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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. [Ag(Sn 9-Sn 9)] 5- and [(η 4-Sn 9)Ag(η 1-Sn 9)] 7-, as aggregates of spherical aromatic building blocks. Persistence of aromaticity upon cluster gathering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8419-8425. [PMID: 38407459 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Formation of cluster-based materials requires a fundamental understanding of the resulting cluster aggregation processes. The Sn94- Zintl-ion structure can be viewed as a building block featuring a spherical aromatic species, leading to a cluster gathering upon oxidative coupling and/or mediated by transition metals. Here, we evaluate the spherical aromatic properties of [Sn9-Sn9]6-, [Ag(Sn9-Sn9)]5- and [(η4-Sn9)Ag(η1-Sn9)]7-, as aggregates of two Sn9 building units held together via oxidative coupling and mediated by a Ag(I) transition metal center. Our results from magnetic criteria of aromaticity show that the inherent spherical aromatic characteristics of the parent Sn94- cluster are persistent in the overall aggregate where the enabled shielding cones ascribed to each Sn9 unit are able to interplay between them, leading to an overlap of the shielding regions. Hence, the two approaches for bringing cluster units together are able to retain the inherent spherical aromatic features for each Sn9 unit, leading to a cluster-based dimer where the parent properties remain. Thus, further cluster-based materials can be envisaged from aggregation upon oxidative coupling and/or mediated by transition metals, where the constituent building blocks retain their initial features, useful to guide the formation of more complex cluster-based aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A. Ligand-free supermolecules: [Pd 2@Ge 18] 4- and [Pd 2@Sn 18] 4- as multiple-bonded Zintl-ion clusters based on Pd@Ge 9 and Pd@Sn 9 assembled units. Nanoscale 2024. [PMID: 38436401 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding intercluster bonding interactions is important in the rational synthesis of building blocks for molecular materials. Such characteristics have been developed for coinage metal clusters resembling single-, double-, and triple-bonded species, coined as supermolecules. Herein, we extend such an approach for understanding main-group clusters, thus evaluating [Pd2@E18]4- clusters (E = Ge, Sn) involving the fusion of parent spherical aromatic [Pd@E12]2- building units. Our results indicate intercluster bonding provided by contribution from 2P and 1G shells centered at each building motif, leading to an overall bond order of 2.70 and 2.31 for [Pd2@Ge18]4- and [Pd2@Sn18]4-, respectively. In addition, 119Sn-NMR patterns were evaluated to complement the experimental characterization of a single peak owing to the insolution fluxional behavior of [Pd2@Sn18]4- as three peaks owing to the three sets of unique Sn atoms within the structure. Magnetic response properties revealed that spherical aromatic characteristics from parent [Pd@E12]2- building units are retained in the overall [Pd2@E18]4- oblate cluster as two spherical aromatic units. Hence, the notion of superatomic molecules is extended to Zintl-ion clusters, favoring further rationalization for the fabrication of cluster-assembled solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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Wang M, Wang Y. Advances for Triangular and Sandwich-Shaped All-Metal Aromatics. Molecules 2024; 29:763. [PMID: 38398515 PMCID: PMC10892378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and δ-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's [H3]+ ion or the π-aromatic molecule's [C3H3]+ ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
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Xu YH, Tian WJ, Muñoz-Castro A, Frenking G, Sun ZM. An all-metal fullerene: [K@Au 12Sb 20] 5. Science 2023; 382:840-843. [PMID: 37972185 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The C60 fullerene molecule has attracted tremendous interest for its distinctive nearly spherical structure. By contrast, all-metal counterparts have been elusive: Fullerene-like clusters composed of noncarbon elements typically suffer from instability, resulting in more compact geometries that require multiple embedded atoms or external ligands for stabilization. In this work, we present the synthesis of an all-metal fullerene cluster, [K@Au12Sb20]5-, using a wet-chemistry method. The cluster's structure was determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction, which revealed a fullerene framework consisting of 20 antimony atoms. Theoretical calculations further indicate that this distinct cluster exhibits aromatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wen-Juan Tian
