1
|
Liu W, Du S, Sun L, Wang Z, Ge G, Jia Y. Study on Dynamic Fermentation of Oat Silage Assisted by Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes. Plants (Basel) 2023; 13:6. [PMID: 38202317 PMCID: PMC10780392 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Based on the low content of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) attachment in oat raw materials, we assumed that the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of oat can be reduced by adding cellulase or xylanase. The concentration of metabolizable sugars will be increased, which will assist the oat's bacterial community in fermentation and obtain a better quality of oat silage. After wilting the oat, it was treated as follows: (1) distributed water (CK); (2) silages inoculated with xylanase (X); and (3) silages inoculated with cellulase (C), ensiling for 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. Cellulase and xylanase treatments both alter the fermentation and nutritional quality of ensiled oat, resulting in lower NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and hemicellulose contents, increased lactic acid and acetic acid contents, and a significant decrease in ensiling environment pH. The bacterial community undergoes significant changes with cellulase and xylanase treatments, with a significant increase in Lactobacillus abundance in the C_14, X_30, C_30, X_60, and C_60 treatment groups, while Weissella abundance gradually decreases with longer ensiling times. Two exogenous fibrolytic enzymes also alter the bacterial diversity of ensiled oat, with different bacterial species and abundances observed in different treatment groups. Ensiled oat treated with cellulase and xylanase experiences significant changes in its own bacterial community, particularly in the abundance of Lactobacillus. These changes result in improved fermentation and nutritional quality of oat, but the higher metabolism levels observed after 60 days of ensiling with cellulase treatment may lead to energy loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Shuai Du
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China;
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; (W.L.); (S.D.); (Z.W.); (G.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Department of Grass Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, South Campus, Hohhot 010019, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Ping Q, Li Y. Co-digestion of sulfur-rich vegetable waste with waste activated sludge enhanced phosphorus release and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Water Res 2023; 242:120250. [PMID: 37354846 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic co-digestion of sulfur-rich vegetable waste (SVW) with waste activated sludge (WAS) and the underlying mechanisms associated with methane production and phosphorus (P) release were investigated. Four types of SVW (Chinese cabbage, cabbage, rapeseed cake, and garlic) were utilized for co-digestion with WAS, and the methane yield increased by 7.3%-35.3%; in the meantime, the P release amount from WAS was enhanced by 9.8%-24.9%. The organic carbon in SVW promoted methane production, while organic sulfur and the formation of FeS facilitated P release. Among the four types of SVW, rapeseed cake was identified as the most suitable co-digestion substrate for enhancing both methane production and P release due to its balanced nutrients and relatively high sulfur content. Syntrophic bacteria working with hydrogenotrophic methanogens, iron-reducing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were enriched. Metabolic pathways related to sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were facilitated, especially hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Enzymes involved in hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis were promoted by 76.05%-407.98% with the addition of Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or rapeseed cake. This study provides an eco-friendly technology for promoting P resource and energy recovery from WAS and an in-depth understanding of the corresponding microbial mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Department of Environment in Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314006, China
| | - Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sathitkowitchai W, Ayimbila F, Nitisinprasert S, Keawsompong S. Selection of pretreatment method and mannanase enzyme to improve the functionality of palm kernel cake. J Biosci Bioeng 2022:S1389-1723(22)00187-6. [PMID: 35970725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of palm kernel oil extraction with moderate nutritional value, containing 30-35% β-mannan, which is indigestible, slows growth, and reduces feed efficiency. PKC can be improved by mannanase hydrolysis, but the effectiveness of mannanase is dependent on the microbial source. Thus, the effect of steam pretreatment and bacterial mannanases on PKC quality was investigated. PKC was pretreated by steaming and hydrolyzed in the small intestine by various mannanases. The contents of reducing sugar, total sugar, and protein release were measured. Steamed PKC had a significant increase in protein (16.95 ± 0.14 to 20.98 ± 0.13%) and a substantial decrease in hemicellulose (29.52 ± 0.44 to 3.46 ± 0.88%) and lignin (8.94 ± 0.28 to 1.40 ± 0.22%). Mannanases from Escherichia coli-KMAN-3 and E. coli-Man6.7 recorded the highest activities, followed by commercial mannanase, Bacillus circulans NT6.7 and B. amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 mannanases, orderly. B. circulans NT6.7 and B. amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 had multi-activities that include glucanase (3.10 ± 0.04% and 2.47 ± 0.02%) and amylase (1.74 ± 0.03% and 1.38 ± 0.04%), respectively. B. amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 mannanase hydrolyzed steamed PKC to release more reducing sugar, total sugar, and protein than hydrolyzed raw PKC. In raw and steamed PKC, B. amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 mannanase produced the highest reducing sugar release. As a result, steam pretreatment and mannanase hydrolysis, particularly from B. amyloliquefaciens, can be used to increase the functioning of PKC and develop new feed ingredients for monogastric animals at a reasonable cost.