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Wen J, Yu JZ, Liu C, Ould Ismail AAO, Ma W. Exploring the Molecular Tumor Microenvironment and Translational Biomarkers in Brain Metastases of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2044. [PMID: 38396722 PMCID: PMC10889194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases represent a significant clinical challenge in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), often leading to a severe decline in patient prognosis and survival. Recent advances in imaging and systemic treatments have increased the detection rates of brain metastases, yet clinical outcomes remain dismal due to the complexity of the metastatic tumor microenvironment (TME) and the lack of specific biomarkers for early detection and targeted therapy. The intricate interplay between NSCLC tumor cells and the surrounding TME in brain metastases is pivotal, influencing tumor progression, immune evasion, and response to therapy. This underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings of brain metastases, tumor microenvironment, and the identification of actionable biomarkers that can inform multimodal treatment approaches. The goal of this review is to synthesize current insights into the TME and elucidate molecular mechanisms in NSCLC brain metastases. Furthermore, we will explore the promising horizon of emerging biomarkers, both tissue- and liquid-based, that hold the potential to radically transform the treatment strategies and the enhancement of patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexi Wen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jie-Zeng Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catherine Liu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - A. Aziz O. Ould Ismail
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Weijie Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Zhou D, Gong Z, Wu D, Ma C, Hou L, Niu X, Xu T. Harnessing immunotherapy for brain metastases: insights into tumor-brain microenvironment interactions and emerging treatment modalities. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:121. [PMID: 38104104 PMCID: PMC10725587 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases signify a deleterious milestone in the progression of several advanced cancers, predominantly originating from lung, breast and melanoma malignancies, with a median survival timeframe nearing six months. Existing therapeutic regimens yield suboptimal outcomes; however, burgeoning insights into the tumor microenvironment, particularly the immunosuppressive milieu engendered by tumor-brain interplay, posit immunotherapy as a promising avenue for ameliorating brain metastases. In this review, we meticulously delineate the research advancements concerning the microenvironment of brain metastases, striving to elucidate the panorama of their onset and evolution. We encapsulate three emergent immunotherapeutic strategies, namely immune checkpoint inhibition, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell transplantation and glial cell-targeted immunoenhancement. We underscore the imperative of aligning immunotherapy development with in-depth understanding of the tumor microenvironment and engendering innovative delivery platforms. Moreover, the integration with established or avant-garde physical methodologies and localized applications warrants consideration in the prevailing therapeutic schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dairan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Dejun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Niu
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 241 Huaihai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China.
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Berzero G, Pieri V, Mortini P, Filippi M, Finocchiaro G. The coming of age of liquid biopsy in neuro-oncology. Brain 2023; 146:4015-4024. [PMID: 37289981 PMCID: PMC10545511 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical role of liquid biopsy in oncology is growing significantly. In gliomas and other brain tumours, targeted sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from CSF may help differential diagnosis when surgery is not recommended and be more representative of tumour heterogeneity than surgical specimens, unveiling targetable genetic alterations. Given the invasive nature of lumbar puncture to obtain CSF, the quantitative analysis of cfDNA in plasma is a lively option for patient follow-up. Confounding factors may be represented by cfDNA variations due to concomitant pathologies (inflammatory diseases, seizures) or clonal haematopoiesis. Pilot studies suggest that methylome analysis of cfDNA from plasma and temporary opening of the blood-brain barrier by ultrasound have the potential to overcome some of these limitations. Together with this, an increased understanding of mechanisms modulating the shedding of cfDNA by the tumour may help to decrypt the meaning of cfDNA kinetics in blood or CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Berzero
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pieri
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit; Neurophysiology Unit; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Souza VGP, Forder A, Telkar N, Stewart GL, Carvalho RF, Mur LAJ, Lam WL, Reis PP. Identifying New Contributors to Brain Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Transcriptomic Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4526. [PMID: 37760494 PMCID: PMC10526208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung tumors frequently metastasize to the brain. Brain metastasis (BM) is common in advanced cases, and a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality. The precise molecular mechanisms governing BM are still unclear, in part attributed to the rarity of BM specimens. In this work, we compile a unique transcriptomic dataset encompassing RNA-seq, microarray, and single-cell analyses from BM samples obtained from patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). By integrating this comprehensive dataset, we aimed to enhance understanding of the molecular landscape of BM, thereby facilitating the identification of novel and efficient treatment strategies. We identified 102 genes with significantly deregulated expression levels in BM tissues, and discovered transcriptional alterations affecting the key driver 'hub' genes CD69 (a type II C-lectin receptor) and GZMA (Granzyme A), indicating an important role of the immune system in the development of BM from primary LUAD. Our study demonstrated a BM-specific gene expression pattern and revealed the presence of dendritic cells and neutrophils in BM, suggesting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These findings highlight key drivers of LUAD-BM that may yield therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa G. P. Souza
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (N.T.); (G.L.S.); (W.L.L.)
| | - Aisling Forder
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (N.T.); (G.L.S.); (W.L.L.)
| | - Nikita Telkar
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (N.T.); (G.L.S.); (W.L.L.)
