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Zhao W, Ren G, Mao J, Huang H, Lu G, Liang S. Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium bat genotype XXI and bat genotype XXII in fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaultii) inhabiting a tropical park in Hainan Province, China. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107186. [PMID: 38513912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Bats stand as one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom and are key players in the global transmission of emerging pathogens. However, their role in transmitting Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and genetic diversity of the two pathogens in fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaultii) in Hainan, China. Ten fresh fecal specimens of fruit bats were collected from Wanlvyuan Gardens, Haikou, China. The fecal samples were tested for E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and partial small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, respectively. Genetic heterogeneity across Cryptosporidium spp. isolates was assessed by sequencing 4 microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS16). The findings showed that out of the ten specimens analyzed, 2 (20 %) and seven (70.0 %) were tested positive for E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of two novel Cryptosporidium genotypes with 94.4 to 98.6 % sequence similarity to C. andersoni, named as Cryptosporidium bat-genotype-XXI and bat-genotype-XXII. Three novel sequences of MS1, MS2 and MS16 loci identified here had 95.4 to 96.9 % similarity to the known sequences, which were deposited in the GenBank. Two genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, including a novel genotype named HNB-I and a zoonotic genotype PigEbITS7. The discovery of these novel sequences provides meaningful data for epidemiological studies of the both pathogens. Meanwhile our results are also presented that the fruit bats infected with E. bieneusi, but not with Cryptosporidium, should be considered potential public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Guangxu Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jialiang Mao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Shaohui Liang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Dhivahar J, Parthasarathy A, Krishnan K, Kovi BS, Pandian GN. Bat-associated microbes: Opportunities and perils, an overview. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22351. [PMID: 38125540 PMCID: PMC10730444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential biotechnological uses of bat-associated bacteria are discussed briefly, indicating avenues for biotechnological applications of bat-associated microbes. The uniqueness of bats in terms of their lifestyle, genomes and molecular immunology may predispose bats to act as disease reservoirs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown several instances of bats harbouring the ancestral lineages of bacterial (Bartonella), protozoal (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi) and viral (SARS-CoV2) pathogens infecting humans. Along with the transmission of viruses from bats, we also discuss the potential roles of bat-associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in emerging diseases. Current evidence suggests that environmental changes and interactions between wildlife, livestock, and humans contribute to the spill-over of infectious agents from bats to other hosts. Domestic animals including livestock may act as intermediate amplifying hosts for bat-origin pathogens to transmit to humans. An increasing number of studies investigating bat pathogen diversity and infection dynamics have been published. However, whether or how these infectious agents are transmitted both within bat populations and to other hosts, including humans, often remains unknown. Metagenomic approaches are uncovering the dynamics and distribution of potential pathogens in bat microbiomes, which might improve the understanding of disease emergence and transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bat zoonoses of public health concern and flag the gaps in the knowledge to enable further research and allocation of resources for tackling future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dhivahar
- Research Department of Zoology, St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Building, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Basavaraj S. Kovi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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Barbosa AD, Egan S, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. How significant are bats as potential carriers of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia? Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100155. [PMID: 38149267 PMCID: PMC10750029 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Bats are known to harbour various pathogens and are increasingly recognised as potential reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. This paper reviews the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in bats. The risk of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from bats to humans appears low, with bat-specific Cryptosporidium genotypes accounting for 91.5% of Cryptosporidium-positive samples genotyped from bats worldwide, and C. parvum and C. hominis accounting for 3.4% each of typed positives, respectively. To date, there have only been sporadic detections of Giardia in bats, with no genetic characterisation of the parasite to species or assemblage level. Therefore, the role bats play as reservoirs of zoonotic Giardia spp. is unknown. To mitigate potential risks of zoonotic transmission and their public health implications, comprehensive research on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in bats is imperative. Future studies should encompass additional locations across the globe and a broader spectrum of bat species, with a focus on those adapted to urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Silva-Ramos CR, Noriega J, Fajardo RF, Chala-Quintero SM, Del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín A, Pérez-Torres J, Castañeda-Salazar R, Cuervo C. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. Isolates from Bats in Colombia. