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Vera-bravo R, Hernández AV, Peña S, Alarcón C, Loaiza AE, Celis CA. Cheese Whey Milk Adulteration Determination Using Casein Glycomacropeptide as an Indicator by HPLC. Foods 2022; 11:3201. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11203201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw milk adulteration with cheese whey is a major problem that affects the dairy industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the adulteration of raw milk with the cheese whey obtained from the coagulation process, with chymosin enzyme using casein glycomacropeptide (cGMP) as an HPLC marker. Milk proteins were precipitated with 24% TCA; with the supernatant obtained, a calibration curve was established by mixing raw milk and whey in different percentages, which were passed through a KW-802.5 Shodex molecular exclusion column. A reference signal, with a retention time of 10.8 min, was obtained for each of the different percentages of cheese whey; the higher the concentration, the higher the peak. Data analysis was adjusted to a linear regression model, with an R2 of 0.9984 and equation to predict dependent variable (cheese whey percentage in milk) values. The chromatography sample was collected and analyzed by three tests: a cGMP standard HPLC analysis, MALDI-TOF spectrometry, and immunochromatography assay. The results of these three tests confirmed the presence of the cGMP monomer in adulterated samples with whey, which was obtained from chymosin enzymatic coagulation. As a contribution to food safety, the molecular exclusion chromatography technique presented is reliable, easy to implement in a laboratory, and inexpensive, compared with other methodologies, such as electrophoresis, immunochromatography, and HPLC-MS, thus allowing for the routine quality control of milk, an important product in human nutrition.
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Lu Y, Liu J, Li Z, Li W, Liu J, Huang L, Wang Z. Comparative Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Immunomodulatory Effects of Casein Glycomacropeptide O-Glycans in Bovine and Caprine Whey Powder. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:8746-8754. [PMID: 35802832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Casein glycomacropeptide carries various O-glycan modifications, which, together with variations in the amino acid composition of the glycopeptide, may result in different biological activities. In this study, O-glycans of casein glycomacropeptide from bovine and caprine whey powder were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by LC-UV-ESI-MS/MS, and their immune activities and regulatory mechanisms were compared. O-Glycans' total content was 1.54 times higher in bovine than in caprine glycomacropeptide. The glycoform H1N1S2 (H: hexose; N: N-acetylgalactosamine; and S: N-acetylneuraminic acid) accounted for nearly 50% of total glycomacropeptide O-glycans in bovine milk but less than 20% in caprine milk. Bovine glycomacropeptide glycosylation promoted the immune activity of RAW264.7 cells, which may be linked to a higher content of disialylated O-glycans. Glycomacropeptide from both milk sources significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of IL-1α, TNF-α, and IL-10 in RAW264.7 cells and activated the MAPK immunomodulatory signaling pathway. This study demonstrates the possible use of casein glycomacropeptide as an immunomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Larsen ER, Juel A, Jensen E, Hollyer TR, Wegener G. Dietary supplementation with casein glycomacropeptide, leucine and tryptophan reduces plasma amino acid levels in men. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2022; 34:69-76. [PMID: 34666854 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of mania in bipolar disorders needs to be more efficient, as the manic condition creates severe problems for the patient when it comes to work, finances, relationships and health. This proof-of-concept study examines to what extent casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) may reduce the precursors of dopamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, in plasma, and therefore be a potential new intervention to treat acute manic episodes. METHOD The study was designed as a double-blind randomised dose-response study of CGMP (with added leucine and tryptophan) in 15 healthy men, receiving 3 different doses of CGMP with an interval of at least 14 days. RESULTS Administration of CGMP produced a dose-dependent depletion of plasma aromatic amino acids. The total area under the curve of plasma ratios of phenylalanine-tyrosine compared to the level of leucine-isoleucine-valine--tryptophan was CGMP (20 g): 3.648 [SE:0.3281]; CGMP (40 g): 2.368 [SE:0.1858]; and CGMP (60 g)1.887 [SE:0.2591]. A comparison of the groups showed a dose-dependent statistical difference, with a one-way ANOVA summary (Dunnett) F = 11.87, p = 0.0003, CGMP 20 g versus CGMP 40 g, p = 0.0042, CGMP 20 g versus CGMP 60 g, p = 0.0002. No significant side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrate CGMP is a well-tolerated and effective mixture, and that 60 g of CGMP produced the highest depletion of plasma aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine). The effect seems to be highest after 3-4 h. We therefore conclude that this dose should be the one considered for future studies involving CGMP in humans.
