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Kodzhahinchev V, Shekh K, Manek A, Weber LP, Niyogi S. Modulation of Cd and BaP uptake rate during acute aqueous co-exposure in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 2023; 256:106414. [PMID: 36738581 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium and Benzo[a]pyrene are two toxicants of great environmental importance given their frequency and ability to cause extensive toxicity in aquatic organisms including fish. There is evidence that fish can modulate their respective uptake rate during simultaneous exposures, albeit the mechanism behind this is poorly understood. The present study aimed to examine this interaction by exposing adult zebrafish to either 89.3 nM Cd, 4.25 nM BaP or a combination of the two for 72 hrs prior to examining the uptake rate of either toxicant via short-term exposures (3-6 hrs) to radiotracers (109Cd and 14C-BaP). Our results showed that Cd uptake rate increased significantly in the gills when animals were pre-exposed to both toxicants simultaneously, resulting in an increased maximum uptake rate (Jmax). The increased Cd uptake rate did not correspond to increased expression of gill Cd transporters such as the epithelium calcium channel (ECaC) or the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Furthermore, BaP uptake rate increased significantly at the whole-body level when animals were exposed to both 5.03 nM 14C-BaP and 89.3 nM Cd concurrently. Additionally, we ran a time-course and observed BaP uptake rate is highest in the 6-12 hrs following the beginning of the exposure. Our results provide evidence that the increased bioaccumulation of Cd and BaP observed during co-exposures is at least in part due to an increase in uptake rate and is driven by separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamran Shekh
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aditya Manek
- Health Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Baines C, Lerebours A, Thomas F, Fort J, Kreitsberg R, Gentes S, Meitern R, Saks L, Ujvari B, Giraudeau M, Sepp T. Linking pollution and cancer in aquatic environments: A review. Environ Int 2021; 149:106391. [PMID: 33515955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the interconnectedness of aquatic ecosystems through the highly effective marine and atmospheric transport routes, all aquatic ecosystems are potentially vulnerable to pollution. Whilst links between pollution and increased mortality of wild animals have now been firmly established, the next steps should be to focus on specific physiological pathways and pathologies that link pollution to wildlife health deterioration. One of the pollution-induced pathologies that should be at the centre of attention in ecological and evolutionary research is cancer, as anthropogenic contamination has resulted in a rapid increase of oncogenic substances in natural habitats. Whilst wildlife cancer research is an emerging research topic, systematic reviews of the many case studies published over the recent decades are scarce. This research direction would (1) provide a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms connecting anthropogenic pollution to oncogenic processes in non-model organisms (reducing the current bias towards human and lab-animal studies in cancer research), and (2) allow us to better predict the vulnerability of different wild populations to oncogenic contamination. This article combines the information available within the scientific literature about cancer occurrences in aquatic and semi-aquatic species. For the first aim, we use available knowledge from aquatic species to suggest physiological mechanisms that link pollution and cancer, including main metabolic detoxification pathways, oxidative damage effects, infections, and changes to the microbiome. For the second aim, we determine which types of aquatic animals are more vulnerable to pollution-induced cancer, which types of pollution are mainly associated with cancer in aquatic ecosystems, and which types of cancer pollution causes. We also discuss the role of migration in exposing aquatic and semi-aquatic animals to different oncogenic pollutants. Finally, we suggest novel research avenues, including experimental approaches, analysis of the effects of pollutant cocktails and long-term chronic exposure to lower levels of pollutants, and the use of already published databases of gene expression levels in animals from differently polluted habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Baines
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Adelaide Lerebours
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | - Frederic Thomas
- CREEC/CREES, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jerome Fort
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | - Randel Kreitsberg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sophie Gentes
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France
| | - Richard Meitern
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Saks
