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Ali AAB, Taha MA. Controlling Argas arboreus and A. persicus (Acari: Argasidae) by Adiantum capillus-veneris L. extracts with phytochemical analysis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110067. [PMID: 37924609 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Argas species are parasites associated mostly with birds. Their infestations of the host may cause blood loss, resulting in anemia and finally death. Egypt loses millions of tons annually from birds because of these parasites. In addition, they can transmit pathogens to animals and humans. The acaricidal effects of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Adiantum capillus-veneris at different concentrations (1-4%) against semi-fed adults of Argas arboreus and A. persicus were investigated during 30 days after treatments. Mobility and mortality, acaricide efficacy, and the concentration that kills 50% of specimens (LC50) were estimated. The percentage of dead adults of both Argas species appeared during 6 days considerably until 30 days was significantly increased after treatment of either ethanol or methanol extracts of Adiantum at 1-4%, versus control groups. Ethanolic extracts (100% mortality) were more effective than methanolic ones (90% mortality) for both Argas species. Argas arboreus (80% efficacy and 5.9% LC50) was more resistant than A. persicus (100% efficacy and 4.1% LC50). Generally, males were more resistant than females. The chemical profile (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis) for the ethanolic extract of Ad. capillus-veneris at 4% (the most effective extract) was provided for the first time, which showed that the major group was sugars and sugar alcohols, and the main components were thymol-ß-d-glucopyranoside, D-(-)-Tagatofuranose, D-Arabinose, D-Galactose, D-(-)-Fructofuranose and Anthracene, 1-methyl. The efficiency of all these components was discussed. Based on the findings, bioactive compounds present in Ad. capillus-veneris have the potential to be applied as substitutes for synthetic acaricides and a biological control agent in the management of A. arboreus and A. persicus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mai Ahmed Taha
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Malka E, Margel S. Engineering of PVA/PVP Hydrogels for Agricultural Applications. Gels 2023; 9:895. [PMID: 37998985 PMCID: PMC10671072 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have gained significant popularity in agricultural applications in terms of minimizing waste and mitigating the negative environmental impact of agrochemicals. This review specifically examines the utilization of environmentally friendly, shapable hydrogels composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in various casings for crop protection against different pests, fertilizing, and watering. To activate their effectiveness, PVA/PVP hydrogels were loaded with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environmentally friendly pesticides, namely hydrogen peroxide (HP), the essential oil thymol, and urea as a fertilizer, either separately or in combination. This review covers various physical and chemical approaches used for loading, shaping, and controlling the release profiles of pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, it explores the evaluation of the chemical composition, structure, classification, rheology, and morphology of the hydrogels as well as their impact on the thermal stability of the encapsulated pesticides and fertilizer, followed by biological tests. These hydrogels significantly contribute to the stabilization and controlled release of essential nutrients and biocides for plants, while maintaining excellent biocidal and fertilizing properties as well as sustainability characteristics. By shedding light on the latest insights into the concepts, applications, and results of these hydrogels, this review demonstrates their immense potential for widespread future use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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Pereira IB, Carvalho EHDS, Rodrigues LDB, Mattos BD, Magalhães WLE, Leme DM, Krawczyk-Santos AP, Taveira SF, de Oliveira GAR. Thymol-Loaded Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles in an Aquatic Environment: The Impact of Particle Aggregation on Ecotoxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:333-341. [PMID: 33210755 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thymol, a monoterpene phenol, is used as a natural biocide. To circumvent its chemical instability, we propose use of thymol-loaded biogenic silica nanoparticles (BSiO2 #THY NPs); however, the toxicity of this system for aquatic organisms is unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicogenetic effects induced by thymol, BSiO2 NP, and BSiO2 #THY on Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. We also investigated the impact of BSiO2 aggregation in different exposure media (saline and freshwater). Based on the median lethal concentration at 48 h (LC5048h ), BSiO2 #THY (LC5048h = 1.06 mg/L) presented similar toxic potential as thymol (LC5048h = 1.03 mg/L) for A. salina, showing that BSiO2 had no influence on BSiO2 #THY toxicity. Because BSiO2 aggregated and sedimented faster in A. salina aqueous medium than in the other medium, this NP had lower interaction with this microcrustacean. Thus, BSiO2 #THY toxicity for A. salina is probably due to the intrinsic toxicity of thymol. For zebrafish early life stages, BSiO2 #THY (LC5096h = 13.13 mg/L) was more toxic than free thymol (LC5096h = 25.60 mg/L); however, BSiO2 NP has no toxicity for zebrafish early life stages. The lower aggregation of BSiO2 in the freshwater medium compared to the saline medium may have enhanced thymol's availability for this aquatic organism. Also, BSiO2 #THY significantly induced sublethal effects as thymol, and both were genotoxic for zebrafish. In conclusion, although BSiO2 #THY still needs improvements to ensure its safety for freshwater ecosystems, BSiO2 NP seems to be a safe nanocarrier for agriculture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:333-341. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iúri Barbosa Pereira
