of a protective passivation layer that suppressed further decomposition during subsequent cycles, resulting in enhanced cycling and rate performances. The results of this study provide a basis for the cost-effective and technically undemanding fabrication of high-energy-density LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Oishi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of
Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tatara
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of
Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Eiichi Togo
- Tosoh
Corp., 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi-Shi, Mie 510-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Tosoh
Corp., 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi-Shi, Mie 510-8540, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuno
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Shinichi Komaba
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of
Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Xu Y, Mullaliu A, Lin SD, Ma Y, Asenbauer J, Zarrabeitia M, Passerini S, Bresser D. Effect of phosphoric acid as slurry additive on Li4Ti5O12 lithium-ion anodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salian GD, Højberg J, Fink Elkjaer C, Tesfamhret Y, Hernández G, Lacey MJ, Younesi R. Investigation of Water-Soluble Binders for LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 -Based Full Cells. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200065. [PMID: 35701369 PMCID: PMC9197771 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two water‐soluble binders of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (SA) have been studied in comparison with N‐methylpyrrolidone‐soluble poly(vinylidene difluoride–co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐HFP) to understand their effect on the electrochemical performance of a high‐voltage lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) cathode. The electrochemical performance has been investigated in full cells using a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode. At room temperature, LNMO cathodes prepared with aqueous binders provided a similar electrochemical performance as those prepared with PVdF‐HFP. However, at 55 °C, the full cells containing LNMO with the aqueous binders showed higher cycling stability. The results are supported by intermittent current interruption resistance measurements, wherein the electrodes with SA showed lower resistance. The surface layer formed on the electrodes after cycling has been characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The amount of transition metal dissolutions was comparable for all three cells. However, the amount of hydrogen fluoride (HF) content in the electrolyte cycled at 55 °C is lower in the cell with the SA binder. These results suggest that use of water‐soluble binders could provide a practical and more sustainable alternative to PVdF‐based binders for the fabrication of LNMO electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish D Salian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Højberg
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Yonas Tesfamhret
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Reza Younesi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
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Li S, Xiao W, Do H, Yang H, Xu X, Peng C. Harnessing Heteropolar Lithium Polysulfides by Amphoteric Polymer Binder for Facile Manufacturing of Practical Li-S Batteries. Small 2022; 18:e2107109. [PMID: 35297553 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enabling efficient and durable charge storage under high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte remains a paramount challenge for Li-S battery technology to truly demonstrate its commercial viability. This work reports an amphoteric polymer binder, whose negatively and positively charged moieties allow for coregulation of both lithium cations and heteropolar lithium polysulfides through multiple intermolecular interactions. These interactions and the physical properties lead to simultaneously improved Li+ transport, polysulfide adsorption and catalysis, cathode robustness and anode stability. Therefore, this multifunctional binder endows Li-S batteries with compelling overall performances even under rigorous conditions. At low sulfur loading and copious electrolyte, the cell shows a low capacity-fading rate of 0.056% cycle-1 upon 700 cycles. At sulfur loading of 6.8 mg cm-2 and low E/S of 6 µL mg-1 , the cell still delivers stable areal capacities between 4.2 and 4.8 mAh cm-2 in 50 cycles without obvious decay at 0.2 C. The commercial feasibility of this work is further manifested by its zero added weight, low material cost, and ease of manufacturing and scale-up. The efficacy and simplicity of this work symbolize an example of lab-scale battery research aiming at improved technology and manufacturing readiness level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wenshan Xiao
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hainam Do
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intesification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Hangqi Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Xu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Peng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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8
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Kaur S, Santra S. Application of Guar Gum and its Derivatives as Green Binder/Separator for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202100209. [PMID: 35103411 PMCID: PMC8805390 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their first commercialization in the 1990s,lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an indispensible part of our everyday life in particular for portable electronic devices. LIBs have been considered as the most promising sustainable high energy density storage device. In recent years, there is a strong demand of LIBs for hybrid electric and electric vehicles to lower carbon footprint and mitigate climate change. However, LIBs have several issues, for example, high cost and safety issues such as over discharge, intolerance to overcharge, high temperature operation etc. To address these issues several new types of electrodes are being studied. Traditional binder PVDF is costly, difficult to recyle, undergoes side reactions at high temperature and cannot stabilize high energy density electrodes. To overcome these challenges, diiferent binders have been introduced with these electrodes. This minireview is focused on the application of guar gum as a binder for different electrodes and separator. The electrochemical performance of electrodes with guar gum has been compared with other binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur
