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Lunghino B, Santiago Tate AF, Mazereeuw M, Muhari A, Giraldo FX, Marras S, Suckale J. The protective benefits of tsunami mitigation parks and ramifications for their strategic design. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10740-5. [PMID: 32366652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911857117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid approaches to mitigating tsunami risk combine vegetation (green element) with traditional engineering components (gray elements) to maximize protection and other benefits. While hybrid approaches like tsunami mitigation parks are being built worldwide, our understanding of the protective benefits they provide and our ability to optimally design these parks are limited. Here, we show that the main protective benefit of tsunami mitigation parks is the reflection of wave energy. Reflection can be maximized through strategic design of the park’s hillscape, at least for tsunami amplitudes that are comparable to the hill height. Apart from the protective benefits of the park, we highlight that tsunami mitigation parks could locally increase tsunami risk, depending on the placement and arrangement of the hills. Nature-based solutions are becoming an increasingly important component of sustainable coastal risk management. For particularly destructive hazards like tsunamis, natural elements like vegetation are often combined with designed elements like seawalls or dams to augment the protective benefits of each component. One example of this kind of hybrid approach is the so-called tsunami mitigation park, which combines a designed hillscape with vegetation. Despite the increasing popularity of tsunami mitigation parks, the protective benefits they provide are poorly understood and incompletely quantified. As a consequence of this lack of understanding, current designs might not maximize the protective benefits of tsunami mitigation parks. Here, we numerically model the interactions between a single row of hills with an incoming tsunami to identify the mechanisms through which the park protects the coast. We initialize the tsunami as an N wave that propagates to shore and impacts the coast directly. We find that partial reflection of the incoming wave is the most important mechanism by which hills reduce the kinetic energy that propagates onshore. The protective benefit of tsunami mitigation parks is thus comparable to that of a small wall, at least for tsunamis with amplitudes that are comparable to the hill height. We also show that hills could elevate potential damage in the immediate vicinity of the hills where flow speeds increase compared to a planar beach, suggesting the need to include a buffer zone behind the hills into a strategic park design.
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Satyanarayana B, Van der Stocken T, Rans G, Kodikara KAS, Ronsmans G, Jayatissa LP, Husain M, Koedam N, Dahdouh-guebas F. Island-wide coastal vulnerability assessment of Sri Lanka reveals that sand dunes, planted trees and natural vegetation may play a role as potential barriers against ocean surges. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017; 12:144-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Arkema KK, Griffin R, Maldonado S, Silver J, Suckale J, Guerry AD. Linking social, ecological, and physical science to advance natural and nature-based protection for coastal communities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1399:5-26. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie K. Arkema
- Natural Capital Project, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Robert Griffin
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Sergio Maldonado
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment; Stanford University; Stanford California
- Department of Geophysics; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Jessica Silver
- Natural Capital Project, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Jenny Suckale
- Department of Geophysics and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Anne D. Guerry
- Natural Capital Project, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment; Stanford University; Stanford California
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Sukumaran S, Vijapure T, Kubal P, Mulik J, Rokade MA, Salvi S, Thomas J, Naidu VS. Polychaete Community of a Marine Protected Area along the West Coast of India-Prior and Post the Tropical Cyclone, Phyan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159368. [PMID: 27556895 PMCID: PMC4996641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical cyclones are extreme random meteorological events that can have profound implications to coastal biodiversities. Given that the frequency, intensity and duration of these events are poised to increase due to the global climate change, understanding the ecological impacts of such erratic occurrences becomes imperative to devise better management strategies. The eventful passage of the tropical cyclone, Phyan, along the northwestern coast of India in November 2009, coupled with the availability of historical data presented a rare opportunity to elucidate the consequences on the polychaete assemblages of the Malvan Marine Sanctuary and their subsequent recovery. This was achieved by comparison of the pre- and post-Phyan seasonal data from four different sites in and around the Sanctuary. MDS analyses and polychaete community parameters suggested conspicuous cyclone related effects on the polychaete community characteristics in the three outer stations off Malvan, whereas the relatively protected bay station remained more or less unscathed. Impacts, attributable to the cyclone apart from seasonal variations, included changes in polychaete composition, reductions in total polychaete density, species diversity, evenness and functional groups. Dominance of the opportunistic polychaete, Paraprionospiopatiens was all pervasive just after Phyan, resulting in poor diversity and evenness values. In the outer stations, diverse feeding modes present prior to the cyclone were replaced by microphagous feeders post the disturbance. However, the study also observed complete recovery as substantiated by the improvement inpolychaete density, diversity indices and re-instatement of multiple feeding guilds in affected areas. This resilience of the coastal waters off Malvan is attributed to its marine protected status, implying that reduced human interference aided rapid revival of damaged ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Sukumaran
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Tejal Vijapure
