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Wang L, Xue M, Yan R, Xue J, Lu Z, Wen C. Insights into Chitin-Degradation Potential of Shewanella khirikhana JW44 with Emphasis on Characterization and Function of a Chitinase Gene SkChi65. Microorganisms 2024; 12:774. [PMID: 38674717 PMCID: PMC11052142 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), can be degraded into valuable oligosaccharides by various chitinases. In this study, the genome of Shewanella khirikhana JW44, displaying remarkable chitinolytic activity, was investigated to understand its chitin-degradation potential. A chitinase gene SkChi65 from this strain was then cloned, expressed, and purified to characterize its enzymatic properties and substrate hydrolysis. Genome analysis showed that, of the 14 genes related to chitin utilization in JW44, six belonged to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families because of their functional domains for chitin binding and catalysis. The recombinant chitinase SkChi65, consisting of 1129 amino acids, was identified as a member of the GH18 family and possessed two chitin-binding domains with a typical motif of [A/N]KWWT[N/S/Q] and one catalytic domain with motifs of DxxDxDxE, SxGG, YxR, and [E/D]xx[V/I]. SkChi65 was heterologously expressed as an active protein of 139.95 kDa best at 37 °C with 1.0 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside induction for 6 h. Purified SkChi65 displayed high stability over the ranges of 30-50 °C and pH 5.5-8.0 with optima at 40 °C and pH 7.0. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and kcat of SkChi65 towards colloidal chitin were 27.2 μM, 299.2 μMs-1, and 10,203 s-1, respectively. In addition to colloidal chitin, SkChi65 showed high activity towards glycol chitosan and crystalline chitin. After analysis by thin-layer chromatography, the main products were N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, and GlcNAc with (GlcNAc)2-6 used as substrates. Collectively, SkChi65 could exhibit both exo- and endochitinase activities towards diverse substrates, and strain JW44 has a high potential for industrial application with an excellent capacity for chitin bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ming Xue
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiawei Xue
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chongqing Wen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Vuillemin M, Holck J, Matwiejuk M, Moreno Prieto ES, Muschiol J, Molnar-gabor D, Meyer AS, Zeuner B. Improvement of the Transglycosylation Efficiency of a Lacto-N-Biosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum by Protein Engineering. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:11493. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lacto-N-biosidase LnbB from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254 was engineered to improve its negligible transglycosylation efficiency with the purpose of enzymatically synthesizing lacto-N-tetraose (LNT; Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,3-Gal-β1,4-Glc) in one enzymatic step. LNT is a prebiotic human milk oligosaccharide in itself and constitutes the structural core of a range of more complex human milk oligosaccharides as well. Thirteen different LnbB variants were expressed and screened for transglycosylation activity by monitoring transglycosylation product formation using lacto-N-biose 1,2-oxazoline as donor substrate and lactose as acceptor substrate. LNT was the major reaction product, yet careful reaction analysis revealed the formation of three additional LNT isomers, which we identified to have a β1,2-linkage, a β1,6-linkage, and a 1,1-linkage, respectively, between lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc) and lactose. Considering both maximal transglycosylation yield and regioselectivity as well as minimal product hydrolysis, the best variant was LnbB W394H, closely followed by W465H and Y419N. A high transglycosylation yield was also obtained with W394F, yet the substitution of W394 and W465 of the subsite −1 hydrophobic platform in the enzyme with His dramatically impaired the undesirable product hydrolysis as compared to substitution with Phe; the effect was most pronounced for W465. Using p-nitrophenyl-β-lacto-N-bioside as donor substrate manifested W394 as an important target position. The optimization of the substrate concentrations confirmed that high initial substrate concentration and high acceptor-to-donor ratio both favor transglycosylation.
