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Ma Q, Liu L, Sun N, Gao L, Chen Y, Liu L, Guo W, Yang X. Glioblastoma with a primitive neuronal component: A case report. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:341. [PMID: 37427343 PMCID: PMC10326655 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a rare case of glioblastoma with a primitive neuronal component (GBM-PNC), and provides an in-depth analysis of the clinical, pathological and differential diagnostic findings. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to enhance the understanding of GBM-PNC, revealing its distinct characteristics and prognostic implications. A 57-year-old woman presented with acute onset headache, nausea and vomiting, leading to the identification of an intracranial mass through magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical resection revealed the coexistence of a glial component and a PNC within the tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis detected the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the glial component and synaptin in the PNC. The pathological diagnosis confirmed the presence of GBM-PNC. Gene detection analysis revealed no mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 and IDH2, and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (NTRK1), NTRK2 and NTRK3 genes. GBM-PNC is characterized by a propensity for recurrence and metastasis, with a low 5-year survival rate. The present case report highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and comprehensive characterization of GBM-PNC to guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Naiying Sun
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Gao
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Xingjie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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Mallick S, Benson R, Venkatesulu B, Melgandi W, Rath GK. Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Analysis of Uncommon Variants of Glioblastoma: An Analysis of 196 Cases. Neurol India 2022; 70:2086-2092. [PMID: 36352613 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.359222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Different variant of GBM has been reported viz. Epithelioid Glioblastoma (GBM-E), Rhabdoid GBM (GBM-R), Small cell GBM (GBM-SC), Giant cell GBM (GBM-GC), GBM with neuro ectodermal differentiation (GBM-PNET) with unknown behavior. MATERIALS We conducted a systematic review and individual patient data analysis of these rare GBM variants. We searched PubMed, google search, and Cochrane library for eligible studies till July 1st 2016 published in English language and collected data regarding age, sex, subtype and treatment received, Progression Free Survival (PFS), Overall Survival (OS). Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) v16 software was used for all statistical analysis. RESULTS We retrieved data of 196 patients with rare GBM subtypes. Among these GBM-GC is commonest (51%), followed by GBM-R (19%), GBM-PNET (13%), GBM-SC (9%) and GBM-E (8%). Median age at diagnosis was 38, 40, 43.5, 69.5 and 18 years, respectively. Male: female ratio was 2:1 for GBM-E, and 1:3 for GBM-SC. Maximal safe resection followed by adjuvant local radiation was used for most of the patients. However, 6 patients with GBM-PNET, 3 each of GBM-E, GBM-SC received adjuvant craniospinal radiation. Out of 88 patients who received chemotherapy, 64 received Temozolomide alone or combination chemotherapy containing Temozolomide. Median PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 9 and 16 months. In univariate analysis, patient with a Gross Total Resection had significantly better PFS and OS compared to those with a Sub Total Resection [23 vs. 13 months (p-0.01)]. Median OS for GBM PNET, GBM-GC, GBM-SC, GBM-R and GBM-E were 32, 18.3, 11, 12 and 7.7 months, respectively (P = 0.001). Interestingly, 31.3%, 37.8% of patients with GBM-E, GBM-R had CSF dissemination. CONCLUSION Overall cohort of rarer GBM variant has equivalent survival compared to GBM not otherwise specified. However, epithelioid and Rhabdoid GBM has worst survival and one third shows CSF dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Mallick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rony Benson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Wineeta Melgandi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Goura K Rath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Arsene DE, Milanesi E, Dobre M. Viral oncogenesis in tumours of the central nervous system: reality or random association? A retrospective study on archived material. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1413-1420. [PMID: 35112466 PMCID: PMC8899179 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumours have devastating effects and are recurrent, with dismal prognosis (gliomas) or life‐threatening by the compression effect (meningiomas). This disease's aetiology remains debatable. Over the last decade, the hypothesis that human viruses may be implicated in these tumours has been proposed. In this study, our aim is to examine the presence of 11 viruses in the most frequent CNS primary tumours. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we assessed the viral presence in archived, paraffin‐embedded tumour tissues from 114 patients with glioma and meningioma and in the brain tissue from 40 controls lacking tumour pathology. We focused on candidate neuro‐oncogenic types (herpesviridae and polyomaviruses) and on human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV presence, for which involvement in these tumours was hardly investigated, was found to be associated with both tumour categories compared with controls (glioma, p = 0.032; meningioma, p = 0.032), whereas the presence of the neuro‐oncogenic viruses was found in a negligible number of both categories, suggesting a lack of association with the tumour presence. Moreover, our study reveals a positive correlation between HPV presence and glioma malignancy, and a negative correlation with meningioma grading. Our results suggest that the presence of HPV seems to be significantly associated with primary tumours of the CNS and its meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorel Eugen Arsene
