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Hashemzaei M, Ghoshoon MB, Jamshidi M, Moradbeygi F, Hashemzehi A. A Review on Romiplostim Mechanism of Action and the Expressive Approach in E. coli. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:95-109. [PMID: 38282441 DOI: 10.2174/1872208317666230503094451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder determined by immune-mediated platelet demolition and reduction of platelet production. Romiplostim is a new thrombopoiesis motivating peptibody that binds and stimulates the human thrombopoietin receptor the patent of which was registered in 2008. It is used to treat thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Romiplostim is a 60 kDa peptibody designed to inhibit cross-reacting immune responses. It consists of four high-affinity TPO-receptor binding domains for the Mpl receptor and one human IgG1 Fc domain. Escherichia coli is a good host for the fabrication of recombinant proteins such as romiplostim. The expression of a gene intended in E. coli is dependent on many factors such as a protein's inherent ability to fold, mRNA's secondary structure, its solubility, its toxicity preferential codon use, and its need for post-translational modification (PTM). This review focuses on the structure, function, mechanism of action, and expressive approach to romiplostim in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hashemzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehrnaz Jamshidi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hashemzehi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Beygmoradi A, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Fernandes P. Recombinant protein expression: Challenges in production and folding related matters. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123407. [PMID: 36708896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is a biophysical process by which proteins reach a specific three-dimensional structure. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain contains all the information needed to determine the final three-dimensional structure of a protein. When producing a recombinant protein, several problems can occur, including proteolysis, incorrect folding, formation of inclusion bodies, or protein aggregation, whereby the protein loses its natural structure. To overcome such limitations, several strategies have been developed to address each specific issue. Identification of proper protein refolding conditions can be challenging, and to tackle this high throughput screening for different recombinant protein folding conditions can prove a sound solution. Different approaches have emerged to tackle refolding issues. One particular approach to address folding issues involves molecular chaperones, highly conserved proteins that contribute to proper folding by shielding folding proteins from other proteins that could hinder the process. Proper protein folding is one of the main prerequisites for post-translational modifications. Incorrect folding, if not dealt with, can lead to a buildup of protein misfoldings that damage cells and cause widespread abnormalities. Said post-translational modifications, widespread in eukaryotes, are critical for protein structure, function and biological activity. Incorrect post-translational protein modifications may lead to individual consequences or aggregation of therapeutic proteins. In this review article, we have tried to examine some key aspects of recombinant protein expression. Accordingly, the relevance of these proteins is highlighted, major problems related to the production of recombinant protein and to refolding issues are pinpointed and suggested solutions are presented. An overview of post-translational modification, their biological significance and methods of identification are also provided. Overall, the work is expected to illustrate challenges in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Beygmoradi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- DREAMS and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Rostami N, Goharrizi LY. Cloning, Expression, and Purification of the Human Synthetic Survivin Protein in Escherichia coli Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:326-36. [PMID: 34564769 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Survivin is one of the novel members of the apoptosis inhibitor protein family in humans. The main activity of the Survivin protein is to suppress caspases activity resulting in negative regulation of apoptosis. Survivin protein can be a potential target for the treatment of cancers between cancerous and normal cells. In the present research, the synthetic Survivin gene with PelB secretion signal peptide was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pET21a. The recombinant plasmid pET21a-PelB-Surv was expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli) BL21, and the relative molecular mass of expressed protein was calculated 34,000 g/mol, approximately. The recombinant protein was purified through chromatography column and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design 20 experiments for optimization of IPTG concentration, post-induction period, and cell density of induction (OD600). The optimum levels of the selected parameters were successfully determined to be 0.28 mM for IPTG concentration, 10 h for post-induction period, and 3.40768 for cell density (OD600). These findings resulted in 4.14-fold increases in the Survivin production rate of optimum expression conditions (93.6363 mg/ml).
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Zhao J, Zhou P, Zhang L, Liu W, Liu W, Zhang Y, Li Y, Shi Z, Gao J. N-region of Cry1Ia: A novel fusion tag for Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2023; 366:54-64. [PMID: 36822476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Secretory signal peptides (SPs) can increase enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression in cytosol. In this study, SPs Iasp (Cry1Ia), Vasp (Vip3A), and their local sequences were used as fusion tags to compare their effects on eGFP expression in Escherichia coli MC4100 and Pichia pastoris GS115. In E coli, the solubility was almost opposite between the proteins encoded by Vegfp and Iegfp. This may be because the overall hydrophobicity of the SPs differed. When the hydrophobic H-region and C-region were removed, the negative effects on eGFP solubility of the N-regions of both SPs (IaN and VN) were significantly reduced without compromise on the expression level. IaN promotes eGFP protein yield 7.1-fold more than Iasp, and using this peptide in tandem (Ia3N) further enhanced fluorescent fusion protein solubility with an efficacy similar to that of a polycationic tag. Furthermore, the GS-IaNeGFP strain produced the highest fluorescent signal intensity when these fusion proteins were expressed in P. pastoris, and the expression was higher than in other strains, including eGFP. In conclusion, we revealed the potential of the N-region of Iasp as a fusion tag in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and further demonstrated the value of the N-regions of abundant SPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanli Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Pu Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zongyong Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Zheng L, Jiang B, Chen J, Zhou L, Zhang T. Strategies for efficient extracellular secretion of recombinant cyclomaltodextrinase by Escherichia coli. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lee HJ, Kang TG, Kim YW, Lee HS, Kim SK. Functional expression and extracellular secretion of Clostridium thermocellum Cel48S cellulase in Escherichia coli via the signal recognition particle-dependent translocation pathway. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 151:109918. [PMID: 34649693 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the only glycoside hydrolase family 48 member in Clostridium thermocellum, the exoglucanase Cel48S plays a crucial role in the extremely high activity of the cellulosome against crystalline cellulose. Although the importance of Cel48S in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose has been widely accepted, an efficient production system has not yet been established because Cel48S is usually expressed in Escherichia coli within inactive inclusion bodies. For unstable proteins like Cel48S, translocation across the inner membrane can be more advantageous than cytoplasmic production due to the presence of folding modulators in the periplasm and the absence of cytoplasmic proteases. In this study, we evaluated whether the production of Cel48S in the periplasmic space of E. coli could enhance its functional expression. To do so, we attached the PelB signal peptide, which mediates post-translational secretion, to the N-terminal end of Cel48S (P-Cel48S). The PelB signal peptide allowed catalytically active Cel48S to be successfully produced in the culture medium. In addition, we investigated the role of an alternative co-translational pathway on the extracellular production of Cel48S, finding that co-translational secretion yielded a specific activity of recombinant Cel48S of 135.1 ± 10.0 U/mg cell in the culture medium, which was 2.2 times higher than that associated with P-Cel48S expression. Therefore, we believe that our approach has potential applications for the cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and the industrial production of other unstable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gu Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Kang TG, Hong SH, Jeon GB, Yang YH, Kim SK. Perturbation of the peptidoglycan network and utilization of the signal recognition particle-dependent pathway enhances the extracellular production of a truncational mutant of CelA in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6270891. [PMID: 33956122 PMCID: PMC9113427 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is the most thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium known and has the native ability to utilize unpretreated plant biomass. Cellulase A (CelA) is the most abundant enzyme in the exoproteome of C. bescii and is primarily responsible for its cellulolytic ability. CelA contains a family 9 glycoside hydrolase and a family 48 glycoside hydrolase connected by linker regions and three carbohydrate-binding domains. A truncated version of the enzyme (TM1) containing only the endoglucanase domain is thermostable and actively degrades crystalline cellulose. A catalytically active TM1 was successfully produced via the attachment of the PelB signal peptide (P-TM1), which mediates post-translational secretion via the SecB-dependent translocation pathway. We sought to enhance the extracellular secretion of TM1 using an alternative pathway, the signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent translocation pathway. The co-translational extracellular secretion of TM1 via the SRP pathway (D-TM1) resulted in a specific activity that was 4.9 times higher than that associated with P-TM1 overexpression. In batch fermentations, the recombinant Escherichia coli overexpressing D-TM1 produced 1.86 ± 0.06 U/ml of TM1 in the culture medium, showing a specific activity of 1.25 ± 0.05 U/mg cell, 2.7- and 3.7-fold higher than the corresponding values of the strain overexpressing P-TM1. We suggest that the TM1 secretion system developed in this study can be applied to enhance the capacity of E. coli as a microbial cell factory for the extracellular secretion of this as well as a variety proteins important for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gu Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Hong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Beom Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Application, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
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Flores-Santos JC, Moguel IS, Monteiro G, Pessoa A, Vitolo M. Improvement in extracellular secretion of recombinant L-asparaginase II by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using glycine and n-dodecane. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1247-1255. [PMID: 34100260 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase II (ASNase) is the biopharmaceutical of choice for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In this study, E. coli BL21 (DE3) transformed with the pET15b + asnB vector which expresses recombinant ASNase was used as a source to obtain this enzyme. The ideal conditions to produce ASNase would be a high level of secretion into the extracellular medium, which depends not only on the application of molecular biology techniques but also on the development of a strategy to modify cell permeability such as the addition of substances to the culture medium that stimulate destabilisation of structural components of the cell. Thus, the growth of E. coli BL21 (DE3) in modified Luria-Bertani broth, supplemented with 0.8% (w/v) glycine and 6% (v/v) n-dodecane, increased the total yield of ASNase by about 50% (15,108 IU L-1) and resulted in a 16-fold increase in extracellular enzymatic productivity (484 IU L-1 h-1), compared to production using the same medium without addition of these substances. Most of the enzyme (89%) was secreted into the culture medium 24 h after the induction step. This proposed approach presents a simple strategy to increase extracellular production of ASNase in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Flores-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
| | - Ignacio S Moguel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil.
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
| | - Michele Vitolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP, 580, Brazil
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Wang J, Hao C, Cao L, Yao Y, Ding Y, Yang Y, Tang XF, Tang B. Enhancing extracellular production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli by co-expressing with a haloarchaeal protein containing a putative LolA-like domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4609-4620. [PMID: 34043081 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents one of the most widely used hosts for recombinant protein production, but its limited capacity for producing extracellular proteins is often cited as a drawback. NJ7G_0991 is an extracellular protein of the haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2 and comprises a signal peptide, a putative LolA-like domain, and a C-terminal domain of unknown function. Here, we found that the full-length (0991) and the C-terminal domain-deletion variant (0991ΔC) of NJ7G_0991, but not its signal peptide-deletion variant (0991ΔS), were efficiently released into the culture supernatant of E. coli without extensive cell lysis as determined by β-galactosidase activity assay. After lysozyme treatment, E. coli cells producing 0991 or 0991ΔC, but not 0991ΔS, were converted from rod-shaped forms to spheres, suggesting that the secretion of 0991 or 0991ΔC into the periplasm leads to an increase of outer membrane permeability of E. coli. A pelB signal peptide was fused to the N-terminus of the LolA-like domain, and the resulting variant PelB-0991ΔC could be released into the culture supernatant of E. coli more efficiently than 0991ΔC. By using PelB-0991ΔC as a co-expression partner, the extracellular production level of a recombinant thermostable subtilase WF146 could be enhanced by up to 14-fold, and the extracellular concentration of an active site variant of WF146 (WF146-SA) reached up to 129 mg/l. