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Kolya H, Kang CW. Next-Generation Water Treatment: Exploring the Potential of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites in Adsorption and Membrane Filtration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3421. [PMID: 37631480 PMCID: PMC10458676 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the potential of biopolymer-based nanocomposites incorporating nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanoclays in adsorption and membrane filtration processes for water treatment. The aim is to explore the effectiveness of these innovative materials in addressing water scarcity and contamination issues. The review highlights the exceptional adsorption capacities and improved membrane performance offered by chitosan, GO, and CNTs, which make them effective in removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants from water. It also emphasizes the high surface area and ion exchange capacity of nanoclays, enabling the removal of heavy metals, organic contaminants, and dyes. Integrating magnetic (Fe2O4) adsorbents and membrane filtration technologies is highlighted to enhance adsorption and separation efficiency. The limitations and challenges associated are also discussed. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaboration with industry stakeholders in advancing biopolymer-based nanocomposites for sustainable and comprehensive water treatment solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haradhan Kolya
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Won Kang
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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2
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Monga D, Kaur P, Singh B. Microbe mediated remediation of dyes, explosive waste and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Curr Res Microb Sci 2022; 3:100092. [PMID: 35005657 PMCID: PMC8717453 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, explosive waste and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental pollutants toxicity. Possible microbial biodegradation pathways of environmental pollutants.
Industrialization and human activities have led to serious effects on environment. With the progress taking place in the biodegradation field, it is important to summarize the latest advancement. In this review, we intend to provide insights on the recent progress on the biodegradation of environmental contaminants such as dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, explosive waste and polyaromatic hydrocarbons by microorganisms. Along with the biodegradation of environmental contaminants, toxicity effects have also been discussed.
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Liu J, Xu JK, Yuan H, Wang XJ, Gao SQ, Wen GB, Tan XS, Lin YW. Engineering globins for efficient biodegradation of malachite green: two case studies of myoglobin and neuroglobin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18654-18660. [PMID: 35873322 PMCID: PMC9229271 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02795j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered globins such as H64D Mb and A15C/H64D Ngb were efficient in the degradation of malachite green, with activities much higher than those of some native enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jia-Kun Xu
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Lab for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ge-Bo Wen
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiang-Shi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Rathi BS, Kumar PS, Vo DVN. Critical review on hazardous pollutants in water environment: Occurrence, monitoring, fate, removal technologies and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2021; 797:149134. [PMID: 34346357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is required for the existence of all living things. Water pollution has grown significantly, over the decades and now it has developed as a serious worldwide problem. The presence and persistence of Hazardous pollutants such as dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, heavy metals, fertilizer and pesticides and their transformed products are the matter of serious environmental and health concerns. A variety of approaches have been tried to clean up water and maintain water quality. The type of pollutants present in the water determines the bulk of technological solutions. The main objective of this article was to review the occurrences and fate of hazardous contaminants (dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, heavy metals, and pesticides) found in wastewater effluents. These effluents mingle with other streams of water and that are utilized for a variety of reasons such as irrigation and other domestic activities that is further complicating the issue. It also discussed traditional treatment approaches as well as current advances in hazardous pollutants removal employing graphite oxides, carbon nanotubes, metal organic structures, magnetic nano composites, and other innovative forms of useable materials. It also discussed the identification and quantification of harmful pollutants using various approaches, as well as current advancements. Finally, a risk assessment of hazardous pollutants in water is provided in terms of the human health and the environment. This data is anticipated to serve as a foundation for future improvements in hazardous pollutant risk assessment. Furthermore, future studies on hazardous pollutants must not only emphasize on the parent chemicals, as well as on their possible breakdown products in various media.