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun X, Cheng L, Jonker A, Munidasa S, Pacheco D. A Review: Plant Carbohydrate Types—The Potential Impact on Ruminant Methane Emissions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:880115. [PMID: 35782553 PMCID: PMC9249355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the major component of most ruminant feeds. The digestion of carbohydrates in the rumen provides energy to the ruminants but also contributes to enteric methane (CH4) emissions. Fresh forage is the main feed for grazing ruminants in temperate regions. Therefore, this review explored how dietary carbohydrate type and digestion affect ruminant CH4 emissions, with a focus on fresh forage grown in temperate regions. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Rhamnose is the only monosaccharide that results in low CH4 emissions. However, rhamnose is a minor component in most plants. Among polysaccharides, pectic polysaccharides lead to greater CH4 production due to the conversion of methyl groups to methanol and finally to CH4. Thus, the degree of methyl esterification of pectic polysaccharides is an important structural characteristic to better understand CH4 emissions. Apart from pectic polysaccharides, the chemical structure of other polysaccharides per se does not seem to affect CH4 formation. However, rumen physiological parameters and fermentation types resulting from digestion in the rumen of polysaccharides differing in the rate and extent of degradation do affect CH4 emissions. For example, low rumen pH resulting from the rapid degradation of readily fermentable carbohydrates decreases and inhibits the activities of methanogens and further reduces CH4 emissions. When a large quantity of starch is supplemented or the rate of starch degradation is low, some starch may escape from the rumen and the escaped starch will not yield CH4. Similar bypass from rumen digestion applies to other polysaccharides and needs to be quantified to facilitate the interpretation of animal experiments in which CH4 emissions are measured. Rumen bypass carbohydrates may occur in ruminants fed fresh forage, especially when the passage rate is high, which could be a result of high feed intake or high water intake. The type of carbohydrates affects the concentration of dissolved hydrogen, which consequently alters fermentation pathways and finally results in differences in CH4 emissions. We recommend that the degree of methyl esterification of pectic polysaccharides is needed for pectin-rich forage. The fermentation type of carbohydrates and rumen bypass carbohydrates should be determined in the assessment of mitigation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin, China
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Xuezhao Sun
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arjan Jonker
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sineka Munidasa
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Pacheco
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- David Pacheco
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng T, Wu Y, Xin Y, Chen C, Du Z, Li X, Zhong J, Tahir M, Kang B, Jiang D, Wang X, Yang W, Yan Y. Silage Quality and Output of Different Maize–Soybean Strip Intercropping Patterns. Fermentation 2022; 8:174. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercropping improves land-use efficiency under conditions of limited land and resources, but no information is currently available pertaining to land-use efficiency and silage quality based on whole-plant utilization. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize–soybean strip intercropping patterns (SIPs), comprising two maize rows along with two, three, or four soybean rows (2M2S, 2M3S, and 2M4S, respectively); and two sole cropping patterns of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). The aim was to evaluate the biomass yield and silage quality under each condition. Our results showed that all SIPs had a land equivalent ratio (LER) of over 1.6 based on both fresh and dry matter yield, and a higher whole plant yield, compared to sole cropping. Specifically, 2M3S exhibited the highest whole crop dry matter LER (1.8–1.9) and yield (24.6–27.2 t ha−1) compared to SM and SS (20.88–21.49 and 3.48–4.79 t ha−1, respectively). Maize–soybean mixed silages also showed better fermentation quality with higher lactic acid content (1–3%) and lower ammonia-N content (2–8%) compared to SS silages, and higher crude protein content (1–1.5%) with lower ammonia-N content (1–2%) compared to SM silage. Among the intercropping patterns, 2M3S had the highest fermentation quality index V-score (92–95). Consequently, maize–soybean strip intercropping improved silage quality and biomass yield, with 2M3S being recommended, due to its highest LER and biomass yield, and most optimal silage quality.