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Greg L. Stewart
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (N.T.); (G.L.S.); (W.L.L.)
| | - Robson F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil;
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Department of Life Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3FL, UK;
| | - Wan L. Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (N.T.); (G.L.S.); (W.L.L.)
| | - Patricia P. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
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Kindt N, Kotecki N, Awada A. Preclinical models to understand the biology and to discover new targets in brain metastases. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:436-440. [PMID: 37551950 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Incidence of brain metastases increases overtime therefore it is important to rapidly progress in the discovery of new strategies of treatment for these patients. In consequence, more and more preclinical models of brain metastases (BM) are established to study new treatments for melanoma, lung, and breast cancer BM. Here, we reviewed the most recent findings of new drugs assessed in BM mouse preclinical models. RECENT FINDINGS BM are a common metastatic site of several types of solid cancers and can be difficult to treat due to the unique environment of the brain and the blood-brain barrier. Currently, several preclinical models of BM have been demonstrated that new molecular targeted therapies, small metabolic inhibitors, immunotherapies or a combination of these drugs with radiotherapy lead to a reduction of BM growth and an improvement of mouse survival. SUMMARY The use of preclinical models of BM is crucial to discover new treatment strategies for patients with BM. In the last years, some new drugs have been highlighted in preclinical models and are now tested in clinical trials including patients with brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Kindt
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Clinique et Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet
| | - Nuria Kotecki
- Oncology Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Clinique et Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet
- Oncology Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Bruxelles, Belgium
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Meißner AK, Gutsche R, Galldiks N, Kocher M, Jünger ST, Eich ML, Nogova L, Araceli T, Schmidt NO, Ruge MI, Goldbrunner R, Proescholdt M, Grau S, Lohmann P. Radiomics for the non-invasive prediction of PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to non-small cell lung cancer. J Neurooncol 2023; 163:597-605. [PMID: 37382806 PMCID: PMC10393847 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression level of the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) appears to be a predictor for response to immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As differences in terms of PD-L1 expression levels in the extracranial primary tumor and the brain metastases may occur, a reliable method for the non-invasive assessment of the intracranial PD-L1 expression is, therefore of clinical value. Here, we evaluated the potential of radiomics for a non-invasive prediction of PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-three NSCLC patients with brain metastases from two academic neuro-oncological centers (group 1, n = 36 patients; group 2, n = 17 patients) underwent tumor resection with a subsequent immunohistochemical evaluation of the PD-L1 expression. Brain metastases were manually segmented on preoperative T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI. Group 1 was used for model training and validation, group 2 for model testing. After image pre-processing and radiomics feature extraction, a test-retest analysis was performed to identify robust features prior to feature selection. The radiomics model was trained and validated using random stratified cross-validation. Finally, the best-performing radiomics model was applied to the test data. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. RESULTS An intracranial PD-L1 expression (i.e., staining of at least 1% or more of tumor cells) was present in 18 of 36 patients (50%) in group 1, and 7 of 17 patients (41%) in group 2. Univariate analysis identified the contrast-enhancing tumor volume as a significant predictor for PD-L1 expression (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.77). A random forest classifier using a four-parameter radiomics signature, including tumor volume, yielded an AUC of 0.83 ± 0.18 in the training data (group 1), and an AUC of 0.84 in the external test data (group 2). CONCLUSION The developed radiomics classifiers allows for a non-invasive assessment of the intracranial PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to NSCLC with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Meißner
- Department of General Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robin Gutsche
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Norbert Galldiks
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cologne and Duesseldorf, Universities of Aachen, Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Kocher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephanie T Jünger
- Department of General Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lucia Nogova
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cologne and Duesseldorf, Universities of Aachen, Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tommaso Araceli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils Ole Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian I Ruge
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cologne and Duesseldorf, Universities of Aachen, Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Goldbrunner
- Department of General Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cologne and Duesseldorf, Universities of Aachen, Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Grau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Fulda, Academic Hospital of the University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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Sun D, Liu J, Zhou H, Shi M, Sun J, Zhao S, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Fang W, Zhao H, Huang Y, Yang Y, Zhang L. Classification of Tumor Immune Microenvironment According to Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression and Immune Infiltration Predicts Response to Immunotherapy Plus Chemotherapy in Advanced Patients With NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2023; 18:869-881. [PMID: 36948245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to mechanisms of adaptive immune resistance, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is classified into four types: (1) programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-negative and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-negative (type I); (2) PD-L1-positive and TIL-positive (type II); (3) PD-L1-negative and TIL-positive (type III); and (4) PD-L1-positive and TIL-negative (type IV). However, the relationship between the TIME classification model and immunotherapy efficacy has not been validated by any large-scale randomized controlled clinical trial among patients with advanced NSCLC. METHODS On the basis of RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry data from the ORIENT-11 study, we optimized the TIME classification model and evaluated its predictive value for the efficacy of immunotherapy plus chemotherapy. RESULTS PD-L1 mRNA expression and immune score calculated by the ESTIMATE method were the strongest predictors for the efficacy of immunotherapy plus chemotherapy. Therefore, they were determined as the optimized definition of the TIME classification system. When compared between combination therapy and chemotherapy alone, only the type II subpopulation with high immune score and high PD-L1 mRNA expression was significantly associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio = 0.12, 95% confidence interval: 0.06-0.25, p < 0.001) and overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.13-0.55, p < 0.001). In the combination group, the type II subpopulation had a much longer survival time, not even reaching the median PFS or overall survival, but the other three subpopulations were susceptible to having similar PFS. In the chemotherapy group, there was no marked association between survival outcomes and TIME subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Only patients with both high PD-L1 expression and high immune infiltration could benefit from chemotherapy plus immunotherapy in first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. For patients lacking either PD-L1 expression or immune infiltration, chemotherapy alone might be a better treatment option to avoid unnecessary toxicities and financial burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchen Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiang Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiya Sun
- New Drug Biology and Translational Medicine, Innovent Biologics, Inc., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxiong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Wang H, Liu F, Chen X, Zhao C, Li X, Zhou C, Hu J, Chu Q, Jiang T. Outcome differences between PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors-based monotherapy and combination treatments in NSCLC with brain metastases. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:56. [PMID: 37353805 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Without the clear immunophenotyping of brain metastases (BrMs), the optimal treatment strategy based on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and BrMs remains unknown. METHODS 308 patients with NSCLC received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based monotherapy or combination therapy were retrospectively identified. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank tests were used to determine the treatment outcomes differences. Transcriptomic analysis of paired primary lung lesions and BrMs were performed to dissect the specific tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of BrMs. RESULTS The presence of BrMs was associated with significantly inferior PFS (2.5 vs. 3.7 months; P = 0.0053) and OS (8.3 vs. 15.4 months; P = 0.0122) in monotherapy group, while it was only associated with poorer PFS (4.6 vs. 7.0 months; P = 0.0009) but similar OS (22.8 vs. 21.0 months; P = 0.9808) in combination treatment group. Of patients with BrMs, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus antiangiogenic therapy was associated with longest PFS (7.7 vs. 3.2 vs. 2.5 months; P = 0.0251) and OS (29.2 vs. 15.8 vs. 8.3 months; P = 0.0001) when compared with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy or anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Multivariate analyses suggested that combination treatment was independently correlated with significantly longer PFS (P = 0.028) and OS (P < 0.001) in patients with BrMs. Transcriptomic analysis showed a suppressive TIME in BrMs with decreased CD4+ T cells and M1 macrophages but increased M2 macrophages infiltration. CONCLUSION NSCLC with BrMs obtained barely satisfactory overall benefit from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy, partly due to its immunosuppressive TIME. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination treatment, especially anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-angiogenic treatment, could significantly improve the clinical outcomes of patients with NSCLC and BrMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Zhengmin Road 507, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 288, Xintian Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Zhengmin Road 507, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Lung Cancer and Immunology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Zhengmin Road 507, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180, Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 288, Xintian Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Zhengmin Road 507, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Wei Y, Xu Y, Wang M. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023:00029330-990000000-00586. [PMID: 37106555 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lung cancer has the highest risk of brain metastasis (BM) among all solid carcinomas. The emergence of BM has a significant impact on the selection of oncologic treatment for patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the most promising treatment option for patients without druggable mutations and have been shown to improve survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) BM in clinical trials with good safety. Moreover, ICI has shown certain effects in NSCLC BM, and the overall intracranial efficacy is comparable to extracranial efficacy. However, a proportion of patients showed discordant responses in primary and metastatic lesions, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may exist underlying ICI activity in BM. According to studies pertaining to tumor immune microenvironments, ICIs may be capable of provoking immunity in situ. Meanwhile, systematic immune cells activated by ICIs can migrate into the central nervous system and exert antitumor effects. This review summarizes the present evidence for ICI treatment efficacy in NSCLC BM and proposes the possible mechanisms of ICI treatment for NSCLC BMs based on existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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10
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Long L, Yi Z, Zeng Y, Liu Z. The progress of microenvironment-targeted therapies in brain metastases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1141994. [PMID: 37056723 PMCID: PMC10086249 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1141994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain metastases (BrM) has become a growing concern recently. It is a common and often fatal manifestation in the brain during the end-stage of many extracranial primary tumors. Increasing BrM diagnoses can be attributed to improvements in primary tumor treatments, which have extended patients’ lifetime, and allowed for earlier and more efficient detection of brain lesions. Currently, therapies for BrM encompass systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy regimens are controversial due to their associated side effects and limited efficacy. Targeted and immunotherapies have garnered significant attention in the medical field: they target specific molecular sites and modulate specific cellular components. However, multiple difficulties such as drug resistance and low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain significant challenges. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. Brain microenvironments consist of cellular components including immune cells, neurons, endothelial cells as well as molecular components like metal ions, nutrient molecules. Recent research indicates that malignant tumor cells can manipulate the brain microenvironment to change the anti-tumoral to a pro-tumoral microenvironment, both before, during, and after BrM. This review compares the characteristics of the brain microenvironment in BrM with those in other sites or primary tumors. Furthermore, it evaluates the preclinical and clinical studies of microenvironment-targeted therapies for BrM. These therapies, due to their diversity, are expected to overcome drug resistance or low permeability of the BBB with low side effects and high specificity. This will ultimately lead to improved outcomes for patients with secondary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