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priti Kubal
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Mulik
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - M. A. Rokade
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailesh Salvi
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jubin Thomas
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - V. S. Naidu
- Regional Centre,CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Van T, Wilson N, Thanh-tung H, Quisthoudt K, Quang-minh V, Xuan-tuan L, Dahdouh-guebas F, Koedam N. Changes in mangrove vegetation area and character in a war and land use change affected region of Vietnam (Mui Ca Mau) over six decades. Acta Oecologica 2015; 63:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mukherjee N, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Koedam N, Shanker K. An interdisciplinary framework to evaluate bioshield plantations: Insights from peninsular India. Acta Oecologica 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Toyofuku T, Duros P, Fontanier C, Mamo B, Bichon S, Buscail R, Chabaud G, Deflandre B, Goubet S, Grémare A, Menniti C, Fujii M, Kawamura K, Koho KA, Noda A, Namegaya Y, Oguri K, Radakovitch O, Murayama M, de Nooijer LJ, Kurasawa A, Ohkawara N, Okutani T, Sakaguchi A, Jorissen F, Reichart GJ, Kitazato H. Unexpected biotic resilience on the Japanese seafloor caused by the 2011 Tōhoku-Oki tsunami. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7517. [PMID: 25515588 DOI: 10.1038/srep07517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11th, 2011 the Mw 9.0 2011 Tōhoku-Oki earthquake resulted in a tsunami which caused major devastation in coastal areas. Along the Japanese NE coast, tsunami waves reached maximum run-ups of 40 m, and travelled kilometers inland. Whereas devastation was clearly visible on land, underwater impact is much more difficult to assess. Here, we report unexpected results obtained during a research cruise targeting the seafloor off Shimokita (NE Japan), shortly (five months) after the disaster. The geography of the studied area is characterized by smooth coastline and a gradually descending shelf slope. Although high-energy tsunami waves caused major sediment reworking in shallow-water environments, investigated shelf ecosystems were characterized by surprisingly high benthic diversity and showed no evidence of mass mortality. Conversely, just beyond the shelf break, the benthic ecosystem was dominated by a low-diversity, opportunistic fauna indicating ongoing colonization of massive sand-bed deposits.
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Satyanarayana B, Bhanderi P, Debry M, Maniatis D, Foré F, Badgie D, Jammeh K, Vanwing T, Farcy C, Koedam N, Dahdouh-Guebas F. A socio-ecological assessment aiming at improved forest resource management and sustainable ecotourism development in the mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa. Ambio 2012; 41:513-26. [PMID: 22351596 PMCID: PMC3390577 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although mangroves dominated by Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle are extending over 6000 ha in the Tanbi Wetland National Park (TWNP) (The Gambia), their importance for local populations (both peri-urban and urban) is not well documented. For the first time, this study evaluates the different mangrove resources in and around Banjul (i.e., timber, non-timber, edible, and ethnomedicinal products) and their utilization patterns, including the possibility of ecotourism development. The questionnaire-based results have indicated that more than 80% of peri-urban population rely on mangroves for timber and non-timber products and consider them as very important for their livelihoods. However, at the same time, urban households demonstrate limited knowledge on mangrove species and their ecological/economic benefits. Among others, fishing (including the oyster-Crassostrea cf. gasar collection) and tourism are the major income-generating activities found in the TWNP. The age-old practices of agriculture in some parts of the TWNP are due to scarcity of land available for agriculture, increased family size, and alternative sources of income. The recent focus on ecotourism (i.e., boardwalk construction inside the mangroves near Banjul city) received a positive response from the local stakeholders (i.e., users, government, and non-government organizations), with their appropriate roles in sharing the revenue, rights, and responsibilities of this project. Though the guidelines for conservation and management of the TWNP seem to be compatible, the harmony between local people and sustainable resource utilization should be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behara Satyanarayana
- Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management (Complexity and Dynamics of Tropical Systems), Département de Biologie des Organismes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles—ULB, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Oceanography, University Malaysia Terengganu—UMT, 21030 Kuala, Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Preetika Bhanderi
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- African Conservation Centre, P.O. Box 15289-00509, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mélanie Debry
- Forest, Nature and Society Research Group, Université Catholique de Louvain—UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Danae Maniatis
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
| | - Franka Foré
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Sociaal Culturele Agogiek, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dawda Badgie
- National Environment Agency (NEA), Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Kawsu Jammeh
- Department of Parks & Wildlife Management, Abuko, The Gambia
| | - Tom Vanwing
- Sociaal Culturele Agogiek, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Farcy
- Forest, Nature and Society Research Group, Université Catholique de Louvain—UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nico Koedam
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Farid Dahdouh-Guebas
- Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management (Complexity and Dynamics of Tropical Systems), Département de Biologie des Organismes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles—ULB, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel—VUB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Matocha J, Schroth G, Hills T, Hole D. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Through Agroforestry and Ecosystem Conservation. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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