- Estonian Marine Institute, Universty of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, 12618 Tallinn, Harju County, Estonia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- LIttoral, ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266, CNRS Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex, France; CREEC/CREES, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Chen T, Dong D, Hua X, Guo Z. Enhanced bioaccumulation of fluorinated antibiotics in crucian carp (Carassius carassius): Influence of fluorine substituent. Sci Total Environ 2020; 748:141567. [PMID: 32814302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The negative impact of residual fluorinated antibiotics on the ecosystem and human health are of great concern. However, only a few studies have been conducted on the factors that influence the bioaccumulation of fluorinated antibiotics in aquatic organisms. To investigate the effects of fluorine substituent, environmental concentration of antibiotics, and temperature on the bioaccumulation of florfenicol (FLO), thiamphenicol (TAP), ofloxacin (OFX), and pipemidic acid (PPA), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were exposed to different concentrations of antibiotics and different temperatures for 21 days. The liver exhibited the highest antibiotic concentrations, with 315.4 ± 13.6 ng g-1 wet weight (ww), followed by the bile (279.4 ± 12.4 ng mL-1), muscle (53.1 ± 4.3 ng g-1 ww), and gills (37.1 ± 2.6 ng g-1 ww). The FLO and OFX containing the fluorine substituent were much easier to accumulate in crucian carp compared with their isonomic TAP and PPA, respectively. The fluorine substituent increased the bioaccumulation of the targeted antibiotics in crucian carp. In addition, the lower levels of antibiotics presented higher bioaccumulation potential, but the temperature had little effect on the bioaccumulation. These findings in the present study can provide further insight into the environmental behaviors and ecological risks of fluorinated antibiotics in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Changchun Customs District P.R. China, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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4
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Kropf C, Fent K, Fischer S, Casanova A, Segner H. ABC transporters in gills of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb221069. [PMID: 32532865 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish gills are a structurally and functionally complex organ at the interface between the organism and the aquatic environment. Gill functions include the transfer of organic molecules, both natural ones and xenobiotic compounds. Whether the branchial exchange of organic molecules involves active transporters is currently not known. Here, we investigated the presence, diversity and functional activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in gills of juvenile rainbow trout. By means of RT-qPCR, gene transcripts of members from the abcb, abcc and abcg subfamilies were identified. Comparisons with mRNA profiles from trout liver and kidney revealed that ABC transporters known to have an apical localization in polarized epithelia, especially abcc2 and abcb1, were under-represented in the gills. In contrast, ABC transporters with mainly basolateral localization showed comparable gene transcript levels in the three organs. The most prominent ABC transporter in gills was an abcb subfamily member, which was annotated as abcb5 based on the synteny and phylogeny. Functional in vivo assays pointed to a role of branchial ABC transporters in branchial solute exchange. We further assessed the utility of primary gill cell cultures to characterize transporter-mediated branchial exchange of organic molecules, by examining ABC transporter gene transcript patterns and functional activity in primary cultures. The gill cultures displayed functional transport activity, but the ABC mRNA expression patterns were different to those of the intact gills. Overall, the findings of this study provide evidence for the presence of functional ABC transporter activity in gills of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Fischer
- aQuaTox-Solutions GmbH, 8304 Wallisellen, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayako Casanova
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Trowell JJ, Gobas FAPC, Moore MM, Kennedy CJ. Estimating the Bioconcentration Factors of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds from Biotransformation Rates Using Rainbow Trout Hepatocytes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2018; 75:295-305. [PMID: 29550936 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the biotransformation potential of commercial chemicals is critical for estimating their persistence in the aquatic environment. In vitro systems are becoming increasingly important as screening methods for assessing the potential for chemical metabolism. Depletion rate constants (kd) for several organic chemicals with high octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values (9-methylanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, and PCB-153) in rainbow trout hepatocytes were determined to estimate biotransformation rate constants (kMET) that were used in fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) models. Benzo[a]pyrene was rapidly biotransformed when incubated singly; however, its depletion rate constant (kd) declined 79% in a mixture of all four chemicals. Chrysene also exhibited significant biotransformation and its depletion rate constant declined by 50% in the mixture incubation. These data indicate that biotransformation rates determined using single chemicals may overestimate metabolism in environments containing chemical mixtures. Incubations with varying cell concentrations were used to determine whether cell concentration affected kd estimates. No statistically significant change in depletion rate constants were seen, possibly due to an increase in nonspecific binding of hydrophobic chemicals as cell density increased, decreasing overall biotransformation. A new model was used to estimate BCFs from kMET values calculated from empirically derived kd values. The inclusion of kMET in models resulted in significantly lower BCF values (compared kMET = 0). Modelled BCF values were consistent with empirically derived BCF values from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Trowell