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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Poyuran R, Chandrasekharan K, Easwer HV, Narasimhaiah D. Glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component: An immunohistochemical study and review of literature. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 93:130-136. [PMID: 34656236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component, a rare neoplasm, is recognized as a distinct histological pattern of glioblastoma. In this study we report the morphological and immunohistochemical features of three cases of glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component diagnosed at the Institute along with a comprehensive literature review. The cases include: (1) 11-year-old girl with right fronto-parietal lesion, (2) 48-year-old male with right parietal lesion, and (3) 36-year-old male with left fronto-parietal lesion. Case 1 had prior history of glioblastoma. All the cases had classic morphology of glioblastoma along with GFAP-negative and synaptophysin-positive primitive neuronal component. The latter was poorly demarcated from the glial component in case 1, while well-defined in the remaining two. All the three cases exhibited diffuse p53 positivity and a higher MIB-1 labelling index in the neuronal component compared to the glial component. One of them (case 3) was IDH1 R132H-mutant with loss of ATRX expression. None were positive for K27M-mutant H3 or G34R-mutant H3.3. Literature review of 50 published cases of glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component was performed. The age of onset ranged from 3 months to 82 years (mean: 50 years) with M:F of 1.5:1. 18.8% of tumors were IDH-mutant, 87.5% were p53 positive and three cases showed H3F3A gene mutations. There was a greater propensity for neuraxial dissemination, noted in 20% of cases. Overall survival of glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component was similar to that of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (13 months) which was significantly shorter compared to the overall survival of IDH-mutant glioblastoma (33.6 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Poyuran
- Department of Pathology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
| | - Kesavadas Chandrasekharan
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Intervention Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
| | - H V Easwer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
| | - Deepti Narasimhaiah
- Department of Pathology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
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Zheng HC, E Y, Cui ZG, Zhao S, Zhang Y. The Oncogenic Roles of JC Virus T Antigen in Breast Carcinogenesis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:687444. [PMID: 34476239 PMCID: PMC8406522 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.687444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: JC virus (JCV) infects 80–90% of the population and results in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy upon immunodeficiency. The study aimed to pathologically clarify the oncogenic roles of T antigen in human breast cancers. Methods: Breast cancer, dysplasia, and normal tissues were examined for T antigen of JCV by nested and real-time PCR. The positive rate or copy number of T antigen was compared with clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer. JCV existence was morphologically detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ PCR. T antigen was examined by Western blot using frozen samples of breast cancer and paired normal tissues. Results: According to nested PCR, the positive rate of breast ductal or lobular carcinoma was lower than that of normal tissue (p < 0.05). T antigen existence was negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression and triple-negative breast cancer (p < 0.05), but positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and estrogen receptor and progestogen receptor expression (p < 0.05). Quantitative PCR showed that JCV copies were gradually decreased from normal, dysplasia to cancer tissues (p < 0.05). JCV T antigen copy number was lower in ductal adenocarcinoma than in normal tissue (p < 0.05), in line with in situ PCR and immunohistochemistry. JCV copies were negatively correlated with tumor size and E-cadherin expression (p < 0.05), but positively correlated with G grading of breast cancer (p < 0.05). Western blot also indicated weaker T antigen expression in breast cancer than normal tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusion: JCV T antigen might play an important role in breast carcinogenesis. It can be employed as a molecular marker for the differentiation and aggressive behaviors of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Ying E
- Department of Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
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Li YJ, Wu HH, Chen CH, Wang HH, Chiang YJ, Hsu HH, Pang ST, Wang RYL, Tian YC. High Incidence and Early Onset of Urinary Tract Cancers in Patients with BK Polyomavirus Associated Nephropathy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030476. [PMID: 33799453 PMCID: PMC8001968 DOI: 10.3390/v13030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients are susceptible to malignancies and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN). This study aimed to verify the association between BKPyV infection and urinary tract cancers (UTC). A total of 244 kidney transplant recipients were enrolled at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from June 2000 to February 2020. Biopsy-proven BKPyVAN patients (n = 17) had worse kidney function (eGFR: 26 ± 13.7 vs. 47.8 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m2). The 5-year allograft survival rates for patients with and without BKPyVAN were 67% and 93%, respectively (p = 0.0002), while the 10-year patient survival was not different between the two groups. BKPyVAN patients had a significantly higher incidence of UTC compared to the non-BKPyVAN group (29.4% vs. 6.6%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the UTC-free survival rate was significantly lower in BKPyVAN patients, and the onset of UTC was significantly shorter in BKPyVAN patients (53.4 vs. 108.9 months). The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age (RR = 1.062) and BKVAN (RR = 6.459) were the most significant risk factors for the development of UTC. Our study demonstrates that BKPyVAN patients have greater allograft losses, higher incidence, a lower cancer-free survival rate, and an earlier onset with a higher relative risk of developing UTC compared to non-BKPyVAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Li
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (H.-H.W.); (H.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-H.W.); (S.-T.P.)