- Department of ChemistryLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjab144411India
| | - Soumava Santra
- Department of ChemistryLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjab144411India
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Li J, Fleetwood J, Hawley WB, Kays W. From Materials to Cell: State-of-the-Art and Prospective Technologies for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Processing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:903-956. [PMID: 34705441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrode processing plays an important role in advancing lithium-ion battery technologies and has a significant impact on cell energy density, manufacturing cost, and throughput. Compared to the extensive research on materials development, however, there has been much less effort in this area. In this Review, we outline each step in the electrode processing of lithium-ion batteries from materials to cell assembly, summarize the recent progress in individual steps, deconvolute the interplays between those steps, discuss the underlying constraints, and share some prospective technologies. This Review aims to provide an overview of the whole process in lithium-ion battery fabrication from powder to cell formation and bridge the gap between academic development and industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Li
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - James Fleetwood
- Battery Innovation Center, 7970 S. Energy Drive, Newberry, Indiana 47449, United States
| | - W Blake Hawley
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - William Kays
- RW Baron Process Equipment, Inc., 381B Allen Street, Amherst, Wisconsin 54406, United States
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Zhu P, Han J, Pfleging W. Characterization and Laser Structuring of Aqueous Processed Li(Ni 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2)O 2 Thick-Film Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1840. [PMID: 34361226 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries have led the revolution in portable electronic devices and electrical vehicles due to their high gravimetric energy density. In particular, layered cathode material Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 (NMC 622) can deliver high specific capacities of about 180 mAh/g. However, traditional cathode manufacturing involves high processing costs and environmental issues due to the use of organic binder polyvinylidenfluoride (PVDF) and highly toxic solvent N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP). In order to overcome these drawbacks, aqueous processing of thick-film NMC 622 cathodes was studied using carboxymethyl cellulose and fluorine acrylic hybrid latex as binders. Acetic acid was added during the mixing process to obtain slurries with pH values varying from 7.4 to 12.1. The electrode films could be produced with high homogeneity using slurries with pH values smaller than 10. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that the addition of acetic acid did not affect the redox reaction of active material during charging and discharging. Rate capability tests revealed that the specific capacities with higher slurry pH values were increased at C-rates above C/5. Cells with laser structured thick-film electrodes showed an increase in capacity by 40 mAh/g in comparison to cells with unstructured electrodes.
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Dong T, Mu P, Zhang S, Zhang H, Liu W, Cui G. How Do Polymer Binders Assist Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes to Address the Challenge of High-Voltage Lithium Battery Applications? ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Asenbauer J, Binder JR, Mueller F, Kuenzel M, Geiger D, Kaiser U, Passerini S, Bresser D. Scalable Synthesis of Microsized, Nanocrystalline Zn 0.9 Fe 0.1 O-C Secondary Particles and Their Use in Zn 0.9 Fe 0.1 O-C/LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 Lithium-Ion Full Cells. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:3504-3513. [PMID: 32286730 PMCID: PMC7384102 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conversion/alloying materials (CAMs) are a potential alternative to graphite as Li-ion anodes, especially for high-power performance. The so far most investigated CAM is carbon-coated Zn0.9 Fe0.1 O, which provides very high specific capacity of more than 900 mAh g-1 and good rate capability. Especially for the latter the optimal particle size is in the nanometer regime. However, this leads to limited electrode packing densities and safety issues in large-scale handling and processing. Herein, a new synthesis route including three spray-drying steps that results in the formation of microsized, spherical secondary particles is reported. The resulting particles with sizes of 10-15 μm are composed of carbon-coated Zn0.9 Fe0.1 O nanocrystals with an average diameter of approximately 30-40 nm. The carbon coating ensures fast electron transport in the secondary particles and, thus, high rate capability of the resulting electrodes. Coupling partially prelithiated, carbon-coated Zn0.9 Fe0.1 O anodes with LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathodes results in cobalt-free Li-ion cells delivering a specific energy of up to 284 Wh kg-1 (at 1 C rate) and power of 1105 W kg-1 (at 3 C) with remarkable energy efficiency (>93 % at 1 C and 91.8 % at 3 C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Asenbauer
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Joachim R. Binder
- Institute for Applied MaterialsKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Franziska Mueller
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Matthias Kuenzel
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Dorin Geiger
- Central Facility for Electron MicroscopyGroup of Electron Microscopy of Materials ScienceUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron MicroscopyGroup of Electron Microscopy of Materials ScienceUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
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