| | - Zhenjie Yi
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Zeng, ; Zhixiong Liu,
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, HN, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Zeng, ; Zhixiong Liu,
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11
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Yu TT, Hu J, Li QR, Peng XC, Xu HZ, Han N, Li LG, Yang XX, Xu X, Yang ZY, Chen H, Chen X, Wang MF, Li TF. Chlorin e6-induced photodynamic effect facilitates immunogenic cell death of lung cancer as a result of oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109661. [PMID: 36608440 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of the immune microenvironment is an important endogenous contributor to treatment failure in lung cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used in the treatment of malignant tumors owing to its photo-selectivity and minimal side effects. Some studies have shown the ability of photodynamic action not only to cause photo-cytotoxicity to tumor cells but also to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, the mechanism by which PDT enhances tumor immunogenicity is poorly understood. The present study aimed to explore the immunogenicity effect of PDT on lung cancer and to reveal the underlying mechanism. First, we searched for effective conditions for PDT-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Just as expected, chlorin e6 (Ce6) PDT could enhance the immunogenicity of lung cancer cells alongside the induction of apoptosis, characterized by up-regulation of CRT, HSP90, HMGB1 and MHC-I. Further results showed the generation of ROS by Ce6 PDT under the above conditions, which is an oxidative damaging agent. Simultaneously, PDT induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells, as evidenced by enhanced Tht staining and up-regulated CHOP and GRP78 expression. Moreover, PDT led to DNA damage response (DDR) as well. However, the redox inhibitor NAC abolished the ER stress and DDR caused by PDT. More importantly, NAC also attenuated PDT-induced improvement of immunogenicity in lung cancer. On this basis, the PDT-induced CRT up-regulation was found to be attenuated in response to inhibition of ER stress. In addition, PDT-induced increase in HMGB1 and HSP90 release was blocked by inhibition of DDR. In summary, Ce6 PDT could produce ROS under certain conditions, which leads to ER stress that promotes CRT translocation to the cell membrane, and the resulting DNA damage causes the expression and release of nuclear HMGB1 and HSP90, thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of lung cancer. This current study elucidates the mechanism of PDT in ameliorating the immunogenicity of lung cancer, providing a rationale for PDT in regulating the immune microenvironment for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yu
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Qi-Rui Li
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Avenue No. 185, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Liu-Gen Li
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yang
- School Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Zi-Yi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Avenue No. 185, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mei-Fang Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China.
| | - Tong-Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China.
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12
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Woldmar N, Schwendenwein A, Kuras M, Szeitz B, Boettiger K, Tisza A, László V, Reiniger L, Bagó AG, Szállási Z, Moldvay J, Szász AM, Malm J, Horvatovich P, Pizzatti L, Domont GB, Rényi-Vámos F, Hoetzenecker K, Hoda MA, Marko-Varga G, Schelch K, Megyesfalvi Z, Rezeli M, Döme B. Proteomic analysis of brain metastatic lung adenocarcinoma reveals intertumoral heterogeneity and specific alterations associated with the timing of brain metastases. ESMO Open 2023; 8:100741. [PMID: 36527824 PMCID: PMC10024110 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases are associated with considerable negative effects on patients' outcome in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Here, we investigated the proteomic landscape of primary LADCs and their corresponding brain metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proteomic profiling was conducted on 20 surgically resected primary and brain metastatic LADC samples via label-free shotgun proteomics. After sample processing, peptides were analyzed using an Ultimate 3000 pump coupled to a QExactive HF-X mass spectrometer. Raw data were searched using PD 2.4. Further data analyses were carried out using Perseus, RStudio and GraphPad Prism. Proteomic data were correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters and the timing of brain metastases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027259. RESULTS Out of the 6821 proteins identified and quantified, 1496 proteins were differentially expressed between primary LADCs and corresponding brain metastases. Pathways associated with the immune system, cell-cell/matrix interactions and migration were predominantly activated in the primary tumors, whereas pathways related to metabolism, translation or vesicle formation were overrepresented in the metastatic tumors. When comparing fast- versus slow-progressing patients, we found 454 and 298 differentially expressed proteins in the primary tumors and brain metastases, respectively. Metabolic reprogramming and ribosomal activity were prominently up-regulated in the fast-progressing patients (versus slow-progressing individuals), whereas expression of cell-cell interaction- and immune system-related pathways was reduced in these patients and in those with multiple brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of paired primary tumors and brain metastases of LADC patients. Our data suggest a malfunction of cellular attachment and an increase in ribosomal activity in LADC tissue, promoting brain metastasis. The current study provides insights into the biology of LADC brain metastases and, moreover, might contribute to the development of personalized follow-up strategies in LADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Woldmar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Proteomics of Blood/LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Schwendenwein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kuras