| | - Hsin-Hsu Wu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (H.-H.W.); (H.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-H.W.); (S.-T.P.)
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
| | - Hsu-Han Wang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-H.W.); (S.-T.P.)
- Department of Urology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yang-Jen Chiang
- Department of Urology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (H.-H.W.); (H.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-H.W.); (S.-T.P.)
| | - See-Tong Pang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-H.W.); (S.-T.P.)
- Department of Urology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Robert Y. L. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (H.-H.W.); (H.-H.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-H.W.); (S.-T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-328-1200 (ext. 8181); Fax: +886-328-2173
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Del Valle L, Khalili K. Induction of Brain Tumors by the Archetype Strain of Human Neurotropic JCPyV in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020162. [PMID: 33499370 PMCID: PMC7911272 DOI: 10.3390/v13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JC Virus (JCPyV), a member of the Polyomaviridiæ family, is a human neurotropic virus with world-wide distribution. JCPyV is the established opportunistic infectious agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal demyelinating disease, which results from the cytolytic infection of oligodendrocytes. Mutations in the regulatory region of JCPyV determine the different viral strains. Mad-1 the strain associated with PML contains two 98 base pair repeats, whereas the archetype strain (CY), which is the transmissible form of JCPyV, contains only one 98 tandem with two insertions of 62 and 23 base pairs respectively. The oncogenicity of JCPyV has been suspected since direct inoculation into the brain of rodents and primates resulted in the development of brain tumors and has been attributed to the viral protein, T-Antigen. To further understand the oncogenicity of JCPyV, a transgenic mouse colony containing the early region of the archetype strain (CY), under the regulation of its own promoter was generated. These transgenic animals developed tumors of neural crest origin, including: primitive neuroectodermal tumors, medulloblastomas, adrenal neuroblastomas, pituitary tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and glioblastomas. Neoplastic cells from all different phenotypes express T-Antigen. The close parallels between the tumors developed by these transgenic animals and human CNS tumors make this animal model an excellent tool for the study of viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (L.D.V.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence: (L.D.V.); (K.K.)
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Ahye N, Bellizzi A, May D, Wollebo HS. The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176236. [PMID: 32872288 PMCID: PMC7503523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family Polyomaviridae and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus’s role in brain tumor formation.
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Del Valle L, Piña-Oviedo S. Human Polyomavirus JCPyV and Its Role in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Oncogenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:711. [PMID: 31440465 PMCID: PMC6694743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic virus JCPyV, a member of the Polyomaviridiae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal disease seen in severe immunosuppressive conditions and, during the last decade, in patients undergoing immunotherapy. JCPyV is a ubiquitous pathogen with up to 85% of the adult population word-wide exhibiting antibodies against it. Early experiments demonstrated that direct inoculation of JCPyV into the brain of different species resulted in the development of brain tumors and other neuroectodermal-derived neoplasias. Later, several reports showed the detection of viral sequences in medulloblastomas and glial tumors, as well as expression of the viral protein T-Antigen. Few oncogenic viruses, however, have caused so much controversy regarding their role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors, but the discovery of new Polyomaviruses that cause Merkel cell carcinomas in humans and brain tumors in racoons, in addition to the role of JCPyV in colon cancer and multiple mechanistic studies have shed much needed light on the role of JCPyV in cancer. The pathways affected by the viral protein T-Antigen include cell cycle regulators, like p53 and pRb, and transcription factors that activate pro-proliferative genes, like c-Myc. In addition, infection with JCPyV causes chromosomal damage and T-Antigen inhibits homologous recombination, and activates anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Survivin. Here we review the different aspects of the biology and physiopathology of JCPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Tamai S, Kinoshita M, Sabit H, Furuta T, Miyashita K, Yoshimura K, Homma T, Harada K, Nakada M. Case of metastatic glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component to the lung. Neuropathology 2019; 39:218-223. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tamai
- Department of NeurosurgeryKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | | | - Hemragul Sabit
- Department of NeurosurgeryKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of PathologyKurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | | | - Kaori Yoshimura
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyKanazawa University Hospital Kanazawa Japan
| | - Taku Homma
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyNihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human PathologyKanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine Kanazawa Japan