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Brito Rodrigues
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dufau Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- Embrapa Florestas, Colombo, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Krawczyk-Santos
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Stephânia Fleury Taveira
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Matos WB, Santos ACC, Lima APS, Santana EDR, Silva JE, Blank AF, Araújo APA, Bacci L. Potential source of ecofriendly insecticides: Essential oil induces avoidance and cause lower impairment on the activity of a stingless bee than organosynthetic insecticides, in laboratory. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 209:111764. [PMID: 33310535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The negative effect of insecticides on bees has been reported as one of the factors associated with the decline in population of these pollinators. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of the stingless bee Nannotrigona aff. testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836) to a promising source of new insecticide molecules obtained from Lippia sidoides (rosemary pepper) essential oil (EO) and its major compounds (thymol, ρ-cymene, and (E)-caryophyllene), comparing them to commercial insecticides (organosynthetic: imidacloprid, deltamethrin and semisynthetic: spinetoram). For this, stingless bees were exposed by contact with these compounds to evaluate the lethal and sublethal (locomotion and flight orientation) toxicity. The L. sidoides EO and its major compounds have low lethal toxicity to forager worker bees (N. aff. testaceicornis). The organosynthetics imidacloprid (LD50 =0.00146 µgbee-1) and deltamethrin (LD50 =0.0096 µg bee-1) were about 209,589 and 31,875 times more toxic, respectively, than the least toxic natural compound, (E)-caryophyllene (LD50 =306 µgbee-1). Locomotion ability and flight orientation were little affected by spinetoram and by L. sidoides EO and its major compounds, however, were greatly reduced by the imidacloprid and deltamethrin insecticides. Besides shows low lethal and sublethal toxicity, the bioinsecticides were also avoided by the forager bees. Individuals treated with the L. sidoides EO and thymol were avoided by the untreated bees. Therefore, the natural products studied here were promising due to their recognized effectiveness against pest insects and greater safety to bees N. aff. testaceicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Borges Matos
- Programa de Pós-graduacão em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | - Ane Caroline Celestino Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduacão em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Santana Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduacão em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | - Emile Dayara Rabelo Santana
- Programa de Pós-graduacão em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Elias Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduacão em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | - Arie Fitzgerald Blank
- Departamento de engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
| | | | - Leandro Bacci
- Programa de Pós-graduacão em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Departamento de engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Tayoub G, Alorfi M, Ismail H. Fumigate efficacy of Juniperus foetidissima essential oil and two terpenes against Phthorimaea operculella. Herba Polonica 2019; 65:14-21. [DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Syria. Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella is the main damaging pest of this crop. Many approaches were tried to control it.
Objectives: This study evaluates the insecticidal activity of Juniperus foetidissima essential oil and two monoterpenes against potato tuber moth using fumigation bioassays.
Methods: Essential oil was extracted from new plant branches of Juniperus foetidissima using Clevenger-type apparatus. Potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella, (adults, eggs, larvae, and pupae) were exposed to different concentrations of the essential oil of Juniperus foetidissima for various periods. The significance of differences between treatments at p<0.05 were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance using the mortality percentages data. The LC50 and LC90 were calculated by Probit analysis.
Results: Essential oil vapor with LC50: 0.3 μl/l air was very effective against potato tuber moth at the adult stage. However; adults sensitivity to monoterpenes varied: Nerol caused a 100% mortality at 0.025 μl/l air after 6 h, while the same concentration of citronellol caused 98% mortality. The 0.125 µl/l air concentration of the two compounds caused 100% mortality after 6 h.
Conclusion: Results suggest the possibility of using Juniperus foetidissima essential oil as a fumigant to control potato tuber moth infestation in stores.