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senthil Rathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Kukfisz B, Piec R. The Fire and Explosion Hazard of Coloured Powders Used during the Holi Festival. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182111090. [PMID: 34769610 PMCID: PMC8583402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the world-famous Holi festival, people throw and smear each other with a colored powder (Holi color, Holi powder, Gulal powder). Until now, adverse health and environmental effects (skin and eye irritation, air pollution, and respiratory problems) have been described in the available literature. However, the literature lacks data on the flammable and explosive properties of these powders during mass events, despite the fact that burns, fires, and explosions during the Holi festival have taken place many times. The aim of the article is to present the fire and explosion parameters of three currently used Holi dust and cornflour dust types as reference dust. The minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer and dust cloud, the maximum explosion pressure and its maximum rate of growth over time, the lower explosion limit, the limit of oxygen concentration, and the minimum ignition energy were determined. Tests confirmed that the currently available Holi powders should be classified as flammable dusts and low-explosive dusts. The likelihood of a fire or explosion during mass incidents involving a Holi dust-air mixture is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Kukfisz
- Main School of Fire Service, Faculty of Security Engineering and Civil Protection, 52/54 Słowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-607-634-559
| | - Robert Piec
- Main School of Fire Service, International Security Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland;
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Sassa A, Fukuda T, Ukai A, Nakamura M, Sato R, Fujiwara S, Hirota K, Takeda S, Sugiyama KI, Honma M, Yasui M. Follow-up genotoxicity assessment of Ames-positive/equivocal chemicals using the improved thymidine kinase gene mutation assay in DNA repair-deficient human TK6 cells. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:331-338. [PMID: 34216473 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing plays an important role in the safety assessment of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and chemical substances. Among the guidelines for various genotoxicity tests, the in vitro genotoxicity test battery comprises the bacterial Ames test and mammalian cell assays. Several chemicals exhibit conflicting results for the bacterial Ames test and mammalian cell genotoxicity studies, which may stem from the differences in DNA repair capacity or metabolism, between different cell types or species. For better understanding the mechanistic implications regarding conflict outcomes between different assay systems, it is necessary to develop in vitro genotoxicity testing approaches with higher specificity towards DNA-damaging reagents. We have recently established an improved thymidine kinase (TK) gene mutation assay (TK assay) that is deficient in DNA excision repair system using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells lacking XRCC1 and XPA (XRCC1 -/-/XPA -/-), the core factors of base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, respectively. This DNA repair-deficient TK6 cell line is expected to specifically evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemical substances based on the DNA damage. We focused on four reagents, N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA), p-phenylenediamine (PPD), auramine, and malachite green (MG) as the Ames test-positive chemicals. In our assay, assessment using XRCC1 -/-/XPA -/- cells revealed no statistically significant increase in the mutant frequencies after treatment with NEDA, PPD, and MG, suggesting the chemicals to be non-genotoxic in humans. The observations were consistent with that of the follow-up in vivo studies. In contrast, the mutant frequency was markedly increased in XRCC1 -/-/XPA -/- cells after treatment with auramine. The results suggest that auramine is the genotoxic reagent that preferentially induces DNA damages resolved by BER and/or NER in mammals. Taken together, BER/NER deficient cell-based genotoxicity testing will contribute to elucidate the mechanism of genotoxicity and therefore play a pivotal role in the accurate safety assessment of chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sassa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ukai
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
| | - Maki Nakamura
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Fujiwara
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
| | - Manabu Yasui
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki Japan
