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Li Z, Cogswell M, Hixson K, Brooks-Kayal AR, Russek SJ. Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF-1) Controls the Activity Dependent Transcription of the GABA-A Receptor Beta 1 Subunit Gene in Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:285. [PMID: 30186109 PMCID: PMC6113564 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the exact role of β1 subunit-containing GABA-A receptors (GABARs) in brain function is not well understood, altered expression of the β1 subunit gene (GABRB1) is associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, down-regulation of β1 subunit levels is observed in brains of patients with epilepsy, autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. A pathophysiological feature of these disease states is imbalance in energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. The transcription factor, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), has been shown to be a key mediator of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Using a variety of molecular approaches (including mobility shift, promoter/reporter assays, and overexpression of dominant negative NRF-1), we now report that NRF-1 regulates transcription of GABRB1 and that its core promoter contains a conserved canonical NRF-1 element responsible for sequence specific binding and transcriptional activation. Our identification of GABRB1 as a new target for NRF-1 in neurons suggests that genes coding for inhibitory neurotransmission may be coupled to cellular metabolism. This is especially meaningful as binding of NRF-1 to its element is sensitive to the kind of epigenetic changes that occur in multiple disorders associated with altered brain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Li
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meaghan Cogswell
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn Hixson
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy R Brooks-Kayal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shelley J Russek
- Laboratory of Translational Epilepsy, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Duka T, Nikolaou K, King SL, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Carvalho FM, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Jia T, Gowland P, Martinot JL, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka M, Schumann G, Stephens DN. GABRB1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with Altered Brain Responses (but not Performance) during Measures of Impulsivity and Reward Sensitivity in Human Adolescents. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 28261068 PMCID: PMC5309221 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in genes encoding several GABAA receptors have been associated with human drug and alcohol abuse. Among these, a number of human studies have suggested an association between GABRB1, the gene encoding GABAA receptor β1 subunits, with Alcohol dependence (AD), both on its own and comorbid with other substance dependence and psychiatric illnesses. In the present study, we hypothesized that the GABRB1 genetically-associated increased risk for developing alcoholism may be associated with impaired behavioral control and altered sensitivity to reward, as a consequence of altered brain function. Exploiting the IMAGEN database (Schumann et al., 2010), we explored in a human adolescent population whether possession of the minor (T) variant of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2044081 is associated with performance of tasks measuring aspects of impulsivity, and reward sensitivity that are implicated in drug and alcohol abuse. Allelic variation did not associate with altered performance in either a stop-signal task (SST), measuring one aspect of impulsivity, or a monetary incentive delay (MID) task assessing reward anticipation. However, increased functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response in the right hemisphere inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left hemisphere caudate/insula and left hemisphere inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) during MID performance was higher in the minor (T) allelic group. In contrast, during SST performance, the BOLD response found in the right hemisphere supramarginal gyrus, right hemisphere lingual and left hemisphere inferior parietal gyrus indicated reduced responses in the minor genotype. We suggest that β1-containing GABAA receptors may play a role in excitability of brain regions important in controlling reward-related behavior, which may contribute to susceptibility to addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Duka
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Falmer, UK
| | | | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Falmer, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College LondonLondon, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine HospitalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of VermontBurlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London London, UK
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK; Rotman Research Institute, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College LondonLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) CentreLondon, UK
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3
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Anstee QM, Knapp S, Maguire EP, Hosie AM, Thomas P, Mortensen M, Bhome R, Martinez A, Walker SE, Dixon CI, Ruparelia K, Montagnese S, Kuo YT, Herlihy A, Bell JD, Robinson I, Guerrini I, McQuillin A, Fisher EM, Ungless MA, Gurling HM, Morgan MY, Brown SD, Stephens DN, Belelli D, Lambert JJ, Smart TG, Thomas HC. Mutations in the Gabrb1 gene promote alcohol consumption through increased tonic inhibition. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2816. [PMID: 24281383 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-dependence is a common, complex and debilitating disorder with genetic and environmental influences. Here we show that alcohol consumption increases following mutations to the γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor (GABAAR) β1 subunit gene (Gabrb1). Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis on an alcohol-averse background (F1 BALB/cAnN × C3H/HeH), we develop a mouse model exhibiting strong heritable preference for ethanol resulting from a dominant mutation (L285R) in Gabrb1. The mutation causes spontaneous GABA ion channel opening and increases GABA sensitivity of recombinant GABAARs, coupled to increased tonic currents in the nucleus accumbens, a region long-associated with alcohol reward. Mutant mice work harder to obtain ethanol, and are more sensitive to alcohol intoxication. Another spontaneous mutation (P228H) in Gabrb1 also causes high ethanol consumption accompanied by spontaneous GABA ion channel opening and increased accumbal tonic current. Our results provide a new and important link between GABAAR function and increased alcohol consumption that could underlie some forms of alcohol abuse.