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on archaeal protein-based co-expression system for extracellular production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. KEY POINTS: • The haloarchaeal protein NJ7G_0991 can be efficiently released into the culture supernatant of E. coli. • The recombinant NJ7G_0991 increases the outer membrane permeability of E. coli. • The LolA-like domain of NJ7G_0991 can be used as a co-expression partner to improve extracellular production of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chuang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yitong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yidi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Roshanak S, Tabatabaei Yazdi F, Shahidi F, Javadmanesh A, Movaffagh J. Comparison of Different Signal Sequences to Use for Periplasmic Over-Expression of Buforin I in Escherichia coli: An In Silico Study. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020; 26:2495-2504. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lim D, Jung WC, Jeong JH, Song M. Targeted Delivery of the Mitochondrial Target Domain of Noxa to Tumor Tissue via Synthetic Secretion System in E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:840. [PMID: 32766235 PMCID: PMC7379172 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of drugs is a key aspect of the successful treatment of serious conditions such as tumors. In the pursuit of accurate delivery with high specificity and low size limit for peptide drugs, a synthetic type 3 secretion system (T3SS) has been repurposed from a native genetic system encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) with no virulence effectors. Here, we tested the potential of synthetic T3SS as drug delivery machinery for peptide-based drugs owing to its modular nature. First, the genetic system for synthetic T3SS was introduced into non-native host E. coli, which was chosen for its lack of Salmonella-driven virulence factors. Next, the mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD) of Noxa was tested as a cargo protein with anti-tumor activity. To this end, the gene encoding MTD was engineered for secretion through synthetic T3SS, thereby resulting in the tagged MTD at the N-terminus. When E. coli carrying synthetic T3SS and MTD on plasmids was administered into tumor-bearing mice, MTD with a secretion tag at the N-terminus was clearly detected in the tumor tissue after induction. Also, the tumor growth and mortality of tumor-bearing animals were mitigated by the cytotoxic activity of the delivered. Thus, this work potentiates the use of biotherapeutic bacteria for the treatment of tumors by implanting a dedicated delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Woong Chae Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine (BK21plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Miryoung Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
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Mannully ST, Rekha V, Singh N, Shanthi C, Pulicherla K. Purification and in vivo stability and half-life of recombinant lipid modified staphylokinase. Biologicals 2020; 64:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yari M, Ghoshoon MB, Nezafat N, Ghasemi Y. Experimental Evaluation of In Silico Selected Signal Peptides for Secretory Expression of Erwinia Asparaginase in Escherichia coli. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020; 26:1583-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Ihling N, Uhde A, Scholz R, Schwarz C, Schmitt L, Büchs J. Scale-up of a Type I secretion system in E. coli using a defined mineral medium. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2911. [PMID: 31513739 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of heterologous proteins into the culture supernatant in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli is possible by utilizing a Type I secretion system (T1SS). One prominent example for a T1SS is based on the hemolysin A toxin. With this system, heterologous protein secretion has already been achieved. However, no cultivations in a defined mineral medium and in stirred tank bioreactors have been described in literature up to now, hampering the broad applicability of the system. In this study, a mineral medium was developed for cultivation under defined conditions. With this medium, the full potential and advantage of a secretion system in E. coli (low secretion of host proteins, no contamination with proteins from complex media compounds) can now be exploited. Additionally, quantification of the protein amount in the supernatant was demonstrated by application of the Bradford assay. In this work, host cell behavior was described in small scale by online monitoring of the oxygen transfer rate. Scalability was demonstrated by stirred tank fermentation yielding 540 mg/L HlyA1 in the supernatant. This work enhances the applicability of a protein secretion system in E. coli and paves the way for an industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ihling
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Romy Scholz
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Lutz Schmitt
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
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15
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Tariq A, Gul A, Muhammad MA, Rashid N, Siddiqui MA. Recombinant Tk0522, a carbohydrate esterase homologue from Thermococcus kodakarensis, does not require a signal sequence for translocation to periplasmic space in Escherichia coli. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019; 74:899-904. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Dastjerdeh MS, Marashiyan M, Boroujeni MB, Golkar M, Shokrgozar MA, Rahimi H. In silico analysis of different signal peptides for the secretory production of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor in Escherichia coli. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Kumar D, Batra J, Komives C, Rathore AS. QbD Based Media Development for the Production of Fab Fragments in E. coli. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E29. [PMID: 30925730 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranibizumab is a biotherapeutic Fab fragment used for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and macular oedema. It is currently expressed in the gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. However, low expression levels result in a high manufacturing cost. The protein expression can be increased by manipulating nutritional requirements (carbon source, nitrogen source, buffering agent), process parameters (pH, inducer concentration, agitation, temperature), and the genetic make-up of the producing strain. Further, understanding the impact of these factors on product quality is a requirement as per the principles of Quality by Design (QbD). In this paper, we examine the effect of various media components and process parameters on the expression level and quality of the biotherapeutic. First, risk analysis was performed to shortlist different media components based on the literature. Next, experiments were performed to screen these components. Eight components were identified for further investigation and were examined for their effect and interactions using a Fractional Factorial experimental design. Sucrose, biotin, and pantothenate were found to have the maximum effect during Fab production. Furthermore, cyanocobalamin glutathione and biotin-glutathione were the most significant interactions observed. Product identification was performed with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), the expression level was quantified using Bio-layer Interferometry, Reverse Phase-HPLC, and SDS-PAGE, and product quality were measured by RP-HPLC. Overall, a five-fold enhancement of the target protein titer was obtained (from 5 mg/L to 25 mg/L) using the screened medium components vis-a-vis the basal medium, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the systematic approach purported by QbD.