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Boettiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Tisza
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V László
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Reiniger
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A G Bagó
- Department of Neurooncology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Szállási
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Moldvay
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A M Szász
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Malm
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Pizzatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Proteomics of Blood/LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G B Domont
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F Rényi-Vámos
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M A Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Marko-Varga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Schelch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Z Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Rezeli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - B Döme
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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13
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Conway JW, Braden J, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Pires da Silva I. The effect of organ-specific tumor microenvironments on response patterns to immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1030147. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, have become widely used in various settings across many different cancer types in recent years. Whilst patients are often treated on the basis of the primary cancer type and clinical stage, recent studies have highlighted disparity in response to immune checkpoint inhibitors at different sites of metastasis, and their impact on overall response and survival. Studies exploring the tumor immune microenvironment at different organ sites have provided insights into the immune-related mechanisms behind organ-specific patterns of response to immunotherapy. In this review, we aimed to highlight the key learnings from clinical studies across various cancers including melanoma, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and others, assessing the association of site of metastasis and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also summarize the key clinical and pre-clinical findings from studies exploring the immune microenvironment of specific sites of metastasis. Ultimately, further characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment at different metastatic sites, and understanding the biological drivers of these differences, may identify organ-specific mechanisms of resistance, which will lead to more personalized treatment approaches for patients with innate or acquired resistance to immunotherapy.
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14
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Campbell BK, Gao Z, Corcoran NM, Stylli SS, Hovens CM. Molecular Mechanisms Driving the Formation of Brain Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4963. [PMID: 36230886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brain metastases are the most common brain tumor in adults and are associated with poor prognosis. The propensity of different solid tumors to metastasize varies greatly, with lung, breast, and melanoma primary tumors commonly leading to brain metastases, while other primaries such as prostate rarely metastasize to the brain. The molecular mechanisms that predispose and facilitate brain metastasis development are poorly understood. In this review, we present the current data on the genomic landscape of brain metastases that arise from various primary cancers and also outline potential molecular mechanisms that drive the formation of distant metastases in the brain. Abstract Targeted therapies for cancers have improved primary tumor response rates, but concomitantly, brain metastases (BM) have become the most common brain tumors in adults and are associated with a dismal prognosis of generally less than 6 months, irrespective of the primary cancer type. They most commonly occur in patients with primary breast, lung, or melanoma histologies; however, they also appear in patients with other primary cancers including, but not limited to, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Historically, molecular biomarkers have normally been identified from primary tumor resections. However, clinically informative genomic alterations can occur during BM development and these potentially actionable alterations are not always detected in the primary tumor leading to missed opportunities for effective targeted therapy. The molecular mechanisms that facilitate and drive metastasis to the brain are poorly understood. Identifying the differences between the brain and other extracranial sties of metastasis, and between primary tumors and BM, is essential to improving our understanding of BM development and ultimately patient management and survival. In this review, we present the current data on the genomic landscape of BM from various primary cancers which metastasize to the brain and outline potential mechanisms which may play a role in promoting the formation of the distant metastases in the brain.
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Yang X, Chen T, Hu J, Wang J, Yang D. HKI-272 contributes to gemcitabine-mediated anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects through EGFR suppression in gallbladder cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 27:126-140. [PMID: 36321135 PMCID: PMC9596964 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare malignancy of the biliary system and characterized by early metastasis and poor prognosis. To date, no efficient treatment is available for GBC patients. Based on the data from cBioPortal, TIMER, and GDSC, we performed an unbiased screening with 25 candidate compounds that predominantly target ErbB family and identified HKI-272, a highly selective EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, displayed decreased IC50 values in three GBC cell lines. HKI-272 not only promoted gemcitabine-mediated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects and induced cell cycle arrest in GBC, but also enhanced gemcitabine-induced suppressive effects of GBC cell migration and invasion by inhibiting pathways downstream of EGFR. Furthermore, HKI-272, together with gemcitabine, effectively suppressed tumor growth and metastases in mouse models. Immunostaining and HE staining data from both primary tumor and lung metastasis indicated that the anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects were mediated through EGFR suppression. Moreover, the expression of EGFR, measured by both immunostaining and HE staining, was correlated with a poor prognosis in GBC. In addition, EGFR in tumor tissues are independent indicators for overall survival in GBC patients. Taken together, our findings suggest that HKI-272 could be a potential therapeutic agent and EGFR might serve as a potential biomarker for patients with GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Corresponding author Jian Wang, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
- Corresponding author Dong Yang, Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China.