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Le-Niculescu H, Case NJ, Hulvershorn L, Patel SD, Bowker D, Gupta J, Bell R, Edenberg HJ, Tsuang MT, Kuczenski R, Geyer MA, Rodd ZA, Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomic studies of ω-3 fatty acids in stress reactivity, bipolar disorder and alcoholism. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e4. [PMID: 22832392 PMCID: PMC3309466 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed as an adjuvant treatment option in psychiatric disorders. Given their other health benefits and their relative lack of toxicity, teratogenicity and side effects, they may be particularly useful in children and in females of child-bearing age, especially during pregnancy and postpartum. A comprehensive mechanistic understanding of their effects is needed. Here we report translational studies demonstrating the phenotypic normalization and gene expression effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in a stress-reactive knockout mouse model of bipolar disorder and co-morbid alcoholism, using a bioinformatic convergent functional genomics approach integrating animal model and human data to prioritize disease-relevant genes. Additionally, to validate at a behavioral level the novel observed effects on decreasing alcohol consumption, we also tested the effects of DHA in an independent animal model, alcohol-preferring (P) rats, a well-established animal model of alcoholism. Our studies uncover sex differences, brain region-specific effects and blood biomarkers that may underpin the effects of DHA. Of note, DHA modulates some of the same genes targeted by current psychotropic medications, as well as increases myelin-related gene expression. Myelin-related gene expression decrease is a common, if nonspecific, denominator of neuropsychiatric disorders. In conclusion, our work supports the potential utility of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically DHA, for a spectrum of psychiatric disorders such as stress disorders, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N J Case
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D Bowker
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Kuczenski
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Z A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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5
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Le-Niculescu H, McFarland MJ, Ogden CA, Balaraman Y, Patel S, Tan J, Rodd ZA, Paulus M, Geyer MA, Edenberg HJ, Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Nurnberger JI, Kuczenski R, Tsuang MT, Niculescu AB. Phenomic, convergent functional genomic, and biomarker studies in a stress-reactive genetic animal model of bipolar disorder and co-morbid alcoholism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:134-66. [PMID: 18247375 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We had previously identified the clock gene D-box binding protein (Dbp) as a potential candidate gene for bipolar disorder and for alcoholism, using a Convergent Functional Genomics (CFG) approach. Here we report that mice with a homozygous deletion of DBP have lower locomotor activity, blunted responses to stimulants, and gain less weight over time. In response to a chronic stress paradigm, these mice exhibit a diametric switch in these phenotypes. DBP knockout mice are also activated by sleep deprivation, similar to bipolar patients, and that activation is prevented by treatment with the mood stabilizer drug valproate. Moreover, these mice show increased alcohol intake following exposure to stress. Microarray studies of brain and blood reveal a pattern of gene expression changes that may explain the observed phenotypes. CFG analysis of the gene expression changes identified a series of novel candidate genes and blood biomarkers for bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le-Niculescu
- Laboratory of Neurophenomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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6
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Charpentier MJE, Prugnolle F, Gimenez O, Widdig A. Genetic heterozygosity and sociality in a primate species. Behav Genet 2008; 38:151-8. [PMID: 18293079 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-008-9191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between an individual's genotype and its phenotype is a central issue in biology, but one that is largely unexplored for the important phenotype of complex social behavior. Here we examine the relationship between heterozygosity and social behavior among unrelated adult female rhesus macaques living on the island of Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico). We show that female macaques with lower mean neutral heterozygosity were discriminated against by their unrelated conspecifics: less heterozygous females received aggressive behavior at higher rates and received affiliation at lower rates than more heterozygous females. We demonstrate that these results are likely due to local genomic effects associated with particular microsatellite loci. Our study suggests that genetic characteristics can impact the way an individual experiences its social environment and that female macaques that are homozygous at two microsatellite loci appear to be less attractive social partners based on grooming and aggression received by unrelated conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J E Charpentier
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Science Drive, Biological Bldg 020, PO 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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7
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Le-Niculescu H, Balaraman Y, Patel S, Tan J, Sidhu K, Jerome RE, Edenberg HJ, Kuczenski R, Geyer MA, Nurnberger JI, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Niculescu AB. Towards understanding the schizophrenia code: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:129-58. [PMID: 17266109 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying genes for schizophrenia through classical genetic approaches has proven arduous. Here, we present a comprehensive convergent analysis that translationally integrates brain gene expression data from a relevant pharmacogenomic mouse model (involving treatments with a psychomimetic agent - phencyclidine (PCP), and an anti-psychotic - clozapine), with human genetic linkage data and human postmortem brain data, as a Bayesian strategy of cross validating findings. Topping the list of candidate genes, we have three genes involved in GABA neurotransmission (GABRA1, GABBR1, and GAD2), one gene involved in glutamate neurotransmission (GRIA2), one gene involved in neuropeptide signaling (TAC1), two genes involved in synaptic function (SYN2 and KCNJ4), six genes involved in myelin/glial function (CNP, MAL, MBP, PLP1, MOBP and GFAP), and one gene involved in lipid metabolism (LPL). These data suggest that schizophrenia is primarily a disorder of brain functional and structural connectivity, with GABA neurotransmission playing a prominent role. These findings may explain the EEG gamma band abnormalities detected in schizophrenia. The analysis also revealed other high probability candidates genes (neurotransmitter signaling, other structural proteins, ion channels, signal transduction, regulatory enzymes, neuronal migration/neurite outgrowth, clock genes, transcription factors, RNA regulatory genes), pathways and mechanisms of likely importance in pathophysiology. Some of the pathways identified suggest possible avenues for augmentation pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia with other existing agents, such as benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants and lipid modulating agents. Other pathways are new potential targets for drug development. Lastly, a comparison with our earlier work on bipolar disorder illuminates the significant molecular overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le-Niculescu