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Strojnik T, Duh D, Lah TT. Prevalence of Neurotropic Viruses in Malignant Glioma and Their Onco-Modulatory Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:221-229. [PMID: 28358704 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the association between infectious agents and tumour aetiology is relevant in about 20% of cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS We tested high-grade glioma tissues from 45 patients for the presence of viral nucleic acids of six herpes viruses, human adenoviruses (A-G), and two neurotropic human viruses (enteroviruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used with immunolabelling. RESULTS Three species of herpes viruses were detected: HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HHV-6, and one human enterovirus. Plasma of these patients was not infected with viruses. In sera of patients, low HSV-1 and HSV-2 immunoreactivity were found in five cases, although these were not detected in their tumour tissue. CONCLUSION Certain common viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, human cytomegalovirus) are chronically present in the sera of patients with glioblastoma, but not necessarily in their tissues. Possibly both are associated with glioma progression, as we only found viruses in glioblastoma multiforme, but not in lower stages of glioma. Low titres of viruses in the blood indicate chronic viral virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Strojnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Darja Duh
- Department for Medical Microbiology Maribor, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food (NLZOH), Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Delbue S, Comar M, Ferrante P. Review on the role of the human Polyomavirus JC in the development of tumors. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28174598 PMCID: PMC5292005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one fifth of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, either bacteria or viruses, and this makes the possible association between infections and tumors a relevant research issue. We focused our attention on the human Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), that is a small, naked DNA virus, belonging to the Polyomaviridae family. It is the recognized etiological agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease, occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. JCPyV is able to induce cell transformation in vitro when infecting non-permissive cells, that do not support viral replication and JCPyV inoculation into small animal models and non human primates drives to tumor formation. The molecular mechanisms involved in JCPyV oncogenesis have been extensively studied: the main oncogenic viral protein is the large tumor antigen (T-Ag), that is able to bind, among other cellular factors, both Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p53 and to dysregulate the cell cycle, but also the early proteins small tumor antigen (t-Ag) and Agnoprotein appear to cooperate in the process of cell transformation. Consequently, it is not surprising that JCPyV genomic sequences and protein expression have been detected in Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors and colon cancer and an association between this virus and several brain and non CNS-tumors has been proposed. However, the significances of these findings are under debate because there is still insufficient evidence of a casual association between JCPyV and solid cancer development. In this paper we summarized and critically analyzed the published literature, in order to describe the current knowledge on the possible role of JCPyV in the development of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive of the gliomas, a collection of tumors arising from glia in the central nervous system. Possible associations between the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the JC virus with GBM are now attracting interest. Our present aim was to investigate the prevalence of the two viruses in Iranian patients from Kerman’s cities in the south of Iran. In addition, the expression rates of pp65, large T antigen and p53 proteins were assessed and their relation with GBM evaluated using reverse transcription real time PCR (rReal Time PCR). A total of 199 patients with GBM cancer were enrolled, with mean±SD ages of 50.0±19.5 and 50.7±19.6 years for males and females, respectively. The P53 rate was dramatically low suggesting an aetiological role,. Large T antigen expression was found in JC positive samples, while the PP65 antigen was observed in patients positive for CMV and JC. HCMV products and JC virus with oncogenic potential may induce the development of various tumors including glioblastomas. The JC virus produces an early gene product, T-antigen, which has the ability to associate with and functionally inactivate well-studied tumor suppressor proteins including p53 and pRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Malekpour Afshar
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Eftimov T, Enchev Y, Tsekov I, Simeonov P, Kalvatchev Z, Encheva E. JC polyomavirus in the aetiology and pathophysiology of glial tumours. Neurosurg Rev 2015; 39:47-53. [PMID: 26560882 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-015-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial brain tumours with their poor prognosis, limited treatment modalities and unclear detailed pathophysiology represent a significant health concern. The purpose of the current study was to investigate and describe the possible role of the human polyomavirus JC as an underlying cancerogenic or co-cancerogenic factor in the complex processes of glial tumour induction and development. Samples from 101 patients with glial tumours were obtained during neurosurgical tumour resection. Small tissue pieces were taken from several areas of the histologically verified solid tumour core. Biopsies were used for DNA extraction and subsequent amplification reactions of sequences from the JC viral genome. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for detection and quantification of its non-coding control region (NCCR) and gene encoding the regulatory protein Large T antigen (LT). An average of 37.6% of all patients was found to be LT positive, whereas only 6.9% tested positive for NCCR. The analysis of the results demonstrated significant variance between the determined LT prevalence and the rate for NCCR, with a low starting copy number in all positive samples and threshold cycles in the range of 36 to 42 representing viral load in the range from 10 to 1000 copies/μl. The results most probably indicate incomplete JC viral replication. Under such conditions, mutations in the host cell genome may be accumulated due to interference of the virus with the host cell machinery, and eventually malignant transformation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Eftimov