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Arif IA, Ahamed A, Kumar RS, Idhayadhulla A, Manilal A. Cytotoxic, larvicidal, nematicidal, and antifeedant activities of piperidin-connected 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one derivatives. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:673-680. [PMID: 31048991 PMCID: PMC6486503 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate brine shrimp cytotoxicity, larvicidal, nematicidal, and antifeedant activities of novel piperidin-connected 2-thioxo-imidazolidin-4-one derivatives. The activities of target compounds were compared with some naturally occurring (-)-pinidinol, hydantocidin, and positive controls. Target compounds were synthesized via cyclocondensation method. The compounds were synthesized and then characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral, and elemental analyses. Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay was investigated using freshly hatched, free-swimming nauplii of Artemiasalina. Larvicidal screening was performed against urban mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus). Nematicidal activity was evaluated using juvenile nematodes of Meloidogyne javanica. Regarding antifeedant activity, marine-acclimated Oreochromis mossambicus fingerlings were used. Compounds 3a-c (piperidin-connected 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one) were found to be lethal to the second instar larvae of mosquito, which produced LD50 values of 1.37, 6.66, 6.51 μg/mL, compared to compounds (-) pinidinol and hyantocidin LD50 values of 18.28 and 22.11 μg/mL respectively. Compound 3a-c was found to kill 100% of fish fingerlings within 6 h at 20 µg/mL, with LD50 values of 1.54, 1.79, 1.52 µg/mL, compared to compounds (-) pinidinol and hyantocidin with LD50 values of 10.21 and 21.05 μg/mL respectively. Compound 3c with LD50 value of 1.57 μg/mL demonstrated high nematicidal activity compared to compound 3a, 3b, (-) Pinidinol and Hyantocidin LD50 values of 6.45, 2.42, 14.25, 26.30 μg/mL respectively. Therefore, the 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one with piperidin ring showed high potential cytotoxic, larvicidal, nematicidal, and antifeedent activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Arif
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahamed
- Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radhakrishnan Surendra Kumar
- Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Puthanampatti 621007, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akbar Idhayadhulla
- Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Puthanampatti 621007, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aseer Manilal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, ArbaMinch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Ravan S, Khani A, Sufi S. Fumigant toxicity and sublethal effects of Teucrium polium essential oil on Aphis fabae scopoli A. Chinese Herbal Medicines 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Choudhary S, Marjianović DS, Wong CR, Zhang X, Abongwa M, Coats JR, Trailović SM, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Menthol acts as a positive allosteric modulator on nematode levamisole sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 9:44-53. [PMID: 30682641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing and widespread emergence of resistance to the existing anti-nematodal pharmacopeia has made it imperative to develop new anthelminthic agents. Historically, plants have been important sources of therapeutic compounds and offer an alternative to synthetic drugs. Monoterpenoids are phytochemicals that have been shown to produce acute toxic effects in insects and nematodes. Previous studies have shown nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to be possible targets for naturally occurring plant metabolites such as carvacrol and carveol. In this study we examined the effects of monoterpenoid compounds on a levamisole sensitive nAChR from Oesophagostomum dentatum and a nicotine sensitive nAChR from Ascaris suum. We expressed the receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes and used two-electrode voltage-clamp to characterize the effect of various compounds on these cys-loop receptors. At 100 μM the majority of these compounds acted as antagonists. Interestingly, further experiments revealed that both 0.1 μM and 10 μM menthol potentiated acetylcholine and levamisole responses in the levamisole sensitive receptor but not the nicotine sensitive receptor. We also investigated the effects of 0.1 μM menthol on the contractility of A. suum somatic muscle strips. Menthol produced significant potentiation of peak contractions at each concentration of acetylcholine. The positive allosteric modulatory effects of menthol in both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggests menthol as a promising candidate for combination therapy with cholinergic anthelmintics. We screened 12 monoterpenoid compounds to search for a potential anthelmintic. Menthol acted as a PAM on levamisole sensitive nematode nAChRs in vitro & in vivo. Carvacrol produced antagonism on both levamisole and nicotine sensitive nAChRs. Monoterpenoid compounds can be used as an adjunct with cholinergic anthelmintics.
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Delmonte C, Cruz PB, Zeringóta V, de Mello V, Ferreira F, Amaral MDPH, Daemon E. Evaluation of the acaricidal activity of thymol incorporated in two formulations for topical use against immature stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2957-2964. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Soares AMDS, Penha TA, Araújo SAD, Cruz EMO, Blank AF, Costa-Junior LM. Assessment of different Lippia sidoides genotypes regarding their acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25:401-406. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to select different genotypes of Lippia sidoides with the highest activity against larvae and engorged females of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The germplasms studied were LSID006, LSID102, LSID103 and LSID104. The LSID104 genotype, that presented carvacrol as a major constituent, was the germplasm with the worst larvicide effect (LC50 2.99 mg/mL). The LSID006 genotype was the least effective against engorged females (LC50 12.46 mg/mL), and it was chemically similar to the LSID102 genotype, which presented the highest acaricide activity (LC50 2.81 mg/mL). We conclude that chemical similarity of the germplasms was not correlated with acaricide activity against R. (B.) microplus. The essential oil of L. sidoides is a potent natural agent. However, the findings of this work provide a better understanding for product development based on this natural product, which must consider synergic effects or the action of minor compounds.