- Laboratory of Neurophenomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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8
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Rodd ZA, Bertsch BA, Strother WN, Le-Niculescu H, Balaraman Y, Hayden E, Jerome RE, Lumeng L, Nurnberger JI, Edenberg HJ, McBride WJ, Niculescu AB. Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for alcoholism: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Pharmacogenomics J 2006; 7:222-56. [PMID: 17033615 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a comprehensive translational approach for identifying candidate genes for alcoholism. The approach relies on the cross-matching of animal model brain gene expression data with human genetic linkage data, as well as human tissue data and biological roles data, an approach termed convergent functional genomics. An analysis of three animal model paradigms, based on inbred alcohol-preferring (iP) and alcohol-non-preferring (iNP) rats, and their response to treatments with alcohol, was used. A comprehensive analysis of microarray gene expression data from five key brain regions (frontal cortex, amygdala, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus) was carried out. The Bayesian-like integration of multiple independent lines of evidence, each by itself lacking sufficient discriminatory power, led to the identification of high probability candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for alcoholism. These data reveal that alcohol has pleiotropic effects on multiple systems, which may explain the diverse neuropsychiatric and medical pathology in alcoholism. Some of the pathways identified suggest avenues for pharmacotherapy of alcoholism with existing agents, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Experiments we carried out in alcohol-preferring rats with an ACE inhibitor show a marked modulation of alcohol intake. Other pathways are new potential targets for drug development. The emergent overall picture is that physical and physiological robustness may permit alcohol-preferring individuals to withstand the aversive effects of alcohol. In conjunction with a higher reactivity to its rewarding effects, they may able to ingest enough of this nonspecific drug for a strong hedonic and addictive effect to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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9
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Wang S, Huang S, Liu N, Chen L, Oh C, Zhao H. Whole-genome linkage analysis in mapping alcoholism genes using single-nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites. BMC Genet 2005; 6 Suppl 1:S28. [PMID: 16451637 PMCID: PMC1866758 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-6-s1-s28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a great interest in using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genetic linkage and association studies because of the abundance of SNPs as well as the availability of high-throughput genotyping technologies. In this study, we compared the performance of whole-genome scans using SNPs with microsatellites on 143 pedigrees from the Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism provided by Genetic Analysis Workhsop 14. A total of 315 microsatellites and 10,081 SNPs from Affymetrix on 22 autosomal chromosomes were used in our analyses. We found that the results from the two scans had good overall concordance. One region on chromosome 2 and two regions on chromosome 7 showed significant linkage signals (i.e., NPL ≥ 2) for alcoholism from both the SNP and microsatellite scans. The different results observed between the two scans may be explained by the difference observed in information content between the SNPs and the microsatellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Song Huang
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nianjun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cheongeun Oh
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentisry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
Alcoholism is currently one of the most serious public health problems in the US. Lifetime prevalence rates are relatively high with one in five men and one in 12 women meeting criteria for this condition. Identification of genetic loci conferring an increased susceptibility to developing alcohol dependence could strengthen prevention efforts by informing individuals of their risk before abusive drinking ensues. Families identified through a double proband methodology have provided an exceptional opportunity for gene-finding because of the increased recurrence risks seen in these sibships. A total of 360 markers for 22 autosomes were spaced at an average distance of 9.4 cM and genotyping performed for 330 members of these multiplex families. Extensive clinical data, personality variation, and event-related potential characteristics were available for reducing heterogeneity and detecting robust linkage signals. Multipoint linkage analysis using different analytic strategies give strong support for loci on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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11
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Schulze TG, McMahon FJ. Genetic association mapping at the crossroads: which test and why? Overview and practical guidelines. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114:1-11. [PMID: 11840498 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Until about a decade ago, genetic association testing essentially meant case control association analysis using genetic markers. Concerns about population stratification propelled family-based tests of association into widespread use and challenged the classic case control design. The literature now contains a vast collection of different family-based methods, most of which are based on the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). Some methods extend the original TDT to accommodate multiallelic markers, variable pedigree constellations, multiple loci, etc. Other methods go beyond the original design of the TDT to detect genetic association via haplotype sharing. Most recently, we have witnessed a revival of case control methods that control for population stratification. The purpose of this review is to help orient readers to the rapidly developing methods of association testing and enhance their understanding of the basic principles of these approaches. We present an overview of the development of genetic association tests, with practical guidelines on which test might be the most suitable for a given study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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