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Daly A, Högler W, Crabtree N, Shaw N, Evans S, Pinto A, Jackson R, Ashmore C, Rocha JC, Strauss BJ, Wilcox G, Fraser WD, Tang JCY, MacDonald A. A Three-Year Longitudinal Study Comparing Bone Mass, Density, and Geometry Measured by DXA, pQCT, and Bone Turnover Markers in Children with PKU Taking L-Amino Acid or Glycomacropeptide Protein Substitutes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062075. [PMID: 34204378 PMCID: PMC8233747 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with phenylketonuria (PKU), treated by diet therapy only, evidence suggests that areal bone mineral density (BMDa) is within the normal clinical reference range but is below the population norm. Aims: To study longitudinal bone density, mass, and geometry over 36 months in children with PKU taking either amino acid (L-AA) or casein glycomacropeptide substitutes (CGMP-AA) as their main protein source. Methodology: A total of 48 subjects completed the study, 19 subjects in the L-AA group (median age 11.1, range 5–16 years) and 29 subjects in the CGMP-AA group (median age 8.3, range 5–16 years). The CGMP-AA was further divided into two groups, CGMP100 (median age 9.2, range 5–16 years) (n = 13), children taking CGMP-AA only and CGMP50 (median age 7.3, range 5–15 years) (n = 16), children taking a combination of CGMP-AA and L-AA. Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was measured at enrolment and 36 months, peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) at 36 months only, and serum blood and urine bone turnover markers (BTM) and blood bone biochemistry at enrolment, 6, 12, and 36 months. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the three groups for DXA outcome parameters, i.e., BMDa (L2–L4 BMDa g/cm2), bone mineral apparent density (L2–L4 BMAD g/cm3) and total body less head BMDa (TBLH g/cm2). All blood biochemistry markers were within the reference ranges, and BTM showed active bone turnover with a trend for BTM to decrease with increasing age. Conclusions: Bone density was clinically normal, although the median z scores were below the population mean. BTM showed active bone turnover and blood biochemistry was within the reference ranges. There appeared to be no advantage to bone density, mass, or geometry from taking a macropeptide-based protein substitute as compared with L-AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Daly
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Kepler University Hospital, Krankenhausstraße 26-30, 4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Nicola Crabtree
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Nick Shaw
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Sharon Evans
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Alex Pinto
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Richard Jackson
- Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK;
| | - Catherine Ashmore
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Júlio C. Rocha
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Health and Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Boyd J. Strauss
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (B.J.S.); (G.W.)
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Gisela Wilcox
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (B.J.S.); (G.W.)
- The Mark Holland Metabolic Unit, Salford Royal Foundation NHS Trust, Ladywell NW2, Salford, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | - William D. Fraser
- BioAnalytical Facility, BCRE Builiding University or East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (W.D.F.); (J.C.Y.T.)
| | - Jonathan C. Y. Tang
- BioAnalytical Facility, BCRE Builiding University or East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (W.D.F.); (J.C.Y.T.)
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Anita MacDonald
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; (N.C.); (N.S.); (S.E.); (A.P.); (C.A.); (A.M.)
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Zeuner B, Teze D, Muschiol J, Meyer AS. Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Protein Engineering Strategies for Improved Enzymatic Transglycosylation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2033. [PMID: 31141914 PMCID: PMC6600218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) signify a unique group of oligosaccharides in breast milk, which is of major importance for infant health and development. The functional benefits of HMOs create an enormous impetus for biosynthetic production of HMOs for use as additives in infant formula and other products. HMO molecules can be synthesized chemically, via fermentation, and by enzymatic synthesis. This treatise discusses these different techniques, with particular focus on harnessing enzymes for controlled enzymatic synthesis of HMO molecules. In order to foster precise and high-yield enzymatic synthesis, several novel protein engineering approaches have been reported, mainly concerning changing glycoside hydrolases to catalyze relevant transglycosylations. The protein engineering strategies for these enzymes range from rationally modifying specific catalytic residues, over targeted subsite -1 mutations, to unique and novel transplantations of designed peptide sequences near the active site, so-called loop engineering. These strategies have proven useful to foster enhanced transglycosylation to promote different types of HMO synthesis reactions. The rationale of subsite -1 modification, acceptor binding site matching, and loop engineering, including changes that may alter the spatial arrangement of water in the enzyme active site region, may prove useful for novel enzyme-catalyzed carbohydrate design in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - David Teze
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Liebenberg N, Jensen E, Larsen ER, Kousholt BS, Pereira VS, Fischer CW, Wegener G. A Preclinical Study of Casein Glycomacropeptide as a Dietary Intervention for Acute Mania. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:473-484. [PMID: 29726996 PMCID: PMC5932479 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casein glycomacropeptide is a peptide that lacks phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This profile may enable it to deplete phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and subsequently the synthesis of dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Dopamine- and serotonin-depleting amino acid mixtures have shown promise as acute antimanic treatments. In this study, we explore the depleting effects on amino acids, dopamine and serotonin as well as its actions on manic-like and other behavior in rats. METHODS Casein glycomacropeptide and a selection of amino acid mixtures were administered orally at 2, 4, or 8 h or for 1 week chronically. Amino acid and monoamine levels were measured in plasma and brain and behavior was assessed in the amphetamine-hyperlocomotion, forced swim, prepulse inhibition, and elevated plus maze tests. RESULTS Casein glycomacropeptide induced a time-dependent reduction in tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine in brain and plasma which was augmented by supplementing with leucine. Casein glycomacropeptide +leucine reduced dopamine in the frontal cortex and serotonin in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum after 2 and 4 h. Casein glycomacropeptide+leucine also had antimanic activity in the amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion test at 2 h after a single acute treatment and after 1 week of chronic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Casein glycomacropeptide-based treatments and a branched-chain amino acid mixture affected total tissue levels of dopamine in the frontal cortex and striatum and serotonin in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of rats in a time-dependent fashion and displayed antimanic efficacy in a behavioral assay of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Liebenberg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Erik Roj Larsen
- Department Psychiatry Odense, Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark,Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Saima Kousholt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, AUGUST Centre, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Vitor Silva Pereira
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Christina Weide Fischer
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, AUGUST Centre, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark,Centre for Pharmaceutical Excellence, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, South Africa,Correspondence: Gregers Wegener, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark ()
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Li T, Chen B, Du M, Song J, Cheng X, Wang X, Mao X. Casein Glycomacropeptide Hydrolysates Exert Cytoprotective Effect against Cellular Oxidative Stress by Up-Regulating HO-1 Expression in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2017; 9:E31. [PMID: 28098837 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered as an important mediator in the progression of metabolic disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of bovine casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysates (GHP) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Results showed that GHP significantly blocked H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell viability reduction in a dose-dependent manner. Further, GHP concentration-dependently induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and increased nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation. Moreover, pretreatment of GHP increased the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which were shown to contribute to Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression. Taken together, GHP protected HepG2 cells from oxidative stress by activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that bovine casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysates might be a potential ingredient in the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders and further studies are needed to investigate the protective effects in vivo.
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Bonnaillie LM, Qi P, Wickham E, Tomasula PM. Enrichment and Purification of Casein Glycomacropeptide from Whey Protein Isolate Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing and Membrane Ultrafiltration. Foods 2014; 3:94-109. [PMID: 28234306 PMCID: PMC5302311 DOI: 10.3390/foods3010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein concentrates (WPC) and isolates (WPI), comprised mainly of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), are added to foods to boost nutritional and functional properties. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) has been shown to effectively fractionate WPC and WPI to obtain enriched fractions of α-LA and β-LG, thus creating new whey ingredients that exploit the properties of the individual component proteins. In this study, we used SCO2 to further fractionate WPI via acid precipitation of α-LA, β-LG and the minor whey proteins to obtain GMP-enriched solutions. The process was optimized and α-LA precipitation maximized at low pH and a temperature (T) ≥65 °C, where β-LG with 84% purity and GMP with 58% purity were obtained, after ultrafiltration and diafiltration to separate β-LG from the GMP solution. At 70 °C, β-LG also precipitated with α-LA, leaving a GMP-rich solution with up to 94% purity after ultrafiltration. The different protein fractions produced with the SCO2 process will permit the design of new foods and beverages to target specific nutritional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia M Bonnaillie
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Phoebe Qi
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Edward Wickham
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Peggy M Tomasula
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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Abstract
Background: People with phenylketonuria need to eat a special diet which contains a low level of phenylalanine. Most of these special diets have high protein levels which contain phenylalanine. Control of phenylalanine levels in the early years of life is crucial and remains important throughout childhood, especially for cognitive function and behavior. Aims: The current study evaluated the biological and sensory properties of a novel dairy-based drink for patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Methods and Materials: The novel dairy-based drink was prepared by emulsifying corn germ oil with casein glycomacropeptide (GMP) solution in milk permeates. The chemical composition and sensory properties of the dairy-based drink were determined. In addition, the dairy-based drink was nutritionally evaluated using patient volunteers. These patients followed a strict diet limiting phenylalanine in their food. Phenylalanine levels were measured before and after three days of consuming the dairy-based drink. Results: The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the product was ranked that there were decreases in “good” and was acceptable by all test panels and volunteers. Serum phenylalanine levels in all volunteers decreased between 30% - 80%. Conclusions: The data obtained from the sensory evaluation and the decreases in serum phenylalanine levels encourage us to utilize this formulated dairy-based drink for therapeutic feeding of PKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdel-Salam
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Suadi Arabia
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