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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6
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Falfushynska HI, Gnatyshyna LL, Ivanina AV, Sokolova IM, Stoliar OB. Detoxification and cellular stress responses of unionid mussels Unio tumidus from two cooling ponds to combined nano-ZnO and temperature stress. Chemosphere 2018; 193:1127-1142. [PMID: 29874741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks from the cooling reservoirs of fuel power plants (PP) are acclimated to the chronic heating and chemical pollution. We investigated stress responses of the mussels from these ponds to determine their tolerance to novel environmental pollutant, zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO). Male Unio tumidus from the reservoirs of Dobrotvir and Burschtyn PPs (DPP and BPP), Ukraine were exposed for 14 days to nZnO (3.1 μM), Zn2+ (3.1 μM) at 18 °C, elevated temperature (T, 25 °C), or nZnO at 25 °C (nZnO + T). Control groups were held at 18 °C. Zn-containing exposures resulted in the elevated concentrations of total and Zn-bound metallothionein (MT and Zn-MT) in the digestive gland, an increase in the levels of non-metalated MT (up to 5 times) and alkali-labile phosphates and lysosomal membrane destabilization in hemocytes. A common signature of nZnO exposures was modulation of the multixenobiotic-resistance protein activity (a decrease in the digestive gland and increase in the gills). The origin of population strongly affected the cellular stress responses of mussels. DPP-mussels showed depletion of caspase-3 in the digestive gland and up-regulation of HSP70, HSP72 and HSP60 levels in the gill during most exposures, whereas in the BPP-mussels caspase-3 was up-regulated and HSPs either downregulated or maintained stable. BPP-mussels were less adapted to heating shown by a glutathione depletion at elevated temperature (25 °C). Comparison with the earlier studies on mussels from pristine habitats show that an integrative 'eco-exposome'-based approach is useful for the forecast of the biological responses to novel adverse effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina I Falfushynska
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Lesya L Gnatyshyna
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Department of General Chemistry, Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Anna V Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Oksana B Stoliar
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
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Blanc AM, Holland LG, Rice SD, Kennedy CJ. Anthropogenically sourced low concentration PAHS: In situ bioavailability to juvenile Pacific salmon. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010; 73:849-857. [PMID: 20378173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gill 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity of juvenile Chinook salmon caged in Auke Lake, AK was used as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. Biomarker measurements in conjunction with a comprehensive sampling program that included grab water and sediment samples, and passive sampling devices were used to determine PAH concentrations, source(s), bioavailability, and resulting biological response. PAHs were detected at all lake locations except the reference site upstream of anthropogenic activity. Water samples were the best predictor of a biological response and EROD activity correlated to corresponding parts per trillion water pyrene concentrations (r(2)=0.9662; p=0.0004). Sediment samples yielded the clearest indication of PAH sources and amalgamated contaminant magnitude, and passive samplers served as accumulators of retrospective aqueous conditions. Results suggest that salmon stocks are being exposed to chronic low-concentrations of anthropogenically sourced PAHs during sensitive life-stages, which may be in part a contributor to their declining numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Blanc
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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8
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Gourley ME, Kennedy CJ. Energy allocations to xenobiotic transport and biotransformation reactions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during energy intake restriction. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:270-8. [PMID: 19447195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Limited energy intake may result in the down-regulation of cellular defense mechanisms, or if maintained, result in trade-offs with other physiological systems. To examine this, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed full-rations (1.17% body weight [BW]/day), half-rations (0.59% [BW]/day), or fasted for 9 weeks followed by refeeding at full-rations. BW and liver somatic index (LSI), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were measured to determine if they are maintained under limited resources. P-gp and EROD activities were maintained at baseline values in ration-restricted (P-gp: 119+/-29 pg R123/min/mg cells, EROD: 0.58+/-0.17 nmol/min/mg protein) and fasted fish (P-gp: 120+/-14 pg R123/min/mg cells, EROD: 0.47+/-0.14 nmol/min/mg protein), suggesting they may be prioritized systems during fasting. GST activity was attenuated within 6 weeks of fasting (34% decrease from control), but recoverable to baseline values after refeeding. Changes in BW and LSI of calorie-restricted (BW: 16% decrease from control; LSI: 33% decrease from baseline value) and fasted trout (BW: 38% decrease from control; LSI: 44% decrease from baseline value) suggest that resources were mobilized from body stores partly to support these systems. Condition indices and defense activities in groups also varied over time, suggesting that environmental temperature may modulate these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E Gourley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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9