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:676-682. [PMID: 37531008 PMCID: PMC10462512 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium spp., frequently found in several animal species, including bats. Several Cryptosporidium genotypes have been described in bats worldwide, suggesting that bats are infected by host-specific Cryptosporidium spp. To date, there are no published reports about Cryptosporidium spp. in bats from Colombia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence and molecular diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Colombian bats. METHODS A total of 63 gut samples from three bat species served for molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. 18S rDNA gene by qPCR. The sequenced amplicons were used in subsequent phylogenetic analyses to identify them as species or genotypes. RESULTS Cryptosporidium spp. qPCR detection occurred in 9.5% (6/63) of bat intestines, and four sequences represented two new genotypes, called Cryptosporidium bat genotypes XIX and XX, were identified. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the detection of two novel Cryptosporidium bat genotypes, in two species of bats from a region of Colombia, requiring further studies to determine the relationhip between Cryptosporidium and bats in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Noriega
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael F Fajardo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra M Chala-Quintero
- Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo Pérez-Torres
- Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rubiela Castañeda-Salazar
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Cuervo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Ryan UM, Feng Y, Fayer R, Xiao L. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia - a 50 year perspective (1971-2021). Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1099-1119. [PMID: 34715087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia are significant causes of diarrhoea worldwide and are responsible for numerous waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of diseases. Over the last 50 years, the development of improved detection and typing tools has facilitated the expanding range of named species. Currently at least 44 Cryptosporidium spp. and >120 genotypes, and nine Giardia spp., are recognised. Many of these Cryptosporidium genotypes will likely be described as species in the future. The phylogenetic placement of Cryptosporidium at the genus level is still unclear and further research is required to better understand its evolutionary origins. Zoonotic transmission has long been known to play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, and the development and application of next generation sequencing tools is providing evidence for this. Comparative whole genome sequencing is also providing key information on the genetic mechanisms for host specificity and human infectivity, and will enable One Health management of these zoonotic parasites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una M Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ronald Fayer
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Duszynski DW. Biodiversity of the Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Conoidasida) in vertebrates: what we know, what we do not know, and what needs to be done. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33527909 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades my colleagues and I have assembled the literature on a good percentage of most of the coccidians (Conoidasida) known, to date, to parasitise: Amphibia, four major lineages of Reptilia (Amphisbaenia, Chelonia, Crocodylia, Serpentes), and seven major orders in the Mammalia (Carnivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Insectivora, Marsupialia, Primates, Scandentia). These vertebrates, combined, comprise about 15,225 species; only about 899 (5.8%) of them have been surveyed for coccidia and 1,946 apicomplexan valid species names or other forms are recorded in the literature. Based on these compilations and other factors, I extrapolated that there yet may be an additional 31,381 new apicomplexans still to be discovered in just these 12 vertebrate groups. Extending the concept to all of the other extant vertebrates on Earth; i.e. lizards (6,300 spp.), rodents plus 12 minor orders of mammals (3,180 spp.), birds (10,000 spp.), and fishes (33,000 spp.) and, conservatively assuming only two unique apicomplexan species per each vertebrate host species, I extrapolate and extend my prediction that we may eventually find 135,000 new apicomplexans that still need discovery and to be described in and from those vertebrates that have not yet been examined for them! Even doubling that number is a significant underestimation in my opinion.
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Utami WS, Murhandarwati EH, Artama WT, Kusnanto H. Cryptosporidium Infection Increases the Risk for Chronic Diarrhea Among People Living With HIV in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 32:8-18. [PMID: 32037854 PMCID: PMC7750677 DOI: 10.1177/1010539519895422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review research and meta-analysis to reveal the
relationship between the risk of chronic diarrhea and
Cryptosporidium infection in people living with HIV in
Southeast Asia. We performed online peer-reviewed literature research from
January 2005 to December 2017, which included PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest,
EBSCO, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Calculation of size effects in
the meta-analysis was performed by STATA 13.0 software to estimate relative
risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for any associations. Seven
cross-sectional research articles were recruited in this study based on the
inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed a significant
relationship between cryptosporidiosis and the risk of chronic diarrhea in
people living with HIV, with RR = 1.325; 95% CI = 1.157 to 1.517; and
P < .000. Our results suggested that cryptosporidiosis
increases the risk of chronic diarrhea, and low CD4+ lymphocyte cell
counts aggravate the degree of diarrhea. Therefore, clinicians should be more
aware in treating HIV-positive people, especially those with low CD4+
cell counts, and we suggest that Cryptosporidium laboratory
examinations be conducted immediately.