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18
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Leow HC, Fischer K, Leow YC, Braet K, Cheng Q, McCarthy J. Cytoplasmic and periplasmic expression of recombinant shark VNAR antibody in Escherichia coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:315-327. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1566145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herng C. Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Katja Fischer
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yee C. Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Katleen Braet
- Department of Research, BioMARIC, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Qin Cheng
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Drug Resistance Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Hu J, Lu X, Wang H, Wang F, Zhao Y, Shen W, Yang H, Chen X. Enhancing extracellular protein production in Escherichia coli by deleting the d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase gene dacC. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:270-278. [PMID: 32625007 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase DacC is important for synthesis and stabilization of the peptidoglycan layer of Escherichia coli. In this work, dacC of E. coli BL21 (DE3) was successfully deleted, and the effects of this deletion on extracellular protein production in E. coli were investigated. The extracellular activities and fluorescence value of recombinant amylase, green fluorescent protein, and α-galactosidase of the deletion mutants were increased by 82.3, 29.1, and 37.7%, respectively, compared with that of control cells. The outer membrane permeability and intracellular soluble peptidoglycan accumulation of deletion mutant were also enhanced compared with those of control cells, respectively. Based on fluorescence-assisted cell sorting analyses, we found that the morphology of the E. coli deletion mutant cells was altered compared with that of control cells. Local transparent bulges in the poles of the E. coli mutant with deletion of the dacC gene were found by transmission electron microscopy analysis. These bulges in the poles could explain the improvement in the production of extracellular protein by the E. coli mutant with deletion of the dacC gene. These findings provide important insights into the extracellular production of proteins using E. coli as microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xiao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Haokun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
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20
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21
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Ghahremanifard P, Rezaeinezhad N, Rigi G, Ramezani F, Ahmadian G. Designing a novel signal sequence for efficient secretion of Candida antarctica lipase B in E. coli: The molecular dynamic simulation, codon optimization and statistical analysis approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:291-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Yang H, Lu X, Hu J, Chen Y, Shen W, Liu L. Boosting Secretion of Extracellular Protein by Escherichia coli via Cell Wall Perturbation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01382-18. [PMID: 30097440 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01382-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used host microorganisms for recombinant protein expression and metabolic engineering, but it cannot efficiently secrete recombinant proteins to extracellular space. Here, extracellular protein secretion was enhanced in E. coli by deleting two d,d-carboxypeptidase genes (dacA and dacB, single and double deletions) to perturb the cell wall peptidoglycan network. Deletion of dacA and dacB enhanced the accumulation of intracellular soluble peptidoglycan in E. coli and affected cell morphology, resulting in a more irregular cell shape and the appearance of transparent bulges. Deletion of dacA and dacB appears to disrupt the normal rigid structure, presumably due to perturbation and destruction of the cell wall peptidoglycan network. The extracellular green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence intensity of deletion mutants was increased by >2.0-fold compared with that of control cells, and that of the double deletion mutant was increased by 2.7-fold. Extracellular recombinant fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and collagen E4 secretion in deletion mutants was also enhanced compared with that in the control cells. Additionally, the extracellular recombinant amylase activity of single-deletion mutants BL21 ΔdacA pETDuet-amyk and BL21 ΔdacB pETDuet-amyk was increased 2.5- and 3.1-fold, respectively. The extracellular distribution of α-galactosidase by deletion mutants was also increased by >2.0-fold. Deletion of dacA and dacB increased outer membrane permeability, which could explain the enhanced extracellular protein secretion.IMPORTANCE Cell surface structure stabilization is important for extracellular secretion of proteins in Escherichia coli As the main constituent of the cell wall, peptidoglycan contributes to cell structure robustness and stability. Here, we perturbed the peptidoglycan network by deleting dacA and dacB genes encoding d,d-carboxypeptidase enzymes to improve extracellular protein secretion. This new strategy could enhance the capacity of E. coli as a microbial cell factory for extracellular secretion of proteins and chemicals.
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23
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McKay R, Ghodasra M, Schardt J, Quan D, Pottash AE, Shang W, Jay SM, Payne GF, Chang MW, March JC, Bentley WE. A platform of genetically engineered bacteria as vehicles for localized delivery of therapeutics: Toward applications for Crohn's disease. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:209-221. [PMID: 30377661 PMCID: PMC6195910 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For therapies targeting diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, we and others envision probiotic bacteria that synthesize and excrete biotherapeutics at disease sites. Toward this goal, we have engineered commensal E. coli that selectively synthesize and secrete a model biotherapeutic in the presence of nitric oxide (NO), an intestinal biomarker for Crohn's disease (CD). This is accomplished by co‐expressing the pore forming protein TolAIII with the biologic, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). We have additionally engineered these bacteria to accumulate at sites of elevated NO by engineering their motility circuits and controlling pseudotaxis. Importantly, because we have focused on in vitro test beds, motility and biotherapeutics production are spatiotemporally characterized. Together, the targeted recognition, synthesis, and biomolecule delivery comprises a “smart” probiotics platform that may have utility in the treatment of CD. Further, this platform could be modified to accommodate other pursuits by swapping the promoter and therapeutic gene to reflect other disease biomarkers and treatments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McKay
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Monil Ghodasra
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - John Schardt
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - David Quan
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Alex Eli Pottash
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Wu Shang
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - John C March
- Dept. of Biological and Environmental Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland College Park MD
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Gao W, Yin J, Bao L, Wang Q, Hou S, Yue Y, Yao W, Gao X. Engineering Extracellular Expression Systems in Escherichia coli Based on Transcriptome Analysis and Cell Growth State. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1291-1302. [PMID: 29668266 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli extracellular expression systems have a number of advantages over other systems, such as lower pyrogen levels and a simple purification process. Various approaches, such as the generation of leaky mutants via chromosomal engineering, have been explored for this expression system. However, extracellular protein yields in leaky mutants are relatively low compared to that in intracellular expression systems and therefore need to be improved. In this work, we describe the construction, characterization, and mechanism of enhanced extracellular expression in Escherichia coli. On the basis of the localizations, functions, and transcription levels of cell envelope proteins, we systematically elucidated the effects of multiple gene deletions on cell growth and extracellular expression using modified CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and a FlAsH labeling assay. High extracellular yields of heterologous proteins of different sizes were obtained by screening multiple gene mutations. The enhancement of extracellular secretion was associated with the derepression of translation and translocation. This work utilized universal methods in the design of extracellular expression systems for genes not directly associated with protein synthesis that were used to generate strains with higher protein expression capability. We anticipate that extracellular expression systems may help to shed light on the poorly understood aspects of these secretion processes as well as to further assist in the construction of engineered prokaryotic cells for efficient extracellular production of heterologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lichen Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shan Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yali Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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25
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Zhang W, Lu J, Zhang S, Liu L, Pang X, Lv J. Development an effective system to expression recombinant protein in E. coli via comparison and optimization of signal peptides: Expression of Pseudomonas fluorescens BJ-10 thermostable lipase as case study. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:50. [PMID: 29592803 PMCID: PMC5872382 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermostable lipases from microbial sources have been substantially overexpressed in E. coli, however, these enzymes are often produced with low-level enzymatic activity and mainly in the form of inclusion bodies. Several studies have reported that the secretory production of recombinant proteins fused their N-terminus to a signal peptide has been employed to resolve the problem. In general, the feasibility of this approach largely depends on the secretory pathway of signal peptide and the type of target protein to be secreted. This study was performed to compare and optimize signal peptides for efficient secretion of thermostable lipase lipBJ10 from Pseudomonas fluorescens BJ-10. Meanwhile, a comparative study between this method and cytoplasmic secretion was implemented in secreting soluble and active lipases. RESULTS Fusion expression using six signal peptides, i.e., PelB and five native E. coli signal peptides, as fusion partners produced more soluble and functional recombinant lipBJ10 than non-fusion expression. Recombinant lipBJ10, fused to these six diverse signal peptides, was secreted into the periplasm in E. coli. The total lipase activity in all cases of fusion expression was higher than those in non-fusion expression. The relative activity peaked when lipBJ10 was fused to DsbA, yielding a value 73.3 times greater than that of the non-fusion protein. When DsbA was used as the fusion partner, the highest activity (265.41 U/ml) was achieved with the least formation of inclusion bodies; the other four E. coli signal peptides, to some extent, led to low activity and insoluble inclusion bodies. Therefore, DsbA is the optimal signal peptide partner to fuse with lipBJ10 to efficiently produce soluble and functional protein. CONCLUSION We found that fusing to these signal peptides, especially that of DsbA, can significantly decrease the formation of inclusion bodies and enhance the function and solubility of lipBJ10 compared to non-fusion lipBJ10. Our results reported here can provide a reference for the high-level expression of other lipases with respect to a possible industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zhang
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China.