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Wang KJ, Bo J, Yang M, Hong HS, Wang XH, Chen FY, Yuan JJ. Hepcidin gene expression induced in the developmental stages of fish upon exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Mar Environ Res 2009; 67:159-165. [PMID: 19185344 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is known to be expressed in fish with bacterial challenge and iron overload. Here we first report the hepcidin expression induced in the developmental stages from embryo to fry of red sea bream (Pagarus major) and in juvenile black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii B.) upon continuous waterborne exposure to BaP. The gene expression of CYP1A1 and IgL (immunoglobulin light chain) were both measured. Expression of the Pagarus major hepcidin gene (PM-hepc) was increased in post hatch fry at 24 h and 120 h exposure to BaP at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 microg/l, respectively. The gene expression pattern was comparable to that of CYP1A1 but different from that of IgL. In addition, a high number of AS-hepc2 transcripts (Acanthopagrus schlegelii B. hepcidin gene) were detected in the liver upon exposure to 1.0 microg/l BaP. This study demonstrates that hepcidin gene expression is significantly induced in BaP-exposed red sea bream and black porgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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10
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Kennedy CJ, Tierney KB. Energy intake affects the biotransformation rate, scope for induction, and metabolite profile of benzo[a]pyrene in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 2008; 90:172-181. [PMID: 18922589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic conversion of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes was not significantly different between any group of fed fish (fed one of three isoenergetic diets that varied in protein and lipid content at full satiation levels or half rations), however at 12 weeks, fasted fish exhibited significantly reduced B[a]P biotransformation rates (by 58%). Alterations in metabolite profiles were also seen: fasted fish produced significantly more Phase I metabolites, higher levels of both glucuronide and sulphate conjugates, and lower levels of presumptive glutathione conjugates, compared to fed fish. When fish were fasted, higher proportions of phenols were produced, with lower proportions of quinones, triols and tetrols. Inducing metabolism (using beta-naphthoflavone) increased metabolic scope for B[a]P by 2-fold, regardless of each diet's baseline metabolic rate. However, the balance between Phase I and II reactions was altered with induction and fasting: higher proportions of Phase I metabolites were found, with lower glutathione conjugates and higher proportions of triols/tetrols. Fasting-mediated reductions in glutathione conjugation, and increased induction of oxidation vs. conjugating enzymes, can explain altered metabolite profiles. These results suggest that in contaminated habitats, where pollution-induced reductions in food quantity or quality are combined with the presence of toxic compounds and inducers, detoxification rates can be diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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11
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Sandbacka M, Isomaa B. Glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in primary cultures of rainbow trout gill epithelial cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 127:307-15. [PMID: 11246502 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(00)00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill epithelial cells in primary culture by evaluating their ability to maintain glutathione and glucuronide conjugating enzymes. The activity and inducibility of the phase II enzymes was investigated as a function of culture time. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) enzyme activities were measured in freshly isolated cells and in cells cultured for 7 and 12 days. GST activity, determined with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, decreased gradually to 72% after 7 days and to 38% after 12 days in culture compared with freshly isolated cells. There was no significant difference between UDPGT activities in freshly isolated cells compared with cells cultured up to 12 days although a transient decrease in activity was observed at day 7. In vitro induction of the enzymes was studied using beta-naphtoflavone (BNF) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) as inducers. GST activity increased 2-fold after exposure to BNF and 1.5-fold after 3-MC exposure for 48 h in 7 days old cultures. No induction was observed in 12 days old cultures. UDPGT activity was not induced either at day 7 or 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sandbacka
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Turku/Abo, Finland.