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Uda RM, Yoshida N, Iwasaki T, Hayashi K. pH-triggered solubility and cytotoxicity changes of malachite green derivatives incorporated in liposomes for killing cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:8242-8248. [PMID: 32794526 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three different malachite green leuco derivatives (MG-Xs) are incorporated in liposomes. In all three cases, a substituent (X) is covalently linked to the central carbon atom, abbreviated as MG-OH, MG-OCH3, and MG-CN. The three MG-X compounds are solubilized separately in liposome membranes and become cationic (MG+) and water soluble under acidic conditions. MG+ is consequently released from the liposome to the aqueous exterior. Their release behavior corresponds to their ionization ability: MG-OH > MG-OCH3 > MG-CN. The cellular uptake of the liposomes, the cytotoxic effect, and the location of MG+ in cancer cells are investigated using murine cells derived from colon cancer (Colon 26 cells) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells). The toxic effect on cancer cells is correlated to the ionization ability of MG-Xs. The liposomes effectively deliver MG+via the endocytic pathway, resulting in the cytotoxicity of liposomes containing MG-OH which is higher than that of free MG-OH and MG+. The difference in the phospholipids constituting the liposome membranes barely had an effect on the ionization ratio and the cytotoxicity of MG-OH. Confocal fluorescence microscopic observations revealed that MG+ is ultimately transported into the nuclei after being released in acidic cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko M Uda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Iwasaki
- Division of Analytical Bio-medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Keita Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, Yata 22, Yamato-koriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
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Chanajaree R, Sriuttha M, Lee VS, Wittayanarakul K. Thermodynamics and kinetics of cationic/anionic dyes adsorption on cross-linked chitosan. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shukla D, Das M, Kasade D, Pandey M, Dubey AK, Yadav SK, Parmar AS. Sandalwood-derived carbon quantum dots as bioimaging tools to investigate the toxicological effects of malachite green in model organisms. Chemosphere 2020; 248:125998. [PMID: 32006833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green is an N-methylated diaminophenylmethane dye that has generated much concern over its suggestive carcinogenic nature. After its excessive use in aquaculture industry as an effective ectoparasitide, much debate was raised over its toxicological effects leading to scientific studies conducted on animal models. Even after several bans, malachite green is still easily available in many parts of the world and unscrupulously even used to give green vegetables a fresher look. This study aims to address this concern by systematically studying the toxicological effects of malachite green through bioimaging in plant and animal cell and tissue. Sandalwood-derived carbon quantum dots have been used as a bioimaging tool since they are non-cytotoxic and show excellent fluorescence properties. Onion tissues demonstrate the translocation of the dye inside cells having high affinity for the nuclei and cell walls. Toxicological effects on the growth of Vigna radiata (mung beans) have been studied methodically. Bioimaging of the transverse cross-section of the dye-treated plant root shows a significant difference from the control. In animal cells, dose-dependent decrease in cell viability of MG-63 cells was observed with MG. CQD showed good fluorescence in both cytoplasm and nucleus of MG63 cells. In addition, CQDs were employed as a great tool for bioimaging of the histopathologically adverse effects of MG in Golden hamster animal model. This study showed CQDs could be used as an alternative non-site specific fluorescent probe for cell and tissue imaging for better visualization of cell and tissue architectural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Shukla
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Megha Das
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Dipanshu Kasade
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Maneesha Pandey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Avanish Singh Parmar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Zhang Q, Lin Q, Zhang X, Chen Y. A novel hierarchical stiff carbon foam with graphene-like nanosheet surface as the desired adsorbent for malachite green removal from wastewater. Environ Res 2019; 179:108746. [PMID: 31586862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel hierarchical stiff carbon foam (HSCF) was successfully prepared via a carbothermal reduction between the carbon foam with two-level pore structure and the Al2O3 from aluminum sulfate, and used as a bulk adsorbent for removing malachite green (MG) dye. The structures of the HSCF were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, and XPS, and the effects of adsorption condition on the MG removal were studied through batch adsorption experiments. Results show that large-sized and complex-shaped HSCF can be easily fabricated with a high compression strength of 1.58 MPa at a low bulk density (0.10 g cm-3). The HSCF possesses a fluffy graphene-like nanosheet surface with a mesoporous structure and meanwhile exhibits good hydrophilicity loaded with aluminum hydroxide. The experimental maximum adsorption capacity for MG reaches 425.2 mg g-1 with a relatively high partition coefficient of 9.38 mg g-1 μM-1 at the optimal condition. The experimental data are in good agreement with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and meanwhile, the adsorption of MG onto the HSCF is a spontaneous and endothermic process. Also, the HSCF still exhibits good adsorption ability and stability after seven regeneration cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
| | - Qilang Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China.