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26
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Zhou Y, Lu Z, Wang X, Selvaraj JN, Zhang G. Genetic engineering modification and fermentation optimization for extracellular production of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1545-1556. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Ismail A, Illias RM. Site-saturation mutagenesis of mutant l-asparaginase II signal peptide hydrophobic region for improved excretion of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:1627-1641. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The excretion of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) into the culture medium offers significant advantages over cytoplasmic expression. However, the limitation of Escherichia coli is its inability to excrete high amount of CGTase outside the cells. In this study, modification of the hydrophobic region of the N1R3 signal peptide using site-saturation mutagenesis improved the excretion of CGTase. Signal peptide mutants designated M9F, V10L and A15Y enhanced the excretion of CGTase three-fold and demonstrated two-fold higher secretion rate than the wild type. However, high secretion rate of these mutants was non-productive for recombinant protein production because it caused up to a seven-fold increase in cell death compared to the wild type. Our results indicated that the excretion of CGTase is highly dependent on hydrophobicity, secondary conformation and the type and position of amino acids at the region boundary and core segment of the h-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ismail
- 0000 0001 2296 1505 grid.410877.d Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- 0000 0001 2296 1505 grid.410877.d Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
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28
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Ling HL, Rahmat Z, Murad AMA, Mahadi NM, Illias RM. Proteome-based identification of signal peptides for improved secretion of recombinant cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase in Escherichia coli. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Muhammad MA, Falak S, Rashid N, Gardner QTAA, Ahmad N, Imanaka T, Akhtar M. Escherichia coli signal peptidase recognizes and cleaves archaeal signal sequence. Biochemistry Moscow 2017; 82:821-825. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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31
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Haque S, Khan S, Wahid M, Dar SA, Soni N, Mandal RK, Singh V, Tiwari D, Lohani M, Areeshi MY, Govender T, Kruger HG, Jawed A. Artificial Intelligence vs. Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Continuous Bead Milling Process for Bacterial Cell Lysis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1852. [PMID: 27920762 PMCID: PMC5118707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For a commercially viable recombinant intracellular protein production process, efficient cell lysis and protein release is a major bottleneck. The recovery of recombinant protein, cholesterol oxidase (COD) was studied in a continuous bead milling process. A full factorial response surface methodology (RSM) design was employed and compared to artificial neural networks coupled with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA). Significant process variables, cell slurry feed rate (A), bead load (B), cell load (C), and run time (D), were investigated and optimized for maximizing COD recovery. RSM predicted an optimum of feed rate of 310.73 mL/h, bead loading of 79.9% (v/v), cell loading OD600nm of 74, and run time of 29.9 min with a recovery of ~3.2 g/L. ANN-GA predicted a maximum COD recovery of ~3.5 g/L at an optimum feed rate (mL/h): 258.08, bead loading (%, v/v): 80%, cell loading (OD600nm): 73.99, and run time of 32 min. An overall 3.7-fold increase in productivity is obtained when compared to a batch process. Optimization and comparison of statistical vs. artificial intelligence techniques in continuous bead milling process has been attempted for the very first time in our study. We were able to successfully represent the complex non-linear multivariable dependence of enzyme recovery on bead milling parameters. The quadratic second order response functions are not flexible enough to represent such complex non-linear dependence. ANN being a summation function of multiple layers are capable to represent complex non-linear dependence of variables in this case; enzyme recovery as a function of bead milling parameters. Since GA can even optimize discontinuous functions present study cites a perfect example of using machine learning (ANN) in combination with evolutionary optimization (GA) for representing undefined biological functions which is the case for common industrial processes involving biological moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New Delhi, India
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’ilHa’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New Delhi, India
| | - Sajad A. Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
- The University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (University of Delhi)New Delhi, India
| | - Nipunjot Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa CollegePatiala, India
| | - Raju K. Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Dileep Tiwari
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurban, South Africa
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Y. Areeshi
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurban, South Africa
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
- RFCL LimitedNew Delhi, India
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Gustavsson M, Hörnström D, Lundh S, Belotserkovsky J, Larsson G. Biocatalysis on the surface of Escherichia coli: melanin pigmentation of the cell exterior. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36117. [PMID: 27782179 PMCID: PMC5080590 DOI: 10.1038/srep36117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, it is considered state-of-the-art to engineer living organisms for various biotechnology applications. Even though this has led to numerous scientific breakthroughs, the enclosed interior of bacterial cells still restricts interactions with enzymes, pathways and products due to the mass-transfer barrier formed by the cell envelope. To promote accessibility, we propose engineering of biocatalytic reactions and subsequent product deposition directly on the bacterial surface. As a proof-of-concept, we used the AIDA autotransporter vehicle for Escherichia coli surface expression of tyrosinase and fully oxidized externally added tyrosine to the biopolymer melanin. This resulted in a color change and creation of a black cell exterior. The capture of ninety percent of a pharmaceutical wastewater pollutant followed by regeneration of the cell bound melanin matrix through a simple pH change, shows the superior function and facilitated processing provided by the surface methodology. The broad adsorption spectrum of melanin could also allow removal of other micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Hörnström
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Lundh
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaroslav Belotserkovsky
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gen Larsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kwong KWY, Sivakumar T, Wong WKR. Intein mediated hyper-production of authentic human basic fibroblast growth factor in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33948. [PMID: 27653667 PMCID: PMC5032022 DOI: 10.1038/srep33948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human basic fibroblast growth factor is a functionally versatile but very expensive polypeptide. In this communication, employing a novel amplification method for the target gene and genetic optimization of a previously engineered expression construct, pWK3R, together with a refined fed-batch fermentation protocol, we report an achievement of a phenomenal yield of 610 mg/L of the 146 aa authentic human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in Escherichia coli. Construct pWK3R was first modified to form plasmid pWK311ROmpAd, which was devoid of the ompA leader sequence and possessed two copies of a DNA segment encoding a fusion product comprising an intein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae vascular membrane ATPase (VMA), and bFGF. When E. coli transformant JM101 [pWK311ROmpAd] was cultivated using the refined fed-batch fermentation protocol, superb expression resulting in a total yield of 610 mg/L of bFGF was detected. Despite existing in high levels, the bFGF remained to be soluble and highly bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Y Kwong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - T Sivakumar