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Song S, Regan B, Ereifej ES, Chan ER, Capadona JR. Neuroinflammatory Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Pathways of Interest as Potential Targets to Improve the Recording Performance of Intracortical Microelectrodes. Cells 2022; 11:2348. [PMID: 35954192 PMCID: PMC9367362 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are a critical component of brain-machine interface (BMI) systems. The recording performance of intracortical microelectrodes used for both basic neuroscience research and clinical applications of BMIs decreases over time, limiting the utility of the devices. The neuroinflammatory response to the microelectrode has been identified as a significant contributing factor to its performance. Traditionally, pathological assessment has been limited to a dozen or so known neuroinflammatory proteins, and only a few groups have begun to explore changes in gene expression following microelectrode implantation. Our initial characterization of gene expression profiles of the neuroinflammatory response to mice implanted with non-functional intracortical probes revealed many upregulated genes that could inform future therapeutic targets. Emphasis was placed on the most significant gene expression changes and genes involved in multiple innate immune sets, including Cd14, C3, Itgam, and Irak4. In previous studies, inhibition of Cluster of Differentiation 14 (Cd14) improved microelectrode performance for up to two weeks after electrode implantation, suggesting CD14 can be explored as a potential therapeutic target. However, all measures of improvements in signal quality and electrode performance lost statistical significance after two weeks. Therefore, the current study investigated the expression of genes in the neuroinflammatory pathway at the tissue-microelectrode interface in Cd14-/- mice to understand better how Cd14 inhibition was connected to temporary improvements in recording quality over the initial 2-weeks post-surgery, allowing for the identification of potential co-therapeutic targets that may work synergistically with or after CD14 inhibition to improve microelectrode performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brianna Regan
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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17
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Roche KE, Mukherjee S. The accuracy of absolute differential abundance analysis from relative count data. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010284. [PMID: 35816553 PMCID: PMC9302745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the use of relative abundance data derived from next generation sequencing as a proxy for absolute abundances. For example, in the differential abundance setting, compositional effects in relative abundance data may give rise to spurious differences (false positives) when considered from the absolute perspective. In practice however, relative abundances are often transformed by renormalization strategies intended to compensate for these effects and the scope of the practical problem remains unclear. We used simulated data to explore the consistency of differential abundance calling on renormalized relative abundances versus absolute abundances and find that, while overall consistency is high, with a median sensitivity (true positive rates) of 0.91 and specificity (1—false positive rates) of 0.89, consistency can be much lower where there is widespread change in the abundance of features across conditions. We confirm these findings on a large number of real data sets drawn from 16S metabarcoding, expression array, bulk RNA-seq, and single-cell RNA-seq experiments, where data sets with the greatest change between experimental conditions are also those with the highest false positive rates. Finally, we evaluate the predictive utility of summary features of relative abundance data themselves. Estimates of sparsity and the prevalence of feature-level change in relative abundance data give reasonable predictions of discrepancy in differential abundance calling in simulated data and can provide useful bounds for worst-case outcomes in real data. Molecular sequence counting is a near-ubituiqous method for taking “snapshots” of the state of biological systems at the molecular level and is applied to problems as diverse as profiling gene expression and characterizing bacterial community composition. However, concerns exist about the interpretation of these data, given they are relative counts. In particular some feature-level differences between samples may be technical, not biological, stemming from compositional effects. Here, we quantify the accuracy of estimates of sample-sample differences made from relative versus “absolute” molecular count data, using a comprehensive simulation strategy and published experimental data. We find the accuracy of difference estimation is high in at least 50% of simulated and real data sets but that low accuracy outcomes are far from rare. Further, we observe similar numbers of these low accuracy cases when using any of several popular methods for estimating differences in biological count data. Our results support the use of complementary reference measures of absolute abundance (like RNA spike-ins) for normalizing next-generation sequencing data. We briefly validate the use of these reference quantities and of stringent effect size thresholds as strategies for mitigating interpretational problems with relative count data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E. Roche
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sayan Mukherjee
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Statistical Science, Mathematics, Computer Science, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence, Universität Leipzig and the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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18
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Wang Y, Chen R, Wa Y, Ding S, Yang Y, Liao J, Tong L, Xiao G. Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Brain Metastasis From Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829451. [PMID: 35251014 PMCID: PMC8891382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM), a devastating complication of advanced malignancy, has a high incidence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As novel systemic treatment drugs and improved, more sensitive imaging investigations are performed, more patients will be diagnosed with BM. However, the main treatment methods face a high risk of complications at present. Therefore, based on immunotherapy of tumor immune microenvironment has been proposed. The development of NSCLC and its BM is closely related to the tumor microenvironment, the surrounding microenvironment where tumor cells live. In the event of BM, the metastatic tumor microenvironment in BM is composed of extracellular matrix, tissue-resident cells that change with tumor colonization and blood-derived immune cells. Immune-related cells and chemicals in the NSCLC brain metastasis microenvironment are targeted by BM immunotherapy, with immune checkpoint inhibition therapy being the most important. Blocking cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune checkpoints provides a suitable strategy for immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancers. In the past few years, several therapeutic advances in immunotherapy