| | - Xialan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
| | - Yangfa Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, PR China
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Nebbia C, Girolami F, Carletti M, Gasco L, Zoccarato I, Giuliano Albo A. In vitro interactions of malachite green and leucomalachite green with hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in the rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss). Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Malachite green, an N-methylated diaminotriphenylmethane dye, is used primarily as a therapeutic agent in aquaculture. In solution, the dye exists as a mixture of the cation (chromatic malachite green) and its carbinol base, with the ratio depending on the pH of the solution; the dye also can undergo chemical and metabolic reduction to a leuco derivative. Analysis offish tissue after exposure to malachite green indicates the presence of both chromatic and leuco forms, with the latter having a much longer tissue half-life. Malachite green intercalates with DNA, with a preference for A:T-rich regions, and the leuco derivative bears a structural resemblance to carcinogenic aromatic amines that can form covalent DNA adducts. Malachite green is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of an exogenous metabolizing system. In mammalian cells, it shows marked cytotoxicity and the ability to induce cell transformation and lipid peroxidation. Results from carcinogenicity bioassays with malachite green have been equivocal; however, it appears to act as a tumor promoter, perhaps because of its ability to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species. These characteristics, plus its close structural similarity to carcinogenic triphenylmethane dyes (e.g., gentian violet) suggest that additional data are required to determine if human exposure to malachite green results in adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J. Culp
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, U.S.A
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Yang X, Zheng J, Lu Y, Jia R. Degradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye malachite green catalyzed by crude manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:9585-97. [PMID: 26846235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG), a recalcitrant, carcinogenic, and mutagenic triphenylmethane dye, was decolorized and detoxified using crude manganese peroxidase (MnP) prepared from the white rot fungus Irpex lacteus F17. In this study, the key factors (pH, temperature, MG, Mn(2+), H2O2, MnP) in these processes were investigated. Under optimal conditions, 96 % of 200 mg L(-1) of MG was decolorized when 66.32 U L(-1) of MnP was added for 1 h. The K m, V max, and k cat values were 109.9 μmol L(-1), 152.8 μmol L(-1) min(-1), and 44.5 s(-1), respectively. The decolorization of MG by MnP followed first-order reaction kinetics with a kinetic rate constant of 0.0129 h(-1). UV-vis and UPLC analysis revealed degradation of MG. Furthermore, seven different intermediates formed during the MnP treatment of 0.5 h were identified by LC-TOF-MS. These degradation products were generated via two different routes by either N-demethylation of MG or the oxidative cleavage of the C-C double bond in MG. Based on ecotoxicity analyses performed on bacteria and algae, it was confirmed that MG metabolites produced by the MnP-catalyzed system were appreciably less toxic than the parent compound. These studies indicate the potential use of this enzyme system in the clean-up of aquatic and terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Yang
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhao Zheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Lu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Jia
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China.
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Al-Fawwaz AT, Abdullah M. Decolorization of Methylene Blue and Malachite Green by Immobilized Desmodesmus sp. Isolated from North Jordan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Cao H, Xu F, Li DX, Zhang XG, Yu JS. Preparation and performance valuation of high selective molecularly imprinted polymers for malachite green. Res Chem Intermed 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cheriaa J, Khaireddine M, Rouabhia M, Bakhrouf A. Removal of triphenylmethane dyes by bacterial consortium. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:512454. [PMID: 22623907 PMCID: PMC3353484 DOI: 10.1100/2012/512454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new consortium of four bacterial isolates (Agrobacterium radiobacter; Bacillus spp.; Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Aeromonas hydrophila)-(CM-4) was used to degrade and to decolorize triphenylmethane dyes. All bacteria were isolated from activated sludge extracted from a wastewater treatment station of a dyeing industry plant. Individual bacterial isolates exhibited a remarkable color-removal capability against crystal violet (50 mg/L) and malachite green (50 mg/L) dyes within 24 h. Interestingly, the microbial consortium CM-4 shows a high decolorizing percentage for crystal violet and malachite green, respectively, 91% and 99% within 2 h. The rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal increases after 24 h, reaching 61.5% and 84.2% for crystal violet and malachite green, respectively. UV-Visible absorption spectra, FTIR analysis and the inspection of bacterial cells growth indicated that color removal by the CM-4 was due to biodegradation. Evaluation of mutagenicity by using Salmonella typhimurium test strains, TA98 and TA100 studies revealed that the degradation of crystal violet and malachite green by CM-4 did not lead to mutagenic products. Altogether, these results demonstrated the usefulness of the bacterial consortium in the treatment of the textile dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Cheriaa
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment, Valorisation and Environmental Pollution and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir Avicenne Street, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
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Dhamgaye S, Devaux F, Manoharlal R, Vandeputte P, Shah AH, Singh A, Blugeon C, Sanglard D, Prasad R. In vitro effect of malachite green on Candida albicans involves multiple pathways and transcriptional regulators UPC2 and STP2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:495-506. [PMID: 22006003 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00574-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that a chemical dye, malachite green (MG), which is commonly used in the fish industry as an antifungal, antiparasitic, and antibacterial agent, could effectively kill Candida albicans and non-C. albicans species. We have demonstrated that Candida cells are susceptible to MG at a very low concentration (MIC that reduces growth by 50% [MIC(50)], 100 ng ml(-1)) and that the effect of MG is independent of known antifungal targets, such as ergosterol metabolism and major drug efflux pump proteins. Transcriptional profiling in response to MG treatment of C. albicans cells revealed that of a total of 207 responsive genes, 167 genes involved in oxidative stress, virulence, carbohydrate metabolism, heat shock, amino acid metabolism, etc., were upregulated, while 37 genes involved in iron acquisition, filamentous growth, mitochondrial respiration, etc., were downregulated. We confirmed experimentally that Candida cells exposed to MG resort to a fermentative mode of metabolism, perhaps due to defective respiration. In addition, we showed that MG triggers depletion of intracellular iron pools and enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These effects could be reversed by the addition of iron or antioxidants, respectively. We provided evidence that the antifungal effect of MG is exerted through the transcription regulators UPC2 (regulating ergosterol biosynthesis and azole resistance) and STP2 (regulating amino acid permease genes). Taken together, our transcriptome, genetic, and biochemical results allowed us to decipher the multiple mechanisms by which MG exerts its anti-Candida effects, leading to a metabolic shift toward fermentation, increased generation of ROS, labile iron deprivation, and cell necrosis.
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Jeon JR, Kim EJ, Kim YM, Murugesan K, Kim JH, Chang YS. Use of grape seed and its natural polyphenol extracts as a natural organic coagulant for removal of cationic dyes. Chemosphere 2009; 77:1090-1098. [PMID: 19786292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic coagulants (NOCs) such as chitosan and Moringa oleifera seeds have been extensively characterized for potential application in water treatment as an alternative to metal-based coagulants. However, the action of both chitosan and M. oleifera seeds is mainly restricted to anionic organic pollutants because of their cationic functional groups affording poor cationic pollutant coagulation by electrostatic repulsion. In this study, we employed ethanolic grape seed extract (GSE) and grape seed-derived polyphenols such as tannic acid and catechin in an effort to find novel NOCs showing stable anionic forms for removal of cationic organic pollutants. The target substances tested were malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV), both mutagenic cationic dyes. Polyphenol treatment induced fast decolorization followed by gradual floc formation concomitant with red or blue shifts in maximum absorbance wavelengths of the cationic dyes. Liquid chromatography analysis of flocs formed by polyphenols directly