1
|
Stein M, Elefteriou F, Busse B, Fiedler IA, Kwon RY, Farell E, Ahmad M, Ignatius A, Grover L, Geris L, Tuckermann J. Why Animal Experiments Are Still Indispensable in Bone Research: A Statement by the European Calcified Tissue Society. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1045-1061. [PMID: 37314012 PMCID: PMC10962000 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Major achievements in bone research have always relied on animal models and in vitro systems derived from patient and animal material. However, the use of animals in research has drawn intense ethical debate and the complete abolition of animal experimentation is demanded by fractions of the population. This phenomenon is enhanced by the reproducibility crisis in science and the advance of in vitro and in silico techniques. 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip, and computer models have improved enormously over the last few years. Nevertheless, the overall complexity of bone tissue cross-talk and the systemic and local regulation of bone physiology can often only be addressed in entire vertebrates. Powerful genetic methods such as conditional mutagenesis, lineage tracing, and modeling of the diseases enhanced the understanding of the entire skeletal system. In this review endorsed by the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS), a working group of investigators from Europe and the US provides an overview of the strengths and limitations of experimental animal models, including rodents, fish, and large animals, as well the potential and shortcomings of in vitro and in silico technologies in skeletal research. We propose that the proper combination of the right animal model for a specific hypothesis and state-of-the-art in vitro and/or in silico technology is essential to solving remaining important questions in bone research. This is crucial for executing most efficiently the 3R principles to reduce, refine, and replace animal experimentation, for enhancing our knowledge of skeletal biology, and for the treatment of bone diseases that affect a large part of society. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Stein
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Imke A.K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Eric Farell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Liam Grover
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building Edgbaston, Birmingham
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heitzer M, Modabber A, Zhang X, Winnand P, Zhao Q, Bläsius FM, Buhl EM, Wolf M, Neuss S, Hölzle F, Hildebrand F, Greven J. In vitro comparison of the osteogenic capability of human pulp stem cells on alloplastic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic bone scaffolds. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:56. [PMID: 36721114 PMCID: PMC9890824 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rigorous search for alternatives to autogenous bone grafts to avoid invasiveness at the donor site in the treatment of maxillomandibular bone defects. Researchers have used alloplastic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic bone graft substitutes in clinical studies with varying degrees of success, although their in vitro effects on stem cells remain unclear. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can potentially enhance the bone regeneration of bone graft substitutes. The present in vitro study investigates the osteogenic capability of DPSCs on alloplastic (biphasic calcium phosphate [BCP]), allogeneic (freeze-dried bone allografts [FDBAs]), and xenogeneic (deproteinized bovine bone mineral [DBBM]) bone grafts. METHODS Human DPSCs were seeded on 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 2 mg/ml of BCP, FDBA, and DBBM to evaluate the optimal cell growth and cytotoxicity. Scaffolds and cell morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Calcein AM and cytoskeleton staining were performed to determine cell attachment and proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteogenesis-related genes expressions was used to investigate initial osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS Cytotoxicity assays showed that most viable DPSCs were present at a scaffold concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The DPSCs on the DBBM scaffold demonstrated a significantly higher proliferation rate of 214.25 ± 16.17 (p < 0.001) cells, enhancing ALP activity level and upregulating of osteogenesis-related genes compared with other two scaffolds. CONCLUSION DBBP scaffold led to extremely high cell viability, but also promoted proliferation, attachment, and enhanced the osteogenic differentiation capacity of DPSCs, which hold great potential for bone regeneration treatment; however, further studies are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Heitzer
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali Modabber
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Winnand
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Qun Zhao
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Marius Bläsius
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Neuss
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany ,grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XHelmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, BioInterface Group, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hölzle
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Greven
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hautmann A, Kedilaya D, Stojanović S, Radenković M, Marx CK, Najman S, Pietzsch M, Mano JF, Groth T. Free-standing multilayer films as growth factor reservoirs for future wound dressing applications. Biomater Adv 2022; 142:213166. [PMID: 36306555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic skin wounds place a high burden on patients and health care systems. The use of angiogenic and mitogenic growth factors can facilitate the healing but growth factors are quickly inactivated by the wound environment if added exogenously. Here, free-standing multilayer films (FSF) are fabricated from chitosan and alginate as opposing polyelectrolytes in an alternating manner using layer-by-layer technique. One hundred bilayers form an about 450 μm thick, detachable free-standing film that is subsequently crosslinked by either ethyl (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide combined with N-hydroxysuccinimide (E-FSF) or genipin (G-FSF). The characterization of swelling, oxygen permeability and crosslinking density shows reduced swelling and oxygen permeability for both crosslinked films compared to non-crosslinked films (N-FSF). Loading of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) into the films results in a sustained release from crosslinked FSF in comparison to non-crosslinked FSF. Biocompatibility studies in vitro with human dermal fibroblasts cultured underneath the films demonstrate increased cell growth and cell migration for all films with and without FGF2. Especially G-FSF loaded with FGF2 greatly increases cell proliferation and migration. In vivo biocompatibility studies by subcutaneous implantation in mice show that E-FSF causes an inflammatory tissue response that is absent in the case of G-FSF. N-FSF also represents a biocompatible film but shows early degradation. All FSF possess antibacterial properties against gram+ and gram- bacteria demonstrated by an agar diffusion disc assay. In summary, FSF made of alginate and chitosan crosslinked with genipin can act as a reservoir for the sustained release of FGF2, possessing high biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, G-FSF promotes growth and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and has antibacterial properties, which makes it an interesting candidate for bioactive wound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hautmann
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Devaki Kedilaya
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sanja Stojanović
- Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia; Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milena Radenković
- Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Christian K Marx
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stevo Najman
- Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd. Dr Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia; Department of Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Markus Pietzsch
- Department of Downstream Processing, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - João F Mano
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|