Collapse
|
6
|
Poier G, Terler G, Klevenhusen F, Sharma S, Zebeli Q. Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed of dairy calves: II. Effects on the development of chewing and gut fermentation, and selected systemic health variables. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3113-3128. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Terler G, Poier G, Klevenhusen F, Zebeli Q. Replacing concentrates with a high-quality hay in the starter feed in dairy calves: I. Effects on nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic profile. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2326-2342. [PMID: 35086709 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concentrate-rich starter feeds are commonly fed to dairy calves to stimulate early solid feed intake and growth performance; yet, starter feeds lacking in forage fiber may jeopardize gut development. This research primarily aimed to test a complete or partial replacement of concentrates with hay of different qualities in the starter feed on nutrient intake, growth performance, apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and blood metabolites in dairy calves. Immediately after birth, 40 Holstein Friesian calves were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 starter diets, which differed in hay quality and concentrate inclusion [MQH = 100% medium-quality hay, 9.4 MJ of metabolizable energy (ME), 149 g of crude protein (CP), 522 g of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)/kg of dry matter (DM); HQH = 100% high-quality hay, 11.2 MJ of ME, 210 g of CP, 455 g of NDF/kg of DM; MQH+C = 30% medium-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate; HQH+C = 30% high-quality hay + 70% starter concentrate]. The concentrate consisted mainly of grains, oilseeds, and mineral supplements (13.5 MJ of ME, 193 g of CP, 204 g of NDF/kg of DM). Calves were used in the experiment from d 1 to 99 of life. During the first 4 wk, all calves were fed acidified whole milk ad libitum, and afterward they were gradually weaned from wk 5 to 12. Calves had ad libitum access to their starter diets and water throughout the experiment. Milk, water, and solid feed intake was recorded daily, live weight was measured once a week, and blood samples were collected on d 1, 3, 7, 21, 49, 77, and 91 and analyzed for selected metabolites. The ATTD was measured in wk 14 of life. Total DM intake and daily weight gain of calves were not affected by the starter feed during the first 8 wk of life. However, from wk 9 to 14, calves fed the MQH diet had lower DM, ME, and CP intake and gained less weight than calves from the other experimental groups. Feeding the HQH diet resulted in similar CP and ME intake and growth performance compared with calves receiving diets containing concentrates. Furthermore, feeding the HQH diet improved the ATTD of NDF, resulting in similar ATTD of organic matter with the HQH+C and MQH+C groups. Interestingly, calves fed the HQH+C diet showed less sorting for concentrate, compared with the MQH+C group. Concentration of blood metabolites, including glucose, lactate, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and total protein, did not differ after the first week of life. However, serum β-hydroxybutyrate was higher in calves fed the HQH diet starting from wk 11. Both groups fed the hay-only diets maintained higher cholesterol levels after weaning compared with the groups fed hay-concentrate mixtures. In conclusion, feeding high-quality hay can fully replace starter concentrates in the feeding of dairy calves without adverse effects on performance during the rearing period, while increasing forage fiber intake and utilization, which enhanced ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects of feeding high-quality hay on health and development of dairy calves, especially in terms of the observed improvements in ruminal ketogenesis and cholesterogenesis around weaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Terler
- Institute for Livestock Research, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, 8952 Irdning-Donnersbachtal, Austria.
| | - G Poier
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Klevenhusen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|