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - W K R Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Parashar D, Satyanarayana T. Production of Ca2+-Independent and Acidstable Recombinant α-Amylase of Bacillus acidicola Extracellularly and its Applicability in Generating Maltooligosaccharides. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:707-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Zhou Y, Liu P, Gan Y, Sandoval W, Katakam AK, Reichelt M, Rangell L, Reilly D. Enhancing full-length antibody production by signal peptide engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:47. [PMID: 26935575 PMCID: PMC4776426 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein secretion to the periplasm of Escherichia coli offers an attractive route for producing heterologous proteins including antibodies. In this approach, a signal peptide is fused to the N-terminus of the heterologous protein. The signal peptide mediates translocation of the heterologous protein from the cytoplasm to the periplasm and is cleaved during the translocation process. It was previously shown that optimization of the translation initiation region (TIR) which overlaps with the nucleotide sequence of the signal sequence improves the production of heterologous proteins. Despite the progress, there is still room to improve yields using secretion as a means to produce protein complexes such as full-length monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Results In this study we identified the inefficient secretion of heavy chain as the limitation for full-length mAb accumulation in the periplasm. To improve heavy chain secretion we investigated the effects of various signal peptides at controlled TIR strengths. The signal peptide of disulfide oxidoreductase (DsbA) mediated more efficient secretion of heavy chain than the other signal peptides tested. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that at controlled translational levels, hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic core (H-region) of the signal peptide is a critical factor for heavy chain secretion and full-length mAb accumulation in the periplasm. Increasing the hydrophobicity of a signal peptide enhanced heavy chain secretion and periplasmic levels of assembled full-length mAbs, while decreasing the hydrophobicity had the opposite effect. Conclusions This study demonstrates that under similar translational strengths, the hydrophobicity of the signal peptide plays an important role in heavy chain secretion. Increasing the hydrophobicity of the H-region and controlling TIR strengths can serve as an approach to improve heavy chain secretion and full-length mAb production in E. coli. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0445-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhou
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Yutian Gan
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Anand Kumar Katakam
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Linda Rangell
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Dorothea Reilly
- Department of Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Su L, Ma Y, Wu J. Extracellular expression of natural cytosolic arginine deiminase from Pseudomonas putida and its application in the production of L-citrulline. Bioresour Technol 2015; 196:176-183. [PMID: 26233330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas putida arginine deiminase (ADI), a natural cytosolic enzyme, and Thermobifida fusca cutinase were co-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the optimized cutinase gene was used for increasing its expression level. 90.9% of the total ADI protein was released into culture medium probably through a nonspecific leaking mechanism caused by the co-expressed cutinase. The enzymatic properties of the extracellular ADI were found to be similar to those of ADI prepared by conventional cytosolic expression. Extracellular production of ADI was further scaled up in a 3-L fermentor. When the protein expression was induced by IPTG (25.0μM) and lactose (0.1gL(-1)h(-1)) at 30°C, the extracellular ADI activity reached 101.2UmL(-1), which represented the highest ADI production ever reported. In addition, the enzymatic synthesis of l-citrulline was performed using the extracellularly expressed ADI, and the conversion rate reached 100% with high substrate concentration at 650gL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Tu W, Li T, Wang Q, Cai K, Gao X, Wang H. A simple method for expression and purification of Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) with biological activities by using a single-promoter vector and native signal peptide. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:539-45. [PMID: 26031547 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The entire stx1 region from Escherichia coli O157:H7, containing two open reading frames (stx1a and stx1b), was cloned into pET-32a with a single promoter. This region was transformed into E. coli TransB (DE3), which is a trxB and gor mutation strain. After expression in the E. coli periplasm in a completely soluble form, the rStx1 was purified and verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Our rStx1 have Vero cell median cytotoxic dose (CD50 ) and median lethal dose (LD50 ) values of approximately 30 ng and 1.5 µg, respectively. The final yield of the purified rStx1 ranged from 2 to 3 mg/L by one-step nickel affinity gel column chromatography. This method is an easy approach to the large-scale preparation of Stx1 at a reasonable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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38
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Voulgaris I, Finka G, Uden M, Hoare M. Enhancing the selective extracellular location of a recombinant E. coli domain antibody by management of fermentation conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8441-53. [PMID: 26184976 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a recombinant protein using Escherichia coli often involves a challenging primary recovery sequence. This is due to the inability to secrete the protein to the extracellular space without a significant degree of cell lysis. This results in the release of nucleic acids, leading to a high viscosity, difficulty to clarify, broth and also to contamination with cell materials such as lipopolysaccharides and host cell proteins. In this paper, we present different fermentation strategies to facilitate the recovery of a V H domain antibody (13.1 kDa) by directing it selectively to the extracellular space and changing the balance between domain antibody to nucleic acid release. The manipulation of the cell growth rate in order to increase the outer cell membrane permeability gave a small ~1.5-fold improvement in released domain antibody to nucleic acid ratio without overall loss of yield. The introduction during fermentation of release agents such as EDTA gave no improvement in the ratio of released domain antibody to nucleic acid and a loss of overall productivity. The use of polyethyleneimine (PEI) during fermentation was with the aim to (a) permeabilise the outer bacterial membrane to release selectively domain antibody and (b) remove selectively by precipitation nucleic acids released during cell lysis. This strategy resulted in up to ~4-fold increase in the ratio of domain antibody to soluble nucleic acid with no reduction in domain antibody overall titre. In addition, a reduction in host cell protein contamination was achieved and there was no increase in endotoxin levels. Similar results were demonstrated with a range of other antibody products prepared in E. coli.