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Costa-Júnior LM, Miller RJ, Alves PB, Blank AF, Li AY, Pérez de León AA. Acaricidal efficacies of Lippia gracilis essential oil and its phytochemicals against organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gill TA, Li J, Saenger M, Scofield SR. Thymol-based submicron emulsions exhibit antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum and inhibit Fusarium head blight in wheat. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1103-16. [PMID: 27253757 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fusarium graminearum is a very destructive fungal pathogen that leads to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, a disease which costs growers millions of dollars annually both in crop losses and in remediation efforts. Current countermeasures include the deployment of wheat varieties with some resistance to FHB in conjunction with timed fungicide treatments. In this article, we introduce a fungicide based on thymol, a naturally occurring plant phenolic derived from essential oils. To overcome the hydrophobicity of thymol, the thymol active was incorporated into a low-surfactant submicron emulsion with and without a carrier oil. METHODS AND RESULTS The minimum fungicidal concentration of F. graminearum was found to be both 0·02% for thymol emulsions with and without an oil component. Time-to-kill experiments showed that thymol emulsions were able to inactivate F. graminearum in as little as 10 s at concentrations above 0·06%. Spraying the thymol emulsions (~0·1% range) on the wheat variety Bobwhite demonstrated significant reductions in FHB infection rate (number of infected spikelets). However, with 0·5% thymol, the wheat heads exhibited premature senescence. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs suggest that the mechanism of antifungal action is membrane mediated, as conidia exposed to thymol showed complete organelle disorganization and evidence of lipid emulsification. CONCLUSION The collective experimental data suggest that thymol emulsions may be an effective naturally derived alternative to the current thymol treatments, and chemical fungicides in ameliorating FHB. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first thymol-derived nanoemulsion particles resuspended into water and not DMSO, exhibiting the same antibacterial/antifungal activity as previously described thymol and thyme oil treatments. This drastically reduces the environmental footprint thymol will leave if utilized as a fungicide treatment on field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gill
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, USDA-ARS Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - J Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M Saenger
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - S R Scofield
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, USDA-ARS Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray B. Isman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
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Araújo LX, Novato TPL, Zeringota V, Matos RS, Senra TOS, Maturano R, Prata MCA, Daemon E, Monteiro CMO. Acaricidal activity of thymol against larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) under semi-natural conditions. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3271-6. [PMID: 26040843 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to investigate the activity of thymol on Rhipicephalus microplus larvae under semi-natural conditions. For this purpose, tests were conducted in pots with Brachiaria decumbens seedlings containing cattle tick larvae. Thymol, diluted in ethanol 50° GL, was tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, along with the control group treated with the solvent alone. Each treatment was composed of five pots (1 pot = a repetition). The experiment was performed in three steps. On the first day, the larvae were applied at the base of the signalgrass. Twenty-four hours later, approximately 25 mL of the solution was applied with thymol on the top of the vegetation in each pot. The survival of the larvae was measured 24 h after application of the solutions. Each pot was analyzed individually, and the grass fillets contained larvae were cut with scissors, placed in Petri dishes, and taken to the laboratory to count the number of living larvae. At the highest concentrations (10, 15, and 20 mg /mL), the number of live larvae declined by more than 95 % in relation to the control group. The lethal concentration 50 % (LC50) and LC90 values were 3.45 and 9.25 mg/ml, respectively. The application of thymol in semi-natural conditions starting concentration of 10 mg/mL significantly reduced the number of living R. microplus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laryssa Xavier Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Comportamento e Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil,
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Zabka M, Pavela R, Prokinova E. Antifungal activity and chemical composition of twenty essential oils against significant indoor and outdoor toxigenic and aeroallergenic fungi. Chemosphere 2014; 112:443-8. [PMID: 25048938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Health affecting, loss-inducing or otherwise harmful fungal pathogens (molds) pose a serious challenge in many areas of human activities. On the contrary, frequent use of synthetic fungicides is undesirable in some cases and may be equally problematic. Moreover, the ever more increasing fungal resistance against commercial synthetic fungicides justifies development of rising efforts to seek new effective, while environmentally friendly alternatives. Botanical fungicides based on Essential oils (EOs) undoubtedly provide such an alternative. The study explores the efficacy of 20 EOs against Alternaria alternata, Stachybotrys chartarum, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus niger, related to abundance of majority active substances. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC100 and MIC50) was evaluated. GC-MS analysis revealed high abundance of highly effective phenolic compounds whose different molecular structures correlates with differences in EOs efficacy. The efficacy of some EOs, observed in our study, can be similar to the levels of some synthetic fungicides used in medicine and agriculture e.g. sometimes problematic azole-based formulations. Thanks to the EOs environmental safety and natural origin, they offer the potential to become an alternative where the use of synthetic fungicides is impossible for various reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zabka
