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Lam TM, Wang Z, Vaartjes I, Karssenberg D, Ettema D, Helbich M, Timmermans EJ, Frank LD, den Braver NR, Wagtendonk AJ, Beulens JWJ, Lakerveld J. Development of an objectively measured walkability index for the Netherlands. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:50. [PMID: 35501815 PMCID: PMC9063284 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walkability indices have been developed and linked to behavioural and health outcomes elsewhere in the world, but not comprehensively for Europe. We aimed to 1) develop a theory-based and evidence-informed Dutch walkability index, 2) examine its cross-sectional associations with total and purpose-specific walking behaviours of adults across socioeconomic (SES) and urbanisation strata, 3) explore which walkability components drive these associations. Methods Components of the index included: population density, retail and service density, land use mix, street connectivity, green space, sidewalk density and public transport density. Each of the seven components was calculated for three Euclidean buffers: 150 m, 500 m and 1000 m around every 6-digit postal code location and for every administrative neighbourhood in GIS. Componential z-scores were averaged, and final indices normalized between 0 and 100. Data on self-reported demographic characteristics and walking behaviours of 16,055 adult respondents (aged 18–65) were extracted from the Dutch National Travel Survey 2017. Using Tobit regression modelling adjusted for individual- and household-level confounders, we assessed the associations between walkability and minutes walking in total, for non-discretionary and discretionary purposes. By assessing the attenuation in associations between partial indices and walking outcomes, we identified which of the seven components drive these associations. We also tested for effect modification by urbanization degree, SES, age and sex. Results In fully adjusted models, a 10% increase in walkability was associated with a maximum increase of 8.5 min of total walking per day (95%CI: 7.1–9.9). This association was consistent across buffer sizes and purposes of walking. Public transport density was driving the index’s association with walking outcomes. Stratified results showed that associations with minutes of non-discretionary walking were stronger in rural compared to very urban areas, in neighbourhoods with low SES compared to high SES, and in middle-aged (36–49 years) compared to young (18–35 years old) and older adults (50–65 years old). Conclusions The walkability index was cross-sectionally associated with Dutch adult’s walking behaviours, indicating its validity for further use in research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-022-01270-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Minh Lam
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Upstream Team, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584, Utrecht, CB, Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Global Geo Health Data Center, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Derek Karssenberg
- Global Geo Health Data Center, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584, Utrecht, CB, Netherlands
| | - Dick Ettema
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584, Utrecht, CB, Netherlands
| | - Marco Helbich
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584, Utrecht, CB, Netherlands
| | - Erik J Timmermans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, UC San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, USA.,Urban Design 4 Health, Inc, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicolette R den Braver
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Upstream Team, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alfred J Wagtendonk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Upstream Team, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Upstream Team, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Lakerveld
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Boelelaan 1089a, 1081HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Upstream Team, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Bartels ECM, den Braver NR, Borgonjen-van den Berg KJ, Rutters F, van der Heijden A, Beulens JWJ. Adherence to the Dutch healthy diet index and change in glycemic control and cardiometabolic markers in people with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2761-2773. [PMID: 35284962 PMCID: PMC9279194 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) is associated with change in glycemic control and cardio-metabolic markers over two-year follow-up in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods This prospective cohort study included 1202 individuals with T2D (mean age 68.7 ± 9.0 years; 62.5% male; mean HbA1c 53.8 ± 11.7 mmol/mol) from the Diabetes Care System cohort. Baseline dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to the DHD15-index was estimated (range 0–130). HbA1c, fasting glucose, blood lipids (HDL and LDL cholesterol, cholesterol ratio), blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and BMI were measured at baseline, and after one- and two-year follow-up. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted to examine the associations between adherence to the DHD15-index and glycemic control and the cardio-metabolic outcomes, adjusting for energy intake, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and medication. Results Highest adherence (T3) to the DHD15-index was not associated with change in HbA1c, compared to lowest adherence (T1) [βT3vsT1: 0.62 mmol/mol (− 0.94; 2.19), Ptrend = 0.44]. There was a non-linear association with fasting glucose, where moderate adherence (T2) was associated with a decrease in fasting glucose [βT2vsT1: − 0.29 mmol/L (− 0.55; − 0.03), Ptrend = 0.30]. Higher adherence to the DHD15-index was associated with a decrease in BMI [β10point: − 0.41 kg/m2 (− 0.60; − 0.21), Ptrend < 0.001], but not with blood lipids, blood pressure or kidney function. Conclusion In this well-controlled population of people with T2D, adherence to the DHD15-index was associated with a decrease in BMI, but not with change in glycemic control or other cardio-metabolic parameters. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02847-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehlana Catharina Maria Bartels