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yavor Enchev
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital "St. Marina", Medical University of Varna, 1 "Hristo Smirnenski" Boulevard, 9010, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Iliya Tsekov
- Center for Diagnosis and Analysis of Viruses and Viral Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Simeonov
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zlatko Kalvatchev
- Center for Diagnosis and Analysis of Viruses and Viral Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elitsa Encheva
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics and Radiotherapy, University Hospital "St. Marina", Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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Hashida Y, Taniguchi A, Yawata T, Hosokawa S, Murakami M, Hiroi M, Ueba T, Daibata M. Prevalence of human cytomegalovirus, polyomaviruses, and oncogenic viruses in glioblastoma among Japanese subjects. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:3. [PMID: 25685179 PMCID: PMC4328287 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is becoming a new concept. However, information on the geographic variability of HCMV prevalence in GBM remains scarce. Moreover, the potential roles of various viruses, such as polyomaviruses and oncogenic viruses, in gliomagenesis remain unclear. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of HCMV in GBM among Japanese patients. Furthermore, this was the first study that evaluated infection with four new human polyomaviruses in GBMs. This study also provided the first data on the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in GBM in the Eastern world. Methods We measured the number of various viral genomes in GBM samples from 39 Japanese patients using real-time quantitative PCR. The tested viruses included HCMV, Merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomavirus (HPyV) 6, HPyV7, HPyV9, Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 8, and HPV. Our quantitative PCR analysis led to the detection of eight copies of the HCMV DNA mixed with DNA extracted from 104 HCMV-negative cells. The presence of HCMV and HPV genomes was also assessed by nested PCR. Immunohistochemical study was also carried out to detect HPV-derived protein in GBM tissues. Results The viral DNAs were not detectable, with the exception of HPV, which was present in eight out of 39 (21%) GBMs. All HPV-positive cases harbored high-risk-type HPV (HPV16 and HPV18). Moreover, the HPV major capsid protein was detected in GBM tumor cells. Conclusions In contrast with previous reports from Caucasian patients, we did not obtain direct evidence in support of the association between HCMV and GBM. However, high-risk-type HPV infection may play a potential etiological role in gliomagenesis in a subset of patients. These findings should prompt further worldwide epidemiological studies aimed at defining the pathogenicity of virus-associated GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Ayuko Taniguchi
- Division of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Toshio Yawata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Sena Hosokawa
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Masanao Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Makoto Hiroi
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ueba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
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Bhimrao SK, Maguire J, Garnis C, Tang P, Lea J, Akagami R, Westerberg BD. Lack of Association between Human Herpesvirus and Vestibular Schwannoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152:513-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599814563517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess for the presence of human herpesvirus (HHV) using immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in surgically excised vestibular schwannoma (VS) samples. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting A retrospective laboratory-based study of tumors from patients with vestibular schwannoma. Subjects and Methods Tissue microarrays (TMAs) representing sporadic and NF2-associated VS from 121 patients, as well as appropriate positive and negative controls, were studied. TMA sections were immunostained using antibodies directed against HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3, HHV-4, HHV-5, and HHV-8. PCR was used for the detection of all 8 known human herpesviruses. Results There was no detectable HHV (HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3, HHV-4, HHV-5, HHV-8) by immunohistochemistry in any of the 121 cases of sporadic and NF2 cases analyzed. These data were further validated by DNA sequence analyses using PCR in a subset of the VS samples, all of which were found to be negative for all HHV. Conclusions The data offer no support for an association between HHV and the development of sporadic or NF2-associated VS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv K. Bhimrao
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John Maguire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jane Lea
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ryojo Akagami
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian D. Westerberg
