[Development, histology and histochemistry of the glandular system of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon (1907)]

An atlas of the germ ball-cercaria-schistosomulum transition in Schistosoma mansoni, using confocal microscopy and in situ hybridisation

Schistosomes are complex platyhelminth parasites with a genome comprising ∼12,000 protein-coding genes, three distinct generations, and at least seven distinct phenotypes. We chart here cellular and gene expression changes associated with development of the cercaria, in the intramolluscan daughter sporocyst, and its transformation into the skin stage schistosomulum upon infection of the mammalian host. We describe the morphology of the early daughter sporocyst and the increasing complexity of cellular organisation in germ balls as they rapidly develop into cercariae. We show how individual myocytes differentiate and combine to create the complex musculature of the head capsule and body wall. In situ hybridisation reveals that some transcripts encoding the secretory proteins, released during skin penetration, are expressed in gland-cell precursors very early in germ ball development. However, those for the projected anti-inflammatory protein Sm16-stathmin are widely expressed in germ ball tissues, suggesting the protein has intracellular functions. Transcripts for smkk7 are expressed in six cells of the larval body, while the KK7 protein is present throughout the peripheral nerve net, including sensory nerve bulbs, providing a marker for the nerve net in adult worms. We also note that the cercaria-schistosomulum transformation is accompanied by tissue remodelling without growth.

Schistosoma mansoni: an ultrastructural examination of skin migration in the hamster cheek pouch

The hamster cheek pouch has been used to investigate the skin migration of schistosomula at the ultrastructural level. Parasites have been observed up to 72 h post-infection. Despite rapidly reaching the epidermal basement membrane schistosomula remain in an epidermal location for at least 40 h post-infection, by which time the acetabular glands and their ducts have been lost and the transformation from cercaria to schistosomulum completed. Entry into the dermis and exit from the skin via the blood vessels is therefore by mechanical means or by lytic secretions emanating from a source other than the acetabular glands. The head gland which persists in the dermal schistosomula is a probable source of such secretions. The observations suggest that the apical area and musculature of the head capsule are important in gaining access to the lumen of blood vessels.