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Prague 161 06, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Prague 161 06, Czech Republic
| | - Evzenie Prokinova
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Kamycka 129, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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Matos RS, Melo DR, Monteiro CMO, Zeringóta V, Senra TOS, Calmon F, Maturano R, Prata MCA, Daemon E. Determination of the susceptibility of unengorged larvae and engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to different methods of dissolving thymol. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:669-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Tong F, Coats JR. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of monoterpenoid binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68:1122-1129. [PMID: 22461383 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoterpenoids are a large group of plant secondary metabolites. Many of these naturally occurring compounds have shown good insecticidal potency on pest insects. Previous studies in this laboratory have indicated that some monoterpenoids have positive modulatory effects on insect GABA receptors. In this study, the key properties of monoterpenoids involved in monoterpenoid binding activity at the housefly GABA receptor were determined by developing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, and the relationship between the toxicities of these monoterpenoids and their GABA receptor binding activities was evaluated. RESULTS Two QSAR models were determined for nine monoterpenoids showing significant effects on [³H]-TBOB binding and for nine p-menthane analogs with at least one oxygen atom attached to the ring. The Mulliken charges on certain carbon atoms, the log P value and the total energy showed significant relationships with binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor in these two QSAR models. CONCLUSIONS From the QSAR models, some chemical and structural parameters, including the electronic properties, hydrophobicity and stability of monoterpenoid molecules, were suggested to be strongly involved in binding activities to the housefly GABA receptor. These findings will help to understand the mode of action of these natural insecticides, and provide guidance to predict more monoterpenoid insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tong
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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19
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Daemon E, Monteiro CMO, Maturano R, Senra TOS, Calmon F, Faza A, de Azevedo Prata MC, Georgopoulos SL, de Oliveira LFC. Spectroscopic evaluation of thymol dissolved by different methods and influence on acaricidal activity against larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1901-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Miguel MG, Nunes S, Cruz C, Duarte J, Antunes MD, Cavaco AM, Mendes MD, Lima AS, Pedro LG, Barroso JG, Figueiredo AC. Propolis volatiles characterisation from acaricide-treated and -untreated beehives maintained at Algarve (Portugal). Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:743-9. [PMID: 22724515 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.696261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The variability of the volatile profile of 70 propolis samples from acaricide-treated and -untreated beehives maintained at Algarve (Portugal) was evaluated. Propolis samples were collected in three regions of Algarve at three different periods. Cluster analysis based on the propolis volatiles' chemical composition defined two main clusters, not related to the time of year, collection site, altitude, temperature or humidity ranges, and was based mainly on the relative amounts of viridiflorol, n-tricosane and n-nonadecane for cluster I. Cluster II was mainly characterised by the high thymol content, followed by viridiflorol, n-tricosane and n-nonadecane. The presence of higher thymol levels in propolis samples from cluster II may reflect the long use of an acaricide with thymol as main active ingredient. All samples showed an intense rock-rose aroma supported by the presence of characteristic Cistus and labdanum oil volatile components. Given the nowadays frequent propolis household use, volatiles thorough characterisation may assist in its quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Miguel
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade do Algarve, Edifício 8, Campus de Gambelas , 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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21
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Daemon E, Maturano R, Monteiro CMDO, Goldner MS, Massoni T. Acaricidal activity of hydroethanolic formulations of thymol against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:542-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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22