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is likely induced by stress, and postmenopausal women account for the majority of patients. Several questions about takotsubo cardiomyopathy remain unanswered, including why it is induced by stress, what differentiates the stress that induces this disease from other types of stress that do not induce it, why women are more likely to develop this disease, why the apical part of the heart is affected, and how it is different from the subtype in which the base and middle parts are affected. Although takotsubo cardiomyopathy is uncommon, clinicians should be aware that this disease can develop in wider areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Aizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Beltrami S, Gordon J. Immune surveillance and response to JC virus infection and PML. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:137-49. [PMID: 24297501 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the established etiological agent of the debilitating and often fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Most healthy individuals have been infected with JCV and generate an immune response to the virus, yet remain persistently infected at subclinical levels. The onset of PML is rare in the general population, but has become an increasing concern in immunocompromised patients, where reactivation of JCV leads to uncontrolled replication in the CNS. Understanding viral persistence and the normal immune response to JCV provides insight into the circumstances which could lead to viral resurgence. Further, clues on the potential mechanisms of reactivation may be gleaned from the crosstalk among JCV and HIV-1, as well as the impact of monoclonal antibody therapies used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, on the development of PML. In this review, we will discuss what is known about viral persistence and the immune response to JCV replication in immunocompromised individuals to elucidate the deficiencies in viral containment that permit viral reactivation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beltrami
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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Giannitti F, Higgins RJ, Pesavento PA, Cruz FD, Clifford DL, Piazza M, Struckhoff AP, Valle LD, Bollen AW, Puschner B, Kerr E, Gelberg H, Mete A, McGraw S, Woods LW. Temporal and Geographic Clustering of Polyomavirus-Associated Olfactory Tumors in 10 Free-Ranging Raccoons (Procyon lotor). Vet Pathol 2013; 51:832-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reports of primary nervous system tumors in wild raccoons are extremely rare. Olfactory tumors were diagnosed postmortem in 9 free-ranging raccoons from 4 contiguous counties in California and 1 raccoon from Oregon within a 26-month period between 2010 and 2012. We describe the geographic and temporal features of these 10 cases, including the laboratory diagnostic investigations and the neuropathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of these tumors in the affected animals. All 9 raccoons from California were found within a localized geographic region of the San Francisco Bay Area (within a 44.13-km radius). The tight temporal and geographic clustering and consistent anatomic location in the olfactory system of tumor types not previously described in raccoons (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and undifferentiated sarcomas) strongly suggest either a common cause or a precipitating factor leading to induction or potentiation of neuro-oncogenesis and so prompted an extensive diagnostic investigation to explore possible oncogenic infectious and/or toxic causes. By a consensus polymerase chain reaction strategy, a novel, recently reported polyomavirus called raccoon polyomavirus was identified in all 10 tumors but not in the normal brain tissue from the affected animals, suggesting that the virus might play a role in neuro-oncogenesis. In addition, expression of the viral protein T antigen was detected in all tumors containing the viral sequences. We discuss the potential role of raccoon polyomavirus as an oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R. J. Higgins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P. A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F. Dela Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D. L. Clifford
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | | | - A. Parker Struckhoff
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L. Del Valle
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A. W. Bollen
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B. Puschner
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E. Kerr
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensic Centre, DNA Building, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - H. Gelberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - A. Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S. McGraw
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L. W. Woods
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Brassesco MS, Darrigo LG Jr, Valera ET, Oliveira RS, Yamamoto YA, de Castro Barros MV, Tone LG. Giant-cell glioblastoma of childhood associated with HIV-1 and JC virus coinfection. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:1387-90. [PMID: 23702739 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE John Cunningham (JC) viral DNA sequence has seldom been reported in patients with brain tumors such as high grade gliomas and medulloblastomas, pointing to a role in the etiopathogenesis of such tumors. RESULTS We present a unique clinical case of an HIV-positive pediatric patient with multifocal leukoencephalopathy and confirmed JC virus (JCV) infection that developed a giant-cell glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Experimental data with infected primates has previously hypothesized an association of human giant-cell glioblastoma with JCV or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, though such association has not been documented in the literature for humans. Future studies with larger cohorts and molecular pathological analyses are still needed to corroborate the role of the widely spread human neurotropic virus in early transformation and in the development of brain tumors with different histology in the setting of HIV-related severe immunosuppression.