showed that initial supramolecular complexes attributed mainly to electrostatic attraction between polyphenol hydroxyphenyl groups and cationic dyes further progressed into stronger aggregates, leading to precipitation of dye-polyphenol complexes. Consistent with the results obtained using catechin and tannic acid, use of GSE also resulted in effective decolorization and coagulation of soluble MG and CV in aqueous solutions. Screening of several organic GSE components for NOC activity strongly suggested that natural polyphenols are the main organic ingredients causing MG and CV removal via gradual floc formation. The treatment by natural polyphenols and GSE decreased toxicity of MG- or CV-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Rok Jeon
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Murugesan K, Yang I, Kim Y, Jeon J, Chang Y. Enhanced transformation of malachite green by laccase of Ganoderma lucidum in the presence of natural phenolic compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:341-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ayed L, Chaieb K, Cheref A, Bakhrouf A. Biodegradation of triphenylmethane dye Malachite Green by Sphingomonas paucimobilis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bae J, Yun Y, Yoon S, Choi K, Lee J, Lim C, Kim Y, Park H. Extraction Methods for Recovering Malachite Green and Leucomalachite Green. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 41:13-9. [DOI: 10.5657/kfas.2008.41.1.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lucotti A, Pesapane A, Zerbi G. Use of a geometry optimized fiber-optic surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor in trace detection. Appl Spectrosc 2007; 61:260-8. [PMID: 17389065 DOI: 10.1366/000370207780220921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) sensor has been recently developed; its peculiar geometry is able to increase considerably both the SERS active surface and the number of internal reflections at the interface between silica and silver, thus allowing an increase of the signal intensity. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that this sensor could be efficiently used to detect some molecules such as illegally used veterinary medicine (crystal violet and malachite green) below the ppb detection limit. The advantages of this sensor with respect to other detection techniques are not only the higher sensitivity, but also the fast response and the possibility of coupling with a portable Raman spectrometer for "on-field" measurements. The ability of the sensor to work under real environmental conditions in the presence of many cationic and anionic species has been tested both in solutions containing sodium and chlorine ions and in water coming from the aqueduct of Milan and from the (normally polluted) river Serio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica G. Natta, Center for Nanoengineered, Materials and Surfaces, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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Velpandian T, Saha K, Ravi AK, Kumari SS, Biswas NR, Ghose S. Ocular hazards of the colors used during the festival-of-colors (Holi) in India--malachite green toxicity. J Hazard Mater 2007; 139:204-8. [PMID: 16904259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nature of the colors used and their toxicity to the eye upon exposure to them during celebration of Holi (our festival-of-colors). Color powders and formulations were procured at random in and around Delhi during the festival. The green/bluish-green colors reported with the higher incidence of ocular toxicity were subjected for further evaluation. Eyewash fluid collected from the patients exposed to the colors was also subjected for analysis. This study was further extended to evaluate the corneal penetration of malachite green using goat cornea in perfusion chamber. In 16/18 color samples collected, malachite green or 4-[(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-N,N-dimethyl-aniline was detected at different concentrations. In the eyewash fluid of four patients, HPLC estimation confirmed the presence of malachite green at concentrations of 1.3, 0.18, 3.5 and 5.4 microg in 250 ml which was responsible for its reported toxicity. The in vitrotrans-corneal penetration studies did not show any detectable amount of malachite green in effluent fluid-in vitro tissue retention studies revealed that increasing the contact time increases tissue concentration. After 2 min of exposure, the tissue concentration was significantly higher. To conclude, malachite green was extensively used in our festival of Holi and has caused severe ocular irritation with epithelial defect upon exposure, though it did not penetrate through the cornea-further in vitro and in vivo studies are required on colors used in Holi.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.