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Batista JMN, de Carvalho C, Pedro WA, Santana BN, Camargo VS, Ferrari ED, Nascimento IG, Meireles MV. Identification of Cryptosporidium bat genotypes XVI-XVIII in bats from Brazil. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2183-2191. [PMID: 31076871 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an emergent zoonotic disease caused by the globally distributed protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. Although several Cryptosporidium studies related to humans and many animal species have been published, there are still limited studies on the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in bats. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and to perform the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in fecal samples from bats in an urban area of the municipality of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA, actin, and HSP-70 genes was performed to screen 141 fecal samples from bats and detected Cryptosporidium spp. in 16.3% (23/141) of the samples. Bidirectional sequencing identified three novel Cryptosporidium bat genotypes (XVI, XVII, and XVIII) and a new genotype (18SH) genetically similar to Cryptosporidium avium in six species of bats. This is the first report on the occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Brazilian bats. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species were not found in fecal samples from bats living in an urban area in the municipality of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Maria N Batista
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner A Pedro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna N Santana
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S Camargo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elis D Ferrari
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela G Nascimento
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Meireles
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, Clóvis Pestana St., 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Li N, Ayinmode AB, Zhang H, Feng Y, Xiao L. Host-adapted Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in straw-colored fruit bats in Nigeria. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 8:19-24. [PMID: 30560054 PMCID: PMC6289945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Few data are available on the distribution and human infective potential of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in bats. In this preliminary study, we collected 109 fecal specimens during April-July 2011 from a colony of straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) in an urban park (Agodi Gardens) of Ibadan, Nigeria, and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and E. bieneusi using PCR targeting the small subunit rRNA gene, triosephosphate isomerase gene, and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, respectively. Genotypes of these enteric parasites were determined by DNA sequencing of the PCR products. Altogether, 6 (5.5%), 0 and 16 (14.7%) specimens were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products indicated the presence of two novel Cryptosporidium genotypes named as bat genotype XIV (in 5 specimens) and bat genotype XV (in 1 specimen) and one known E. bieneusi genotype (Type IV in 1 specimen) and two novel E. bieneusi genotypes (Bat1 in 13 specimens and Bat2 in 2 specimens). In phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, the two novel Cryptosporidium genotypes were genetically related to Bat genotype II previously identified in fruit bats in China and Philippines, whereas the two novel E. bieneusi genotypes were genetically related to Group 5, which contains several known genotypes from primates. With the exception of Type IV, none of the Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi genotypes found in bats in this study are known human pathogens. Thus, straw-colored fruit bats in Nigeria are mainly infected with host-adapted Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Adekunle B. Ayinmode
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Institute of Parasite Disease Prevention and Control, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450016, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
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Abstract
This short review provides an overview regarding the research findings on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in the Philippines. It seeks to set conjecture about its possible role on the increasing waterborne disease incidences in the country. Intensive search of journal articles was done among major databases, online. The first report of Cryptosporidium infection in the country was in 1985. Past more than 30 years, Cryptosporidium is not yet well-understood in the Philippines, but an increasing research interest has been observed among Filipinos in the past few years. Recently, waterborne transmission of the infection appeared in the studies to be more potent than zoonotic and person-to-person transmissions. An improvement on the detection methods was also observed, giving an improved knowledge on the molecular diversity of Cryptosporidium in the country. Despite these improvements, the paucity of the data regarding the impact of Cryptosporidium to the public health in the Philippines is still apparent. One Health approach is recommended to fully understand the interconnections between human, animal, and environment as reservoirs of the infective stage of the parasite. Dedication of the researchers in understanding their geographical distribution, molecular diversity, and environmental and climatic behaviour will eventually uncover the public health implications of Cryptosporidium in the country.