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Visnapuu T, Teze D, Kjeldsen C, Lie A, Duus JØ, André-Miral C, Pedersen LH, Stougaard P, Svensson B. Identification and Characterization of a β- N-Acetylhexosaminidase with a Biosynthetic Activity from the Marine Bacterium Paraglaciecola hydrolytica S66 T. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E417. [PMID: 31936522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases are glycoside hydrolases (GHs) acting on N-acetylated carbohydrates and glycoproteins with the release of N-acetylhexosamines. Members of the family GH20 have been reported to catalyze the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to an acceptor, i.e., the reverse of hydrolysis, thus representing an alternative to chemical oligosaccharide synthesis. Two putative GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, PhNah20A and PhNah20B, encoded by the marine bacterium Paraglaciecola hydrolytica S66T, are distantly related to previously characterized enzymes. Remarkably, PhNah20A was located by phylogenetic analysis outside clusters of other studied β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, in a unique position between bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. We successfully produced recombinant PhNah20A showing optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 50 °C, hydrolysis of GlcNAc β-1,4 and β-1,3 linkages in chitobiose (GlcNAc)2 and GlcNAc-1,3-β-Gal-1,4-β-Glc (LNT2), a human milk oligosaccharide core structure. The kinetic parameters of PhNah20A for p-nitrophenyl-GlcNAc and p-nitrophenyl-GalNAc were highly similar: kcat/KM being 341 and 344 mM−1·s−1, respectively. PhNah20A was unstable in dilute solution, but retained full activity in the presence of 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). PhNah20A catalyzed the formation of LNT2, the non-reducing trisaccharide β-Gal-1,4-β-Glc-1,1-β-GlcNAc, and in low amounts the β-1,2- or β-1,3-linked trisaccharide β-Gal-1,4(β-GlcNAc)-1,x-Glc by a transglycosylation of lactose using 2-methyl-(1,2-dideoxy-α-d-glucopyrano)-oxazoline (NAG-oxazoline) as the donor. PhNah20A is the first characterized member of a distinct subgroup within GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases.
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Zeuner B, Teze D, Muschiol J, Meyer AS. Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Protein Engineering Strategies for Improved Enzymatic Transglycosylation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2033. [PMID: 31141914 PMCID: PMC6600218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) signify a unique group of oligosaccharides in breast milk, which is of major importance for infant health and development. The functional benefits of HMOs create an enormous impetus for biosynthetic production of HMOs for use as additives in infant formula and other products. HMO molecules can be synthesized chemically, via fermentation, and by enzymatic synthesis. This treatise discusses these different techniques, with particular focus on harnessing enzymes for controlled enzymatic synthesis of HMO molecules. In order to foster precise and high-yield enzymatic synthesis, several novel protein engineering approaches have been reported, mainly concerning changing glycoside hydrolases to catalyze relevant transglycosylations. The protein engineering strategies for these enzymes range from rationally modifying specific catalytic residues, over targeted subsite -1 mutations, to unique and novel transplantations of designed peptide sequences near the active site, so-called loop engineering. These strategies have proven useful to foster enhanced transglycosylation to promote different types of HMO synthesis reactions. The rationale of subsite -1 modification, acceptor binding site matching, and loop engineering, including changes that may alter the spatial arrangement of water in the enzyme active site region, may prove useful for novel enzyme-catalyzed carbohydrate design in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - David Teze
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Lee HJ, Lee YS, Choi YL. Cloning, purification, and characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant chitinase, MtCh509, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:303. [PMID: 30455732 PMCID: PMC6222997 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to use organic solvents in enzyme reactions offers a number of industrially useful advantages. However, most enzymes are almost completely inactive in the presence of organic solvents. Thus, organic solvent-tolerant enzymes have potential applications in industrial processes. RESULTS A chitinase gene from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 (mtch509) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The molecular weight of the expressed MtCh509 protein was approximately 60 kDa, and it was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimum temperature for MtCh509 chitinase activity was 55 °C, and the enzyme was stable for 2 h at up to 50 °C. The optimum pH for MtCh509 activity was in the sub-acidic range, at pH 4.6 and 5.0. The activity of MtCh509 was maintained in presence of 1 M salt, gradually decreasing at higher concentrations, with residual activity (20%) detected after incubation in 5 M salt. Some organic solvents (benzene, DMSO, hexane, isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene; 10-20%, v/v) increased the reactivity of MtCh509 relative to the aqueous system. When using NAG3, as a substrate, MtCh509 produced NAG2 as the major product, as well as NAG4, demonstrating that MtCh509 has transglycosylation activity. The K m and V max values for MtCh509 using colloidal chitin as a substrate were 9.275 mg/mL and 20.4 U/mg, respectively. Thus, MtCh509 could be used in extreme industrial conditions. CONCLUSION The results of the hydrolysate analysis and the observed increase in enzyme activity in the presence of organic solvents show that MtCh509 has industrially attractive advantages. This is the first report on an organic solvent-tolerant and transglycosylating chitinase from Microbulbifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lark Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
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Jamek SB, Muschiol J, Holck J, Zeuner B, Busk PK, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS. Loop Protein Engineering for Improved Transglycosylation Activity of a β‐
N
‐Acetylhexosaminidase. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1858-1865. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shariza B. Jamek
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter K. Busk
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jørn D. Mikkelsen
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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