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Abstract
This review summarises the wide range of toxicological effects of malachite green (MG), a triarylmethane dye on various fish species and certain mammals. MG is widely used in aquaculture as a parasiticide and in food, health, textile and other industries for one or the other purposes. It controls fungal attacks, protozoan infections and some other diseases caused by helminths on a wide variety of fish and other aquatic organisms. However, the dye has generated much concern regarding its use, due to its reported toxic effects. The toxicity of this dye increases with exposure time, temperature and concentration. It has been reported to cause carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, chromosomal fractures, teratogenecity and respiratory toxicity. Histopathological effects of MG include multi-organ tissue injury. Significant alterations occur in biochemical parameters of blood in MG exposed fish. Residues of MG and its reduced form, leucomalachite green have been reported from serum, liver, kidney, muscles and other tissues as also from eggs and fry. Toxicity occurs in some mammals, including organ damage, mutagenic, carcinogenic and developmental abnormalities. However, despite the large amount of data on its toxic effects, MG is still used as a parasiticide in aquaculture and other industries. It is concluded that the potential of alternative parasiticides, like humic acid, chlorine dioxide and Pyceze, should be explored to replace MG. Until then, MG should be used with extreme care at suitable concentrations and at times when the temperature is low. Removal of residual MG in treatment ponds should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaji Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, S.M.M. Town Post-Graduate College, Ballia 277001, India
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Abstract
Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium chelonae tolerate high concentrations of the dyes malachite green and crystal violet. Cells of strains of those species decolorized (reduced) both malachite green and crystal violet. Because decolorized malachite green lacked antimicrobial activity, the resistance of these mycobacteria could be due, in part, to their ability to decolorize the dyes. Small amounts of malachite green and its reduced, decolorized product were detected in the lipid fraction of M. avium strain A5 cells grown in the presence of malachite green, suggesting that a minor component of resistance could be due to sequestering the dyes in the extensive mycobacterial cell surface lipid. The membrane fraction of M. avium strain A5 had at least a fivefold-higher specific decolorization rate than did the crude extract, suggesting that the decolorization activity is membrane associated. The malachite green-decolorizing activity of the membrane fraction of M. avium strain A5 was abolished by either boiling or proteinase exposure, suggesting that the decolorizing activity was due to a protein. Decolorization activity of membrane fractions was stimulated by ferrous ion and inhibited by dinitrophenol and metyrapone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson J Jones
- Department of Biology, Virginia Union University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
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Abstract
The genotoxic potential of the fungicide malachite green (MG) and its reduced derivative leucomalachite green (LMG) was assessed in bacteria and mammalian cells using the standard Salmonella typhimurium/Ames and CHO/HGPRT tests. In vitro potential DNA damaging effects of MG and LMG were tested using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay on CHO cells. Malachite green was found to be extremely cytotoxic to bacteria and mammalian cells. It did not have any mutagenic activity, in any bacterial strains, in the presence or absence of metabolic activation for doses up to 10 microg per plate. In the CHO/HGPRT test, the mutagenic potential of MG could be evaluated only for very low concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.05 microg ml(-1) medium. When S9 fraction was added to the medium, the highest tested dose could be increased to 1 microg ml(-1). In these experimental conditions, MG did not increase the number of thioguanine-resistant mutants. Leucomalachite green was less toxic than MG to Salmonella typhimurium and did not have mutagenic activity in the Ames' test for doses up to 2000 microg per plate. It was also less cytotoxic than MG to CHO cells and was tested at doses ranging from 5 to 100 microg ml(-1). Overall results indicated that LMG was not mutagenic in the HGPRT test. In the Comet assay, MG induced DNA damage only at cytotoxic doses. Loss of cell viability was observed for doses of > or = 3 microg ml(-1), with parallel increase in DNA alterations as measured by the tail moment. After metabolic activation, however, DNA damage was observed at doses (15-20 microg ml(-1)) inducing only low cytotoxicity. In this case, the direct genotoxicity of MG metabolites could not be excluded. In the absence or presence of metabolic activation, LMG did not have any effect on cell viability or DNA damage for doses up to 500 microg ml(-1). This study indicates that LMG, which is the main residue found in fish tissues after treatment with MG, did not have any mutagenic or clastogenic effects in the experimental conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fessard
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire der Aliments, Laboratoire des Médicaments Vétérinaires, Unité de Toxicologie, 35133 Fougères, France
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Abstract
Intestinal microfloras from human, rat, mouse, and monkey fecal samples and 14 pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria representative of those found in the human gastrointestinal tract metabolized the triphenylmethane dye malachite green to leucomalachite green. The reduction of malachite green to the leuco derivative suggests that intestinal microflora could play an important role in the metabolic activation of the triphenylmethane dye to a potential carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Henderson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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