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Santana Lima VF, Rocha PA, Dias Silva MA, Beltrão-Mendes R, Ramos RAN, Giannelli A, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Estrela PC, Alves LC. Survey on helminths and protozoa of free-living Neotropical bats from Northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 185:267-272. [PMID: 29883575 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bats are considered important reservoirs of pathogens of veterinary and medical relevance worldwide. However, despite the increasing attention paid towards the central role of bats in the spreading of some zoonotic infections, studies on their own parasites remain patchy especially in Neotropical regions. Understanding the relationships occurring between bats and their pathogens is a crucial step to determine the implications undermining the ecology and biology of these animals. The present study aims to assess the endoparasitic fauna of Neotropical bats from Northeastern Brazil, with a particular focus on helminths and protozoa. From October 2016 to March 2017, 54 fresh faecal samples were collected in stable shelters inhabited by three different bat species (i.e., Molossus molossus, Myotis lavali and Noctilio albiventris). Samples were analysed using four different techniques (i.e., Centrifugal Sedimentation, Flotation Technique, Spontaneous Sedimentation Technique and FLOTAC®). A total of 96.29% (52/54) samples were positive for at least one gastrointestinal parasite and 11 different families were identified. In particular, 63.6% (7/11) of the families were of helminths and 36.4% (4/11) of protozoa. Helminths were classified into two different classes (Nematoda and Cestoda) and seven families, whereas the four protozoa classes detected (i.e., Coccidia, Gregarinomorphe, Lobosea and Zoomastigophora) into four families. Eggs of Ancylostomatidae and Hymenolepididae were the most abundan. The findings of this present study demonstrate that Neotropical bats from Northeastern Brazil are parasitized by a wide number of parasites, and some of them may have important implications for Public Health.
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Murakoshi F, Koyama K, Akasaka T, Horiuchi N, Kato K. Molecular and histopathological characterization of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria species in bats in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1395-1399. [PMID: 30012934 PMCID: PMC6160890 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are potential reservoirs of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria. The genus Cryptosporidium infects various vertebrates and causes a diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis. Many epidemiological studies in wild animals have been performed; however, most of them relied on only PCR-based detection because of the difficulty of performing pathological analyses. Accordingly, the natural host and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium bat genotypes remain unclear. In this study, we captured Eptesicus nilssonii (Northern bats) in Hokkaido, Japan. Of the three intestinal samples obtained, two were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and one was positive for Eimeria spp. The corresponding microorganisms were also confirmed histopathologically. We detected the novel Cryptosporidium bat genotype XII and Eimeria rioarribaensis in bat intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Murakoshi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kenji Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Akasaka
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Research Center for Global Agro-Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Alvarez JDV, Lit IL, Alviola PA, Cosico EA, Eres EG. A contribution to the ectoparasite fauna of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Mindoro Island, Philippines: I. Blood sucking Diptera (Nycteribiidae, Streblidae) and Siphonaptera (Ischnopsyllidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci 2016; 36:188-194. [PMID: 32218804 PMCID: PMC7091725 DOI: 10.1017/s1742758416000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New data on bat ectoparasites from Mindoro Island, Philippines are reported. Eighty-three individuals of ectoparasitic insects representing seven species of Nyc-teribiidae and fve species of Streblidae (both Diptera), and one species of Ischnopsyllidae (Siphonaptera) were recorded from 11 bat species captured in Naujan Lake National Park, Mindoro Oriental Province, Philippines. Raymondia pagodarum is a new record for the country. Eight species are also newly recorded for Mindoro Island, including Cyclopodia garrula, Leptocyclopodia ferrarii mabuhai, Megastrebla parvior, Brachytarsina amboinensis, B. werneri, R. pagodarum, R. pseudopagodarum and Thaumapsylla longiforceps. Five species are newly documented on various hosts: C. horsfieldi on Pteropus pumilus, M. parvior on Macroglossus minimus, B. amboinensis on Hipposideros diadema, B. werneri on Rhinolophus arcuatus and R. pagodarum on Hipposideros bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. V. Alvarez
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Ireneo L. Lit
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Phillip A. Alviola
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Edison A. Cosico
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Eduardo G. Eres
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
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Schiller SE, Webster KN, Power M. Detection of Cryptosporidium hominis and novel Cryptosporidium bat genotypes in wild and captive Pteropus hosts in Australia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2016; 44:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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