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39
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Su L, Hong R, Wu J. Enhanced extracellular expression of gene-optimized Thermobifida fusca cutinase in Escherichia coli by optimization of induction strategy. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Man RC, Ismail AF, Ghazali NF, Fuzi SFZM, Illias RM. Effects of the immobilization of recombinant Escherichia coli on cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) excretion and cell viability. Biochem Eng J 2015; 98:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Many Gram-negative pathogens encode type 3 secretion systems, sophisticated nanomachines that deliver proteins directly into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. These systems present attractive opportunities for therapeutic protein delivery applications; however, their utility has been limited by their inherent pathogenicity. Here, we report the reengineering of a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli with a tunable type 3 secretion system that can efficiently deliver heterologous proteins into mammalian cells, thereby circumventing the need for virulence attenuation. We first introduced a 31 kB region of Shigella flexneri DNA that encodes all of the information needed to form the secretion nanomachine onto a plasmid that can be directly propagated within E. coli or integrated into the E. coli chromosome. To provide flexible control over type 3 secretion and protein delivery, we generated plasmids expressing master regulators of the type 3 system from either constitutive or inducible promoters. We then constructed a Gateway-compatible plasmid library of type 3 secretion sequences to enable rapid screening and identification of sequences that do not perturb function when fused to heterologous protein substrates and optimized their delivery into mammalian cells. Combining these elements, we found that coordinated expression of the type 3 secretion system and modified target protein substrates produces a nonpathogenic strain that expresses, secretes, and delivers heterologous proteins into mammalian cells. This reengineered system thus provides a highly flexible protein delivery platform with potential for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analise Z. Reeves
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - William E. Spears
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juan Du
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kah Yong Tan
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Amy J. Wagers
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Samant S, Gupta G, Karthikeyan S, Haq SF, Nair A, Sambasivam G, Sukumaran S. Effect of codon-optimized E. coli signal peptides on recombinant Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase periplasmic localization, yield and activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1435-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recombinant proteins can be targeted to the Escherichia coli periplasm by fusing them to signal peptides. The popular pET vectors facilitate fusion of target proteins to the PelB signal. A systematic comparison of the PelB signal with native E. coli signal peptides for recombinant protein expression and periplasmic localization is not reported. We chose the Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase (MA), an industrial enzyme widely used in the baking and brewing industry, as a model protein and analyzed the competence of seven, codon-optimized, E. coli signal sequences to translocate MA to the E. coli periplasm compared to PelB. MA fusions to three of the signals facilitated enhanced periplasmic localization of MA compared to the PelB fusion. Interestingly, these three fusions showed greatly improved MA yields and between 18- and 50-fold improved amylase activities compared to the PelB fusion. Previously, non-optimal codon usage in native E. coli signal peptide sequences has been reported to be important for protein stability and activity. Our results suggest that E. coli signal peptides with optimal codon usage could also be beneficial for heterologous protein secretion to the periplasm. Moreover, such fusions could even enhance activity rather than diminish it. This effect, to our knowledge has not been previously documented. In addition, the seven vector platform reported here could also be used as a screen to identify the best signal peptide partner for other recombinant targets of interest.
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Vriens K, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Antifungal plant defensins: mechanisms of action and production. Molecules 2014; 19:12280-303. [PMID: 25153857 PMCID: PMC6271847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defensins are small, cysteine-rich peptides that possess biological activity towards a broad range of organisms. Their activity is primarily directed against fungi, but bactericidal and insecticidal actions have also been reported. The mode of action of various antifungal plant defensins has been studied extensively during the last decades and several of their fungal targets have been identified to date. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of well-characterized antifungal plant defensins, including RsAFP2, MsDef1, MtDef4, NaD1 and Psd1, and points out the variety by which antifungal plant defensins affect microbial cell viability. Furthermore, this review summarizes production routes for plant defensins, either via heterologous expression or chemical synthesis. As plant defensins are generally considered non-toxic for plant and mammalian cells, they are regarded as attractive candidates for further development into novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vriens
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
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Luo Z, Zhang Y, Bao J. Extracellular secretion of β-glucosidase in ethanologenic E. coli enhances ethanol fermentation of cellobiose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:772-83. [PMID: 25096392 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose for ethanol production is realized by expressing cellulase enzymes on ethanologenic strain. In this study, an ethanologenic Escherichia coli ZY81 was constructed by integrating pyruvate decarboxylase gene pdc and alcohol dehydrogenase gene adhB from Zymomonas mobilis into the genome of E. coli JM109 to obtain the capability of ethanol production. Then, the β-glucosidase gene bglB from Bacillus polymyxa was cloned and secretively expressed in E. coli ZY81. The recombinant strain E. coli ZY81/bglB showed an obvious activity of β-glucosidase in extracellular location with more than half in periplasmic space. EDTA was found to promote the release of the periplasmic proteins by approximately tenfold. E. coli ZY81/bglB utilized cellobiose as sole carbon source for ethanol production with 33.99 % of theoretical yield.