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolette Roelina den Braver
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Johanna Borgonjen-van den Berg
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amber van der Heijden
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joline Wilhelma Johanna Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Falguera M, Castelblanco E, Rojo-López MI, Vilanova MB, Real J, Alcubierre N, Miró N, Molló À, Mata-Cases M, Franch-Nadal J, Granado-Casas M, Mauricio D. Mediterranean Diet and Healthy Eating in Subjects with Prediabetes from the Mollerussa Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:252. [PMID: 33467197 PMCID: PMC7830064 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess differences in dietary patterns (i.e., Mediterranean diet and healthy eating indexes) between participants with prediabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance. Secondarily, we analyzed factors related to prediabetes and dietary patterns. This was a cross-sectional study design. From a sample of 594 participants recruited in the Mollerussa study cohort, a total of 535 participants (216 with prediabetes and 319 with normal glucose tolerance) were included. The alternate Mediterranean Diet score (aMED) and the alternate Healthy Eating Index (aHEI) were calculated. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed. There was no difference in the mean aMED and aHEI scores between groups (3.2 (1.8) in the normoglycemic group and 3.4 (1.8) in the prediabetes group, p = 0.164 for the aMED and 38.6 (7.3) in the normoglycemic group and 38.7 (6.7) in the prediabetes group, p = 0.877 for the aHEI, respectively). Nevertheless, women had a higher mean of aMED and aHEI scores in the prediabetes group (3.7 (1.9), p = 0.001 and 40.5 (6.9), p < 0.001, respectively); moreover, they had a higher mean of aHEI in the group with normoglycemia (39.8 (6.6); p = 0.001). No differences were observed in daily food intake between both study groups; consistent with this finding, we did not find major differences in nutrient intake between groups. In the multivariable analyses, the aMED and aHEI were not associated with prediabetes (odds ratio (OR): 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75-1.87; p = 0.460 and OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.83-2.10; p = 0.246, respectively); however, age (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.05; p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.27-3.22; p = 0.003) and body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.14; p < 0.001) were positively associated with prediabetes. Physical activity was associated with a lower frequency of prediabetes (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.31-0.72; p = 0.001). In conclusion, subjects with prediabetes did not show a different dietary pattern compared with a normal glucose tolerance group. However, further research is needed on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Falguera
- Primary Health Care Centre Cervera, Gerència d’Atenció Primaria, Institut Català de la Salut, 25200 Lleida, Spain;
- Department of Medicine, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation IRB Lleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.B.V.); (N.A.)
| | - Esmeralda Castelblanco
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.); (M.I.R.-L.)
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (M.M.-C.); (J.F.-N.)
| | - Marina Idalia Rojo-López
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.); (M.I.R.-L.)
| | - Maria Belén Vilanova
- Department of Medicine, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation IRB Lleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.B.V.); (N.A.)
- Primary Health Care Centre Igualada Nord, Consorci Sanitari de l’Anoia, Institut Català de la Salut, 08700 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Real
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (M.M.-C.); (J.F.-N.)
- DAP-Cat Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Alcubierre
- Department of Medicine, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation IRB Lleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.B.V.); (N.A.)
| | - Neus Miró
- Primary Health Care Centre Tàrrega, Gerència d’Atenció Primaria, Institut Català de la Salut, 25300 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Àngels Molló
- Primary Health Care Centre Guissona, Gerència d’Atenció Primaria, Institut Català de la Salut, 25210 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Manel Mata-Cases
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (M.M.-C.); (J.F.-N.)
- DAP-Cat Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Franch-Nadal
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (M.M.-C.); (J.F.-N.)
- DAP-Cat Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Health Care Centre Raval Sud, Gerència d’Atenció Primaria Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Minerva Granado-Casas
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.); (M.I.R.-L.)
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (M.M.-C.); (J.F.-N.)
- DAP-Cat Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation IRBLleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Didac Mauricio
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.); (M.I.R.-L.)