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wang M, He Z, Chen M, Wang Y. Aryl sulfonate anion stabilized aromatic triangular cation [Pd 3] +: syntheses, structures and properties. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29689-29694. [PMID: 37822652 PMCID: PMC10563175 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of sulfonate anions paired aromatic triangular palladium clusters 3-7, abbreviated as [Pd3]+[ArSO3]-, were synthesized using a simple "one pot" method, and gave excellent isolated yields (90-95%). Their structures and properties have been fully characterized and further investigated by fluorescence, single crystal X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In varying organic solvents, they presented apparently stronger absorption and emission in MeOH, driven by the combined interactions of hydrogen bonds and polarity. The crystallographic data demonstrated that the methyl orange ion stabilized complex 7 possessed a D3h symmetric metallic core which was still coplanar and almost equilateral, jointly influenced by the giant hindrance and milder donating effect from the sulfonate. The binding energies for Pdn+ 3d5/2 and Pdn+ 3d3/2 measured by XPS presented at 336.55 and 342.00 eV, respectively. These data were much lower than that of a usual Pd2+ 3d and significantly higher than that of a Pd0 species, further proving the unified palladium valence state (+4/3) in the tri-palladium core and its aromaticity featured by the cyclic electron delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Zhixin He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
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Lingas R, Charistos ND, Muñoz-Castro A. Local and global aromaticity under rotation: analysis of two- and three-dimensional representative carbon nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14285-14293. [PMID: 37183443 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00569k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscaled 2D and 3D carbon structures with closed curved π-surfaces are of relevance in the development of desirable building units for materials science. Such species are able to sustain local and global aromatic circuits involving isolated regions or the overall structural backbone, respectively. Here we account for local and global aromaticity under rotation of representative two- and three-dimensional species involving para-connected and fused edge-sharing phenyl rings ([8]CPP, [10]CPP, CNB), and C60 fullerene at different charge states. Our results denote that nanoscaled 2D global aromatics mimic the behaviour of the most prototypical aromatic 6π-circuit, given by benzene, where the shielding cone properties vary along the rotation motion. In contrast, 3D spherical aromatics remain almost invariant under rotation, given the distinctive characteristics of such species, differing from 2D global aromatics. Dissection of orbital contributions reveals that π-orbitals are determinants for shifting from non-aromatic to spherical aromatic species. Under rotation, the variation of the anisotropic effect inherent to such nanoscaled structures is accounted for, which is relevant to rationalize variation in NMR signal shifts upon the formation of host-guest aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lingas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Nickolas D Charistos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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Macleod-Carey D, Muñoz-Castro A. Switch from local to global aromatic character in Möbius carbon nanobelts upon dioxidation. Evaluation of magnetic behavior in neutral and charged species. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4467-4471. [PMID: 36722854 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that recent Möbius carbon nanobelts (MCNBs) can be switched from a local to a global aromatic behavior upon dioxidation. Hence, large aromatic structures can be achieved by the choice of the charge states, giving rise to shielding cone characteristics extended within the overall structure at the nanoscale regime, pushing the limit of aromatic circuits to 198 π-electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Macleod-Carey
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Llano Subercaceaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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Al-Yassiri MAH. Spherical Aromaticity of Tetrahedral Pnictogens through Off-Nucleus Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200271. [PMID: 35768283 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work revealed the spherical aromaticity of some inorganic E4 cages and their protonated E4 H+ ions (E=N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). For this purpose, we employed several evaluations like (0D-1D) nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS), multidimensional (2D-3D) off-nucleus isotropic shielding σiso (r), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The magnetic calculations involved gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAO) with two density functionals B3LYP and WB97XD, and basis sets of Jorge-ATZP, 6-311+G(d,p), and Lanl2DZp. The Jorge-ATZP basis set showed the best consistency. Our findings disclosed non-classical aromatic characters in the above molecules, which decreased from N to Bi cages. Also, the results showed more aromaticity in E4 than E4 H+ . The NBO analysis attributed the aromaticity in the above molecules to the residual density of the overlapping σ-bonding orbitals. So, the aromaticity in these molecules is unlike the classical aromaticity that is associated with electron delocalization. Scanning 1D σiso (r) variation along E-E bonds indicated a lowering in the shielding trend from N to Bi cages. The 3D results showed a similar decrease in the relative volumetric diffusion of the magnetic activity, whereas the volumetric ratio of V1ppm /V2ppm is almost constant for all the E4 cages.
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