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Crough T, Beagley L, Smith C, Jones L, Walker DG, Khanna R. Ex vivo functional analysis, expansion and adoptive transfer of cytomegalovirus-specific T-cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Immunol Cell Biol. 2012;90:872-880. [PMID: 22508289 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has raised the possibility of exploiting CMV-specific T-cell immunotherapy to control this disease in CMV--seropositive patients. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive ex vivo profiling of CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in a cohort of GBM patients. Of the patients analyzed, approximately half exhibited serological evidence of past infection with CMV. Although no CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses could be detected in the serologically negative GBM patients, virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were detected in all seropositive GBM patients. Using major histocompatibility complex-peptide multimers, the frequency of CMV-specific T-cells in the patients detected ranged from 0.1 to 22% of CD8(+) T-cells and a high proportion of these cells were positive for the human natural killer-1 glycoprotein CD57. Furthermore, ex vivo polychromatic functional analysis of the CMV-specific T-cells from GBM patients revealed that large proportions of these cells were unable to produce multiple cytokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ) and displayed limited cytolytic function (CD107a mobilization) following stimulation with CMV peptide epitopes. However, in vitro stimulation with CMV peptide epitopes in the presence of γC cytokine dramatically reversed the polyfunctional profile of these antigen-specific T-cells with high levels of MIP-1β, TNFα, IFNγ and CD107a mobilization. Most importantly, adoptive transfer of these in vitro-expanded T-cells in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) therapy into a patient with recurrent GBM was coincident with a long-term disease-free survival. These studies provide an important platform for a formal assessment of combination therapies based on CMV-specific T-cells and TMZ for recurrent GBM.
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Niller HH, Wolf H, Minarovits J. Viral hit and run-oncogenesis: genetic and epigenetic scenarios. Cancer Lett 2010; 305:200-17. [PMID: 20813452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that viral genomes either inserted into the cellular DNA or co-replicating with it in episomal form can be lost from neoplastic cells. Therefore, "hit and run"-mechanisms have been a topic of longstanding interest in tumor virology. The basic idea is that the transient acquisition of a complete or incomplete viral genome may be sufficient to induce malignant conversion of host cells in vivo, resulting in neoplastic development. After eliciting a heritable change in the gene expression pattern of the host cell (initiation), the genomes of tumor viruses may be completely lost, i.e. in a hit and run-scenario they are not necessary for the maintenance of the malignant state. The expression of viral oncoproteins and RNAs may interfere not only with regulators of cell proliferation, but also with DNA repair mechanisms. DNA recombinogenic activities induced by tumor viruses or activated by other mechanisms may contribute to the secondary loss of viral genomes from neoplastic cells. Viral oncoproteins can also cause epigenetic dysregulation, thereby reprogramming cellular gene expression in a heritable manner. Thus, we expect that epigenetic scenarios of viral hit and run-tumorigenesis may facilitate new, innovative experiments and clinical studies in spite of the fact that the regular presence of a suspected human tumor virus in an early phase of neoplastic development and its subsequent regular loss have not been demonstrated yet. We propose that virus-specific "epigenetic signatures", i.e. alterations of the host cell epigenome, especially altered DNA methylation patterns, may help to identify viral hit and run-oncogenic events, even after the complete loss of tumor viruses from neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene of the University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Over 50 years of polyomavirus research has produced a wealth of insights into not only general biologic processes in mammalian cells, but also, how conditions can be altered and signaling systems tweaked to produce transformation phenotypes. In the past few years three new members (KIV, WUV, and MCV) have joined two previously known (JCV and BKV) human polyomaviruses. In this review, we present updated information on general virologic features of these polyomaviruses in their natural host, concentrating on the association of MCV with human Merkel cell carcinoma. We further present a discussion on advances made in SV40 as the prototypic model, which has and will continue to inform our understanding about viruses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Gjoerup
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Saddawi-Konefka R, Crawford JR. Chronic viral infection and primary central nervous system malignancy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:387-403. [PMID: 20387126 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. While some of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of neuro-oncogenesis are known, much less is known about possible epigenetic contributions to disease pathophysiology. Over the last several decades, chronic viral infections have been associated with a number of human malignancies. In primary CNS malignancies, two families of viruses, namely polyomavirus and herpesvirus, have been detected with varied frequencies in a number of pediatric and adult histological tumor subtypes. However, establishing a link between chronic viral infection and primary CNS malignancy has been an area of considerable controversy, due in part to variations in detection frequencies and methodologies used among researchers. Since a latent viral neurotropism can be seen with a variety of viruses and a widespread seropositivity exists among the population, it has been difficult to establish an association between viral infection and CNS malignancy based on epidemiology alone. While direct evidence of a role of viruses in neuro-oncogenesis in humans is lacking, a more plausible hypothesis of neuro-oncomodulation has been proposed. The overall goals of this review are to summarize the many human investigations that have studied viral infection in primary CNS tumors, discuss potential neuro-oncomodulatory mechanisms of viral-associated CNS disease and propose future research directions to establish a more firm association between chronic viral infections and primary CNS malignancies.