have changed the outlook for the treatment of BM from NSCLC. According to emerging evidence, immunotherapy plays an essential role in treating BM, with a more significant safety profile than others. This article discusses recent advances in the biology of BM from NSCLC, reviews novel mechanisms in diverse tumor metastatic stages, and emphasizes the role of the tumor immune microenvironment in metastasis. In addition, clinical advances in immunotherapy for this disease are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yue Wa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shikuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junbo Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Noh MG, Kim SS, Kim YJ, Jung TY, Jung S, Rhee JH, Lee JH, Lee JS, Cho JH, Moon KS, Park H, Lee KH. Evolution of the Tumor Microenvironment toward Immune-Suppressive Seclusion during Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Implications for Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194895. [PMID: 34638378 PMCID: PMC8507988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brain metastases (BM) of breast cancer (BC) are new targets of immunotherapy, but their characteristics are unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the differential expression profile of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in primary breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM). In the TME of BCBM, immune-related pathways were downregulated and tumor intrinsic factors were upregulated. Moreover, CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages with cytotoxic effects were decreased, but M2 cells were increased, in BM. Most tumor-suppressive immune functions ceased after BM with a molecular subtype shift. These results suggest the need for targeted therapy and immunotherapy strategies for BCBM. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common solid malignant tumor that metastasizes to the brain. Despite emerging therapies such as immunotherapy, whether the tumor microenvironment (TME) in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) has potential as a target of new treatments is unclear. Expression profiling of 770 genes in 12 pairs of primary BC and matched brain metastasis (BM) samples was performed using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer IO360TM Panel. Immune cell profiles were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in samples from 50 patients with BCBM. Pathway analysis revealed that immune-related pathways were downregulated. Immune cell profiling showed that CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages were significantly decreased, and M2 macrophages were significantly increased, in BM compared to primary BC samples (p = 0.001, p = 0.021 and p = 0.007, respectively). CCL19 and CCL21, the top differentially expressed genes, were decreased significantly in BM compared to primary BC (p < 0.001, both). IHC showed that the CD8+ count was significantly lower (p = 0.027), and the CD163+ and CD206+ counts were higher, in BM than primary BC (p < 0.001, both). A low CD8+ T cell count, low CD86+ M1 macrophage count, and high M2/M1 macrophage ratio were related to unfavorable clinical outcomes. BC exhibits an immunosuppressive characteristic after metastasis to the brain. These findings will facilitate establishment of a treatment strategy for BCBM based on the TME of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Giun Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea; or
| | - Sung Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Hwasun 58128, Korea; (S.S.K.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Yeong Jin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (T.-Y.J.); (S.J.); (K.-S.M.)
| | - Tae-Young Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (T.-Y.J.); (S.J.); (K.-S.M.)
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (T.-Y.J.); (S.J.); (K.-S.M.)
| | - Joon-Haeng Rhee
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Jae-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Hwasun 58128, Korea; (S.S.K.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Ji-Shin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Hwasun 58128, Korea; (S.S.K.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (J.-H.C.)
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sub Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (T.-Y.J.); (S.J.); (K.-S.M.)
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea; or
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-62-715-5415 (H.P.); +82-61-379-7050 (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Science, BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Hwasun 58128, Korea; (S.S.K.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-S.L.)
- Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-62-715-5415 (H.P.); +82-61-379-7050 (K.-H.L.)
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20
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Chen C, Guo Q, Tang Y, Qu W, Zuo J, Ke X, Song Y. Screening and evaluation of the role of immune genes of brain metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma progression based on the TCGA and GEO databases. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:5016-5034. [PMID: 34527340 PMCID: PMC8411151 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Brain metastasis was one of the factors leading to the poor long-term prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods The expression levels of immune genes in LUAD and LUAD brain metastases tissues were analyzed in GSE161116 dataset using the GEO2R, and the levels of differential immune genes in normal lung and LUAD tissues were verified. The biological functions and signaling mechanisms of the differential immune genes were explored via Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to screen the prognostic factors of LUAD patients, and a risk model was constructed. The role of the model was checked in the development of LUAD via receiver operating characteristic analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and Cox regression analysis. Results Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in brain metastasis were involved in the adaptive immune response, B cell differentiation, leukocyte migration, NF-kB signaling pathway, among others. The expression levels of TNFRSF11A, MS4A2, IL11, CAMP, MS4A1, and F2RL1 were independent factors affecting the poor prognosis of LUAD patients via Cox regression analysis and Akaike information criterion. In the constructed risk model, the overall survival of LUAD patients in the high-risk group was poor. The risk model was significantly related to the gender, clinical stage, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and survival status of LUAD patients. In addition, the risk model score was an independent risk factor that affected the poor prognosis of LUAD patients. TNFRSF11A, CAMP, F2RL1, IL11, MS4A1, and MS4A2 of the risk factors had diagnostic significance in LUAD brain metastasis and LUAD. The risk model participated in cytokinetic process, cell cycle, citrate cycle TCA cycle, etc. The risk model score was correlated with the levels of B cells memory, mast cells resting, macrophages M0, mast cells activated, neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells gamma delta, and immune cell markers. Conclusions The risk model based on the LUAD brain metastasis immune factors TNFRSF11A, MS4A2, IL11, CAMP, MS4A1, and F2RL1 was related to the diagnosis, poor prognosis, and immune infiltrating cells of LUAD patients, and is expected to provide a reference for the development of treatment strategies for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wendong Qu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiebin Zuo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xixian Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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21
