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Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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2
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Dai DT, Xu JL, Chen ZY, Wang ZL, Xu YH. Synthesis of Enynic and Allenic Orthoesters via Defluoromethoxylation of 2-Trifluoromethyl-1,3-enynes. Org Lett 2021; 23:1898-1903. [PMID: 33624501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, the chemoselective defluoromethoxylation reactions of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-enynes were developed. The enynic and allenic orthoesters were selectively produced in good to excellent yields via multiple substitution processes under mild reaction conditions, respectively. The enynic orthoester products were proved capable of acting as efficient "platform molecules" to access various functionalized allenyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ting Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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3
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Hielscher MM, Gleede B, Waldvogel SR. Get into flow: Design of experiments as a key technique in the optimization of anodic dehydrogenative C,C cross-coupling reaction of phenols in flow electrolyzers. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Khademi Z, Nikoofar K. Applications of alkyl orthoesters as valuable substrates in organic transformations, focusing on reaction media. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30314-30397. [PMID: 35559005 PMCID: PMC9092620 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05276k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we focus on applications of alkyl orthoesters as valuable and efficient substrates to perform various classes of two-component and multi-component organic reactions. The article has classified them according to two aspects, which are: (i) a focus on the reaction medium (solvent-free conditions, aqueous media, and organic solvents); and (ii) an examination of product structures. Reaction accomplishment under solvent-free conditions is an eco-friendly process with the absence of volatile toxic solvents, which puts it in line with green chemistry goals. Water is an interesting choice in organic transformations due to its inexpensiveness and safety. The authors hope their assessment will help chemists to attain new approaches for utilizing alkyl orthoesters in various organic synthetic methods. The review covers the corresponding literature up to the beginning of 2020. In this review we focus on applications of alkyl orthoesters as valuable and efficient substrates to perform various classes of two-component and multi-component organic reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khademi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University P.O. Box 1993891176 Tehran Iran +982188041344 +982188041344
| | - Kobra Nikoofar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University P.O. Box 1993891176 Tehran Iran +982188041344 +982188041344
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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6
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Dörr M, Röckl JL, Rein J, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical C-H Functionalization of (Hetero)Arenes-Optimized by DoE. Chemistry 2020; 26:10195-10198. [PMID: 32232873 PMCID: PMC7496267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach towards the activation of different arenes and purines including caffeine and theophylline is presented. The simple, safe and scalable electrochemical synthesis of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) aryl ethers was conducted using an easy electrolysis setup with boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Good yields up to 59 % were achieved. Triethylamine was used as a base as it forms a highly conductive media with HFIP, making additional supporting electrolytes superfluous. The synthesis was optimized using Design of Experiment (DoE) techniques giving a detailed insight to the significance of the reaction parameters. The mechanism was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Subsequent transition metal‐catalyzed as well as metal‐free functionalization led to interesting motifs in excellent yields up to 94 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes L Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Supporting-Electrolyte-Free and Scalable Flow Process for the Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Garcia AD, Leech MC, Petti A, Denis C, Goodall ICA, Dobbs AP, Lam K. Anodic Oxidation of Dithiane Carboxylic Acids: A Rapid and Mild Way to Access Functionalized Orthoesters. Org Lett 2020; 22:4000-4005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Garcia
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Leech
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Petti
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Denis
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C. A. Goodall
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P. Dobbs
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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Imada Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Electrochemical Formation of Cinnamaldehyde by the Electrolyte System
N,N
‐Diisopropylethylamine and 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoropropan‐2‐ol. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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Röckl JL, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Anodic C-C Coupling of Phenols Bearing Electron-Withdrawing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:315-319. [PMID: 31498544 PMCID: PMC6973026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We herein present a metal-free, electrosynthetic method that enables the direct dehydrogenative coupling reactions of phenols carrying electron-withdrawing groups for the first time. The reactions are easy to conduct and scalable, as they are carried out in undivided cells and obviate the necessity for additional supporting electrolyte. As such, this conversion is efficient, practical, and thereby environmentally friendly, as production of waste is minimized. The method features a broad substrate scope, and a variety of functional groups are tolerated, providing easy access to precursors for novel polydentate ligands and even heterocycles such as dibenzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128Mainz (Germany)
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzGermany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128Mainz (Germany)
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbHPaul-Baumann-Str. 145772MarlGermany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128Mainz (Germany)
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzGermany
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11
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Beil SB, Breiner M, Schulz L, Schüll A, Müller T, Schollmeyer D, Bomm A, Holtkamp M, Karst U, Schade W, Waldvogel SR. About the selectivity and reactivity of active nickel electrodes in C–C coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14249-14253. [PMID: 35498499 PMCID: PMC9052091 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Active anodes which are operating in highly stable protic media such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol are rare. Nickel forms, within this unique solvent, a non-sacrificial active anode at constant current conditions, which is superior to the reported powerful molybdenum system. The reactivity for dehydrogenative coupling reactions of this novel active anode increases when the electrolyte is not stirred during electrolysis. Besides the aryl–aryl coupling, a dehydrogenative arylation reaction of benzylic nitriles was found while stirring the mixture providing quick access to synthetically useful building blocks. Active anodes which are operating in highly stable protic media such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol are rare.![]()
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12
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Röckl JL, Schollmeyer D, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrierende anodische C‐C‐Kupplung von Phenolen mit elektronenziehenden Substituenten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Deutschland
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13
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Abstract
A scalable, dehydrogenative, and electrochemical synthesis of novel highly fluorinated orthoesters is reported. This protocol provides easy and direct access to a wide variety of derivatives, using a very simple electrolysis setup. These compounds are surprisingly robust towards base and acid with an unusual high lipophilicity, making them interesting motifs for potentially active compounds in medicinal chemistry or agro applications. The use of electricity enables a safe and environmentally benign chemical transformation as only electrons serve as oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzInstitute of Organic ChemistryDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität MainzGraduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Adrian V. Hauck
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzInstitute of Organic ChemistryDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzInstitute of Organic ChemistryDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzInstitute of Organic ChemistryDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität MainzGraduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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