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Maginnis MS, Atwood WJ. JC virus: an oncogenic virus in animals and humans? Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:261-9. [PMID: 19505654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus of the Polyomaviridae family, which also includes BK virus and simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). JC virus was first isolated in 1971 from the brain of a patient with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Like other polyomaviruses, JCV has a restricted host range. The virus infects the majority of the human population with seroconversion occurring during adolescence. JCV has a limited and specific tissue tropism infecting the kidney and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Initial JCV infection is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts, and it establishes a persistent infection in the kidney and possibly bone marrow. In immunocompromised individuals JCV can cause a lytic infection in the CNS and lead to development of the fatal, demyelinating disease PML. The name polyoma is derived from the Greek terms: poly, meaning many, and oma, meaning tumors, owing to the capacity of this group of viruses to cause tumors. JCV inoculation of small animal models and non-human primates, which are not permissive to a productive JCV infection, leads to tumor formation. Given the ubiquitous nature of the virus and its strong association with cancer in animal models, it is hypothesized that JCV plays a role in human cancers. However, the role for JCV in human cancers and tumor formation is not clear. Some researchers have reported an association of JCV with human cancers including brain tumors, colorectal cancers, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, while other groups report no correlation. Here, we review the role of JCV in cancers in animal models and present the findings on JCV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Abstract
The World Health Organization recently updated its classification of central nervous system tumors, adding 8 entities, as well as defining new variants and morphologic patterns of existing entities. Despite the continued refinement of brain tumor histologic classification and grading, there remain some diagnostic "gray zones" that challenge general surgical pathologists and neuropathologists alike. These include the presence of oligodendroglial features in (mixed) oligoastrocytomas and glioblastomas (GBMs), GBM variants (such as small cell GBM), meningioma classification and grading, medulloblastoma variants, ependymoma grading, the presence of "neuronal features" in otherwise morphologically classic gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with high Ki-67 labeling indices. In the current review, we discuss these issues and offer some practical guidelines for dealing with problematic cases.
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Abstract
The human polyomavirus JC (JCV) is a small DNA tumor virus and the etiologic agent of the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, active JCV replication causes the lytic destruction of oligodendrocytes. The normal immune system prevents JCV replication and suppresses the virus into a state of latency so that expression of viral proteins cannot be detected. In a cellular context that is nonpermissive for viral replication, JCV can affect oncogenic transformation. For example, JCV is highly tumorigenic when inoculated into experimental animals, including rodents and monkeys. In these animal tumors, there is expression of early T-antigen but not of late capsid proteins, nor is there viral replication. Moreover, mice transgenic for JCV T-antigen alone develop tumors of neural tube origin. Detection of JCV genomic sequences and expression of viral T-antigen and agnoprotein suggest a possible association of this virus with a variety of human brain and non-CNS tumors. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in JCV oncogenesis, briefly review studies that do and do not support a causative role for this virus in human CNS tumors, and identify key issues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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Scheurer ME, Bondy ML, Aldape KD, Albrecht T, El-Zein R. Detection of human cytomegalovirus in different histological types of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:79-86. [PMID: 18351367 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and glioblastoma has been a source of debate in recent years because of conflicting laboratory reports concerning the presence of the virus in glioma tissue. HCMV is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that exhibits tropism for glial cells and has been shown to transform cells in vitro. Using sensitive immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods in 50 glioma samples, we detected HCMV antigen and DNA in 21/21 cases of glioblastoma, 9/12 cases of anaplastic gliomas and 14/17 cases of low-grade gliomas. Reactivity against the HCMV IE1 antigen (72 kDa) exhibited histology-specific patterns with more nuclear staining for anaplastic and low-grade gliomas, while GBMs showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining that likely occurs with latent infection. Using IHC, the number of HCMV-positive cells in GBMs was 79% compared to 48% in lower grade tumors. Non-tumor areas of the tissue contained only four and 1% of HCMV-positive cells for GBMs and lower grade tumors, respectively. Hybridization to HCMV DNA in infected cells corresponded to patterns of immunoreactivity. Our findings support previous reports of the presence of HCMV infection in glioma tissues and advocate optimization of laboratory methods for the detection of active HCMV infections. This will allow for detection of low-level latent infections that may play an important role in the initiation and/or promotion of malignant gliomas.
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Yamate J, Ogata K, Yuasa T, Kuwamura M, Takenaka S, Kumagai D, Itoh K, Lamarre J. Adipogenic, osteogenic and myofibrogenic differentiations of a rat malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)-derived cell line, and a relationship of MFH cells with embryonal mesenchymal, perivascular and bone marrow stem cells. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:2747-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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