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12
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Sandbacka M, Christianson I, Isomaa B. Gill epithelial cells as in vitro models in aquatic toxicology. Altern Lab Anim 2000; 28:457-60. [PMID: 25419926 DOI: 10.1177/026119290002800316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gill epithelial cells are less sensitive than fish for most test chemicals, but a high correlation and a slope of the regression line close to 1 support the use of gill epithelial cells for prediction of acute toxicity in fish. Cells in suspension perform as well as cultured cells in the toxicity tests. However, the use of cells in suspension results in a quicker and more cost-effective assay for toxicity screening, but the cells should be used within about 5 hours of isolation. If a longer incubation time is required, cultured cells should be used. Cultured cells re-establish their polarity and contacts with other cells, and retain detectable amounts of enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism for at least 12 days in culture. Epithelial cell layers grown on filters seem to be less suitable for toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sandbacka
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - I Christianson
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - B Isomaa
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku/Åbo, Finland
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Leguen I, Carlsson C, Perdu-Durand E, Prunet P, Pärt P, Cravedi JP. Xenobiotic and steroid biotransformation activities in rainbow trout gill epithelial cells in culture. Aquat Toxicol 2000; 48:165-176. [PMID: 10686323 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(99)00043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of xenobiotics and steroids was investigated in cultured respiratory epithelial cells from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills. As a first approach, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), chosen as a marker of CYP1A activity, was measured in monolayers of adherent cells. The induction of this enzyme was studied in cells exposed to beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in concentrations ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-12) M. After 24 h, TCDD showed a maximal induction at a concentration of 10(-9) M while BNF showed a maximal induction at a concentration of 10(-7) M. Concurrently, a variety of substrates involved in cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism as well as phase II reactions, namely ethoxycoumarin, aniline and testosterone were incubated with cultured gill cells for 2 or 8 h and with freshly isolated hepatocytes for comparison. Our results revealed a significant cytochrome P450-dependent activity in gill cells with ethoxycoumarin and aniline, but no hydroxylation was observed with testosterone as substrate. No trace of sulfate conjugate was detected. With 2.5 µM aniline as substrate, 2-hydroxyaniline accounted for 32.1% of the radioactivity after 2 h incubation whereas acetanilide amounted to 6.4%. Significant differences were found between gill cells and isolated hepatocytes in the capacity of these systems to conduct oxidative and conjugating metabolic pathways. Qualitatively, the main difference was observed for testosterone which is hydroxylated in position 6beta and 16beta and conjugated to glucuronic acid in liver cells, whereas reductive biotransformation giving rise to dihydrotestosterone and androstanediol and traces of androstenedione were observed in gill cells. Quantitatively, the biotransformation activity in gill epithelial cells, expressed as pmol/h per mg protein, was between 1.5 and 14% of the activity level observed in isolated hepatocytes, depending on the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leguen
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Poissons, INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
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Johnston BD, Alexander G, Kennedy CJ. Thermal modulation of the toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in isolated hepatocytes of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1999; 124:157-64. [PMID: 10622431 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes from sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were isolated from 11 degrees C acclimated animals. The uptake, metabolism, and excretion of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in hepatocytes was measured at 6, 11 and 19 degrees C. Chub mackerel hepatocyte uptake rates were significantly lower (0.012 +/- 0.003 microg/s per g cell) at 11 degrees C than black rockfish (0.028 +/- 0.009 microg/s per g cell) or sablefish (0.032 +/- 0.012 microg/s per g cell) hepatocytes at all temperatures. Hepatocytes metabolized B[a]P to phase I (1-8%) and phase II (92-99%) metabolites. Accumulation of phase II metabolites was lower in chub mackerel hepatocytes (0.016 +/- 0.004 microg/h per g cell), than black rockfish (0.052 +/- 0.012 microg/h per g cell), or sablefish hepatocytes (0.060 +/- 0.015 microg/h per g cell). Phase II metabolite accumulation increased greatest with temperature in chub mackerel hepatocytes (Q10 = 1.94 +/- 0.30), followed by sablefish (Q10 = 1.65 +/- 0.30), and rockfish (Q10 = 1.38 +/- 0.30). Sablefish hepatocytes had higher excretion rates of phase II metabolites (0.010 +/- 0.0023 microg/h per g cell), than mackerel (0.0046 +/- 0.0009 microg/h per g cell) or rockfish hepatocytes (0.0029 +/- 0.0008 microg/h per g cell). Phase II metabolite excretion rates increased with temperature only in sablefish hepatocytes (Q1O = 1.67 +/- 0.76). These differences in toxicokinetics may indicate distinct consequences for various species exposed to xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Johnston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Abstract
This review considers the potential for DNA strand breaks, particularly as measured by the comet assay, to act as a biomarker of genetic toxicity in fish and other aquatic species. The background need for such biomarkers is introduced in relation to carcinogenicity, reproductive effects and other adverse effects of pollution. Sensitive measurements of DNA strand breakage can be achieved, e.g., by alkaline elution, alkaline unwinding or by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) techniques. The DNA damage can be a reflection, not only of direct strand breakage, but also of alkali-labile sites and of repair enzyme-mediated breakage (i.e., is non-specific). A range of genotoxic chemicals (both with and without the requirement for metabolic activation) give positive effects in various cell types of vertebrate and invertebrate aquatic species, following in vitro and in vivo exposures under laboratory conditions. A limited number of analyses of organisms exposed to polluted waters or sediments in the field have implicated DNA strand breakage as a relatively sensitive, rapid and broad specificity indicator of genotoxic pollutant exposure. The comet assay deserves further exploitation to assess inter-individual and inter-cell variability in response to pollutants and naturally occurring genotoxic stimuli, and to assess the persistence of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mitchelmore
- School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
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