- Center for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (M.M.-C.); (J.F.-N.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic (UVIC/UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
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Lakerveld J, Wagtendonk A, Vaartjes I, Karssenberg D. Deep phenotyping meets big data: the Geoscience and hEalth Cohort COnsortium (GECCO) data to enable exposome studies in The Netherlands. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:49. [PMID: 33187515 PMCID: PMC7662022 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures are increasingly investigated as possible drivers of health behaviours and disease outcomes. So-called exposome studies that aim to identify and better understand the effects of exposures on behaviours and disease risk across the life course require high-quality environmental exposure data. The Netherlands has a great variety of environmental data available, including high spatial and often temporal resolution information on urban infrastructure, physico-chemical exposures, presence and availability of community services, and others. Until recently, these environmental data were scattered and measured at varying spatial scales, impeding linkage to individual-level (cohort) data as they were not operationalised as personal exposures, that is, the exposure to a certain environmental characteristic specific for a person. Within the Geoscience and hEalth Cohort COnsortium (GECCO) and with support of the Global Geo Health Data Center (GGHDC), a platform has been set up in The Netherlands where environmental variables are centralised, operationalised as personal exposures, and used to enrich 23 cohort studies and provided to researchers upon request. We here present and detail a series of personal exposure data sets that are available within GECCO to date, covering personal exposures of all residents of The Netherlands (currently about 17 M) over the full land surface of the country, and discuss challenges and opportunities for its use now and in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Lakerveld
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Global Geo Health Data Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Upstream Team, www.upstreamteam.nl, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfred Wagtendonk
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Upstream Team, www.upstreamteam.nl, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Global Geo Health Data Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, UMC Utrecht, Div. Julius Centrum, Huispoststraat 6.131, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Derek Karssenberg
- Global Geo Health Data Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geoscience, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, including the precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) is often sub-optimal and not in line with international guidelines. Supplementation is debatable, but some individuals, e.g., pre-diabetic, low-grade inflammation, cardiometabolic yet otherwise healthy subjects, might benefit from supra-physiological omega-3 intake, particularly to lessen inflammation. We explored the feasibility of a large clinical trial by performing a pilot study to evaluate adherence, palatability, and self-reported side effects of ALA administration in a group of volunteers. We enrolled 12 individuals with borderline dyslipidemia or overweight, treated with dietary advice according to international guidelines and who had insufficient intakes of essential fatty acids. Subjects were followed for nutritional counselling and were matched with appropriate controls. Patients were administered 6 g/day of ALA, for two months. We report the absence of side effects. such as fishy aftertaste and gastrointestinal distress, in addition to a slight decrease of C-reactive protein concentrations (Identifier: ISRCTN13118704).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, Spain.,International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wawro N, Pestoni G, Riedl A, Breuninger TA, Peters A, Rathmann W, Koenig W, Huth C, Meisinger C, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J. Association of Dietary Patterns and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Metabolically Homogeneous Subgroups in the KORA FF4 Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061684. [PMID: 32516903 PMCID: PMC7352280 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that a change in lifestyle, especially physical activity and diet, can reduce the risk of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the response to dietary changes varies among individuals due to differences in metabolic characteristics. Therefore, we investigated the association between dietary patterns and T2DM while taking into account these differences. For 1287 participants of the population-based KORA FF4 study (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg), we identified three metabolically-homogenous subgroups (metabotypes) using 16 clinical markers. Based on usual dietary intake data, two diet quality scores, the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), were calculated. We explored the associations between T2DM and diet quality scores. Multi-variable adjusted models, including metabotype subgroup, were fitted. In addition, analyses stratified by metabotype were carried out. We found significant interaction effects between metabotype and both diet quality scores (p < 0.05). In the analysis stratified by metabotype, significant negative associations between T2DM and both diet quality scores were detected only in the metabolically-unfavorable homogenous subgroup (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.39-0.90 for AHEI and OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.40-0.96 for MDS). Prospective studies taking metabotype into account are needed to confirm our results, which allow for the tailoring of dietary recommendations in the prevention of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wawro
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.P.); (A.R.); (T.A.B.); (C.M.); (J.L.)
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München at UNIKA-T (Universitäres Zentrum für Gesundheitswissenschaften am Klinikum Augsburg), Neusässer Str. 47, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Pestoni
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.P.); (A.R.); (T.A.B.); (C.M.); (J.L.)
- Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Anna Riedl
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.P.); (A.R.); (T.A.B.); (C.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Taylor A. Breuninger
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.P.); (A.R.); (T.A.B.); (C.M.); (J.L.)
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München at UNIKA-T (Universitäres Zentrum für Gesundheitswissenschaften am Klinikum Augsburg), Neusässer Str. 47, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.P.); (C.H.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 8a & 9, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Huth
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.P.); (C.H.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.P.); (A.R.); (T.A.B.); (C.M.); (J.L.)
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München at UNIKA-T (Universitäres Zentrum für Gesundheitswissenschaften am Klinikum Augsburg), Neusässer Str. 47, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (G.P.); (A.R.); (T.A.B.); (C.M.); (J.L.)
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München at UNIKA-T (Universitäres Zentrum für Gesundheitswissenschaften am Klinikum Augsburg), Neusässer Str. 47, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
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