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Waliwitiya R, Belton P, Nicholson RA, Lowenberger CA. Plant terpenoids: acute toxicities and effects on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blow fly Phaenicia sericata. J Econ Entomol 2012; 105:72-84. [PMID: 22420258 DOI: 10.1603/ec10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the acute toxicities and the physiological effects of plant monoterpenoids (eugenol, pulegone, citronellal and alpha-terpineol) and neuroactive insecticides (malathion, dieldrin and RH3421) on flight muscle impulses (FMI) and wing beat signals (WBS) of the blow fly (Phaenicia sericata). Topically-applied eugenol, pulegone, citronellal, and alpha-terpineol produced neurotoxic symptoms, but were less toxic than malathion, dieldrin, or RH3421. Topical application of eugenol, pulegone, and citronellal reduced spike amplitude in one of the two banks of blow fly dorsolongitudinal flight muscles within 6-8 min, but with citronellal, the amplitude of FMIs reverted to a normal pattern within 1 hr. In contrast to pulegone and citronellal, where impulse frequency remained relatively constant, eugenol caused a gradual increase, then a decline in the frequency of spikes in each muscle bank. Wing beating was blocked permanently within 6-7 min of administering pulegone or citronellal and within 16 mins with eugenol. alpha-Terpineol-treated blow flies could not beat their wings despite normal FMI patterns. The actions of these monoterpenoids on blow fly flight motor patterns are discussed and compared with those of dieldrin, malathion, RH3421, and a variety of other neuroactive substances we have previously investigated in this system. Eugenol, pulegone and citronellal readily penetrate blow fly cuticle and interfere with flight muscle and/or central nervous function. Although there were differences in the effects of these compounds, they mainly depressed flight-associated responses, and acted similarly to compounds that block sodium channels and facilitate GABA action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Waliwitiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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23
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da Silva Mendes A, Daemon E, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Maturano R, Brito FC, Massoni T. Acaricidal activity of thymol on larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:136-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Keil R, Salemme K, Forrest B, Neibauer J, Logsdon M. Differential presence of anthropogenic compounds dissolved in the marine waters of Puget Sound, WA and Barkley Sound, BC. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 62:2404-2411. [PMID: 21920564 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds were evaluated in March 2010 at 22 stations in Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island Canada and at 66 locations in Puget Sound. Of 37 compounds, 15 were xenobiotics, 8 were determined to have an anthropogenic imprint over natural sources, and 13 were presumed to be of natural or mixed origin. The three most frequently detected compounds were salicyclic acid, vanillin and thymol. The three most abundant compounds were diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), ethyl vanillin and benzaldehyde (∼600 n g L(-1) on average). Concentrations of xenobiotics were 10-100 times higher in Puget Sound relative to Barkley Sound. Three compound couplets are used to illustrate the influence of human activity on marine waters; vanillin and ethyl vanillin, salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, and cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid. Ratios indicate that anthropogenic activities are the predominant source of these chemicals in Puget Sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Keil
- SoundCitizen, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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25
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Scoralik MG, Daemon E, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Maturano R. Enhancing the acaricide effect of thymol on larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) by solubilization in ethanol. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:645-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Gwinn KD, Ownley BH, Greene SE, Clark MM, Taylor CL, Springfield TN, Trently DJ, Green JF, Reed A, Hamilton SL. Role of essential oils in control of Rhizoctonia damping-off in tomato with bioactive Monarda herbage. Phytopathology 2010; 100:493-501. [PMID: 20373971 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-5-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants in the genus Monarda produce complex essential oils that contain antifungal compounds. The objectives of this research were to identify selections of monarda that reduce Rhizoctonia damping-off of tomato, and to determine relationships between essential oil composition of 13 monarda herbages (dried and ground leaves) and disease suppression. Herbages were grouped into five chemotypes, based on essential oil composition and effective concentrations for reducing growth by 50% for Rhizoctonia solani. Replicated and repeated disease control assays were conducted with monarda herbages in greenhouse medium, with or without Rhizoctonia. Percent survival, seedling height, and stem diameter were evaluated at 8 weeks. Survival, seedling height, and stem diameter in herbage-only treatments were not different from the control (no-herbage, no-pathogen) for most herbage treatments. In the pathogen control (no-herbage + Rhizoctonia), seedling survival was 10% that of the control. In pathogen-infested media, seedling survival ranged from 65 to 80% for treatments with thymol chemotypes and 55 to 65% for carvacrol chemotypes. Effective control of Rhizoctonia damping-off was correlated with phenolic monoterpenes; herbages classified as carvacrol chemotypes effectively protected tomato seedlings from Rhizoctonia damping-off disease without phytotoxicity. This study provides evidence that monarda herbages have potential as growing media amendments for control of Rhizoctonia damping-off disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Gwinn
- Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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