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Liu Z, Tian L, Chen Y, Mou H. Efficient extracellular production of κ-carrageenase in Escherichia coli: effects of wild-type signal sequence and process conditions on extracellular secretion. J Biotechnol 2014; 185:8-14. [PMID: 24929200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptides direct proteins to translocate across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. This study aimed to improve the level of extracellular secretion of recombinant carrageenase by recombining the gene encoding wild-type signal peptide (OmpZ) of Zobellia sp. ZM-2 κ-carrageenase into the expression vector pProEX-HTa-cgkZ. The recombinant strain BL21-HTa-cgkZ achieved extracellular secretion of κ-carrageenase. The effects of induction, culture conditions, and additives were investigated to further promote the extracellular secretion of the enzyme. Results showed that the wild-type signal sequence secreted recombinant κ-carrageenase out of the cytoplasmic membrane. Low temperature (23 °C) and optimum isopropyl-β-thiogalactoside concentration (0.9 mM) favored soluble protein expression. Moreover, additives such as lactose, glycine, Tween-80, and TritonX-100 promoted the release of intracellular enzymes. The existence of OmpZ resulted in 51% of the total κ-carrageenase accumulation secreted into culture medium, and 33% accumulated in the periplasmic space. High extracellular secretion of recombinant κ-carrageenase under the optimum conditions showed promising applications of the process for extracellular protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Chen ZY, Cao J, Xie L, Li XF, Yu ZH, Tong WY. Construction of leaky strains and extracellular production of exogenous proteins in recombinant Escherichia coli. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:360-70. [PMID: 24779863 PMCID: PMC4241728 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a strategy of the construction of leaky strains for the extracellular production of target proteins was exploited, in which the genes mrcA, mrcB, pal and lpp (as a control) from Escherichia coli were knocked out by using single- and/or double-gene deletion methods. Then the recombinant strains for the expression of exogenous target proteins including Trx-hPTH (human parathyroid hormone 1-84 coupled with thioredoxin as a fusion partner) and reteplase were reconstructed to test the secretory efficiency of the leaky strains. Finally, the fermentation experiments of the target proteins from these recombinant leaky strains were carried out in basic media (Modified R media) and complex media (Terrific Broth media) in flasks or fermenters. The results demonstrated that the resultant leaky strains were genetically stable and had a similar growth profile in the complex media as compared with the original strain, and the secretory levels of target proteins into Modified R media from the strains with double-gene deletion (up to 88.9%/mrcA lpp-pth) are higher than the excretory levels from the strains with single-gene deletion (up to 71.1%/lpp-pth) and the host E. coli JM109 (DE3) (near zero). The highest level of extracellular production of Trx-hPTH in fermenters is up to 680 mg l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yuan Chen
- Integrated Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
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Rigi G, Mohammadi SG, Arjomand MR, Ahmadian G, Noghabi KA. Optimization of extracellular truncated staphylococcal protein A expression inEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:217-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garshasb Rigi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Ghaed Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei Arjomand
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Kambiz Akbari Noghabi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
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Pandey S, Kushwah J, Tiwari R, Kumar R, Somvanshi VS, Nain L, Saxena AK. Cloning and expression of β-1, 4-endoglucanase gene from Bacillus subtilis isolated from soil long term irrigated with effluents of paper and pulp mill. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:693-8. [PMID: 24636744 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A strain of Bacillus subtilis IARI-SP-1 isolated from soil long term irrigated with effluents of paper and pulp mill showed high β-1, 4-endoglucanase (2.5 IU/ml) but low activity of β-1, 4-exoglucanase (0.8 IU/ml) and β-glucosidase (0.084 IU/ml). The β-1, 4-endoglucanase gene of IARI-SP-1 was amplified using degenerate primers designed based on sequences already available in NCBI GenBank. A full length gene of β-1, 4-endonuclease consisting of 1499 nucleotides was identified through sequence analysis of the amplified product. The ORF encoded for a protein of 500 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 55 kDa. The gene was cloned in pET-28a and over expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). In comparison to wild strain (B. subtilis), the transformed E. coli exhibited four times increase in cellulase production. Higher enzyme activity was observed in supernatant (8.2 IU/ml) than cell pellet (2.8 IU/ml) suggesting more extracellular production of β-1, 4-endoglucanase. SDS-PAGE and CMC plate assay also confirmed the overproduction by the transformed E. coli. The pH and temperature optima of expressed β-1, 4-endoglucanase enzyme was identical to that of wild strain and was 8 and 50-60 °C, respectively.
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Asghari S, Shekari Khaniani M, Darabi M, Mansoori Derakhshan S. Cloning of Soluble Human Stem Cell Factor in pET-26b(+) Vector. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:91-5. [PMID: 24409415 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stem cell factor (SCF) plays an important role in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells. Potential therapeutic applications of SCF include hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, exvivo stem/progenitor cell expansion, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Considering the cost and problem in accessibility of this product in Iran, clears the importance of indigenizing production of rhSCF. In the present work, we describe the construction of the soluble rhSCF expression vector in pET-26b (+) with periplasmic localization potential. METHODS Following PCR amplification of human SCF ORF, it is cloned in pET-26b (+) vector in NcoI and XhoI sites. The recombinant construct was transformed into BL21 (DE3) Ecoli strains. RESULTS The construction of recombinant vector was verified by colony PCR and sequence analysis of pET26b-hSCF vector. Sequence analyses proved that human SCF ORF has been inserted into NcoI and XhoI site with correct orientation downstream of strong T7 promotor and showed no nucleotide errors. CONCLUSION The SCF ORF was successfully cloned in pET-26b (+) expression vector and is ready for future production of SCF protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Asghari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Shekari Khaniani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masood Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Mansoori Derakhshan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz, Iran
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Jeong JH, Kim K, Lim D, Jeong K, Hong Y, Nguyen VH, Kim TH, Ryu S, Lim JA, Kim JI, Kim GJ, Kim SC, Min JJ, Choy HE. Anti-tumoral effect of the mitochondrial target domain of Noxa delivered by an engineered Salmonella typhimurium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e80050. [PMID: 24416126 PMCID: PMC3885380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy relies on the fact that several bacterial species are capable of targeting tumor tissue and that bacteria can be genetically engineered to selectively deliver therapeutic proteins of interest to the targeted tumors. However, the challenge of bacterial cancer therapy is the release of the therapeutic proteins from the bacteria and entry of the proteins into tumor cells. This study employed an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to selectively deliver the mitochondrial targeting domain of Noxa (MTD) as a potential therapeutic cargo protein, and examined its anti-cancer effect. To release MTD from the bacteria, a novel bacterial lysis system of phage origin was deployed. To facilitate the entry of MTD into the tumor cells, the MTD was fused to DS4.3, a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) derived from a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv2.1). The gene encoding DS4.3-MTD and the phage lysis genes were placed under the control of PBAD, a promoter activated by L-arabinose. We demonstrated that DS4.3-MTD chimeric molecules expressed by the Salmonellae were anti-tumoral in cultured tumor cells and in mice with CT26 colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjoon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu H. Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JJM); (HEC)
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JJM); (HEC)
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