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Xiao G, Liu Z, Gao X, Wang H, Peng H, Li J, Yang L, Duan H, Zhou R. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer: from rationale to clinical application. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1031-1051. [PMID: 34231370 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) is common in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have gradually become a routine treatment for NSCLC BM patients. Currently, three PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab and cemiplimab), one PD-L1 inhibitor (atezolizumab) and one CTLA-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab) have been approved for the first-line treatment of metastatic NSCLC. It is still controversial whether PD-L1, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and tumor mutation burden can be used as predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC patients with BM. In addition, clinical data on NSCLC BM were inadequate. Here, we review the theoretical basis and clinical data for the application of ICIs in the therapy of NSCLC BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Geneplus-Beijing, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Han Wang
- Geneplus-Beijing, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Haiqin Peng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hexin Duan
- Department of Oncology Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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22
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Bogatyrova O, Mattsson JSM, Ross EM, Sanderson MP, Backman M, Botling J, Brunnström H, Kurppa P, La Fleur L, Strell C, Wilm C, Zimmermann A, Esdar C, Micke P. FGFR1 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer is mediated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and is a determinant of FGFR1 inhibitor response. Eur J Cancer 2021; 151:136-149. [PMID: 33984662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amplification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been considered as an actionable drug target. However, pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors did not demonstrate convincing clinical efficacy in FGFR1-amplified NSCLC patients. This study aimed to characterise the molecular context of FGFR1 expression and to define biomarkers predictive of FGFR1 inhibitor response. In this study, 635 NSCLC samples were characterised for FGFR1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and copy number gain (CNG) by in situ hybridisation (n = 298) or DNA microarray (n = 189). FGFR1 gene expression (n = 369) and immune cell profiles (n = 309) were also examined. Furthermore, gene expression, methylation and microRNA data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were compared. A panel of FGFR1-amplified NSCLC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were tested for response to the selective FGFR1 antagonist M6123. A minority of patients demonstrated FGFR1 CNG (10.5%) or increased FGFR1 mRNA (8.7%) and protein expression (4.4%). FGFR1 CNG correlated weakly with FGFR1 gene and protein expression. Tumours overexpressing FGFR1 protein were typically devoid of driver alterations (e.g. EGFR, KRAS) and showed reduced infiltration of T-lymphocytes and lower PD-L1 expression. Promoter methylation and microRNA were identified as regulators of FGFR1 expression in NSCLC and other cancers. Finally, NSCLC PDX models demonstrating FGFR1 amplification and FGFR1 protein overexpression were sensitive to M6123. The unique molecular and immune features of tumours with high FGFR1 expression provide a rationale to stratify patients in future clinical trials of FGFR1 pathway-targeting agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bogatyrova
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology & Immuno-Oncology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johanna S M Mattsson
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edith M Ross
- Translational Medicine, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael P Sanderson
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology & Immuno-Oncology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Max Backman
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Brunnström
- Division of Pathology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pinja Kurppa
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linnéa La Fleur
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carina Strell
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Wilm
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology & Immuno-Oncology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Astrid Zimmermann
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology & Immuno-Oncology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina Esdar
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology & Immuno-Oncology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patrick Micke
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Mulens-Arias V, Rojas JM, Barber DF. The Use of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Reprogram Macrophage Responses and the Immunological Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693709. [PMID: 34177955 PMCID: PMC8221395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is versatile, which has enhanced the interest in studying them as theranostic agents over recent years. As IONPs begin to be used for different biomedical applications, it is important to know how they affect the immune system and its different cell types, especially their interaction with the macrophages that are involved in their clearance. How immune cells respond to therapeutic interventions can condition the systemic and local tissue response, and hence, the final therapeutic outcome. Thus, it is fundamental to understand the effects that IONPs have on the immune response, especially in cancer immunotherapy. The biological effects of IONPs may be the result of intrinsic features of their iron oxide core, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating intracellular redox and iron metabolism. Alternatively, their effects are driven by the nanoparticle coating, for example, through cell membrane receptor engagement. Indeed, exploiting these properties of IONPs could lead to the development of innovative therapies. In this review, after a presentation of the elements that make up the tumor immunological microenvironment, we will review and discuss what is currently known about the immunomodulatory mechanisms triggered by IONPs, mainly focusing on macrophage polarization and reprogramming. Consequently, we will discuss the implications of these findings in the context of plausible therapeutic scenarios for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mulens-Arias
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA)-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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