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Akif FA, Mahmoud M, Prasad B, Richter P, Azizullah A, Qasim M, Anees M, Krüger M, Gastiger S, Burkovski A, Strauch SM, Lebert M. Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101371. [PMID: 36290029 PMCID: PMC9598908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs), a group of polycationic molecules, are known to impair the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The outer membrane of Gram-negative strains hinders the uptake of photosensitizer chlorophyllin. In this study, we report chlorophyllin and branched PEI combinations’ activity against Escherichia coli strains DH5α and RB791, Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium LT2, and Bacillus subtilis 168. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by plating cells treated with different concentrations of PEI and chlorophyllin on agar and monitoring their growth after 24 h. All tested combinations of PEI and chlorophyllin were lethal for S. enterica after 240 min of incubation in light, whereas PEI alone (<100 µg mL−1) was ineffective. In the darkness, complete inhibition was noted with a combination of ≥2.5 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin and 50 µg mL−1 PEI. If applied alone, PEI alone of ≥800 µg mL−1 of PEI was required to completely inactivate E. coli DH5α cells in light, whereas with ≥5 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin, only ≥100 µg mL−1 PEI was needed. No effect was detected in darkness with PEI alone. However, 1600 µg mL−1 PEI in combination with 2.5 µg mL−1 resulted in complete inactivation after 4 h dark incubation. PEI alone did not inhibit E. coli strain RB791, while cells were inactivated when treated with 10 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin in combination with ≥100 µg mL−1 (in light) or ≥800 µg mL−1 PEI (in darkness). Under illumination, B. subtilis was inactivated at all tested concentrations. In the darkness, 1 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin and 12.5 µg mL−1 PEI were lethal for B. subtilis. Overall, PEI can be used as an antimicrobial agent or potentiating agent for ameliorating the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Ahmad Akif
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mona Mahmoud
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Dairy Department (Microbiology Lab.), National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Environmental Cell Biology Group, Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Space Biology Unlimited S.A.S., 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Richter P, Krüger M, Prasad B, Gastiger S, Bodenschatz M, Wieder F, Burkovski A, Geißdörfer W, Lebert M, Strauch SM. Using Colistin as a Trojan Horse: Inactivation of Gram-Negative Bacteria with Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E158. [PMID: 31547053 PMCID: PMC6963628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is a membrane-destabilizing antibiotic used against Gram-negative bacteria. We have recently reported that the outer membrane prevents the uptake of antibacterial chlorophyllin into Gram-negative cells. In this study, we used sub-toxic concentrations of colistin to weaken this barrier for a combination treatment of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with chlorophyllin. In the presence of 0.25 µg/mL colistin, chlorophyllin was able to inactivate both bacteria strains at concentrations of 5-10 mg/L for E. coli and 0.5-1 mg/L for S. Typhimurium, which showed a higher overall susceptibility to chlorophyllin treatment. In accordance with a previous study, chlorophyllin has proven antibacterial activity both as a photosensitizer, illuminated with 12 mW/cm2, and in darkness. Our data clearly confirmed the relevance of the outer membrane in protection against xenobiotics. Combination treatment with colistin broadens chlorophyllin's application spectrum against Gram-negatives and gives rise to the assumption that chlorophyllin together with cell membrane-destabilizing substances may become a promising approach in bacteria control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that colistin acts as a door opener even for the photodynamic inactivation of colistin-resistant (mcr-1-positive) E. coli cells by chlorophyllin, which could help us to overcome this antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Richter
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Binod Prasad
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mona Bodenschatz
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Florian Wieder
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Walter Geißdörfer
- Microbiological Diagnostics, Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lebert
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil.
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Abstract
The microorganisms that cause infections are increasing their resistance to antibiotics. In this context, alternative treatments are necessary. The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a therapeutic modality based on photosensitizing molecules that end up generating reactive oxygen species that induce the destruction of the target cells when are irradiated with light of a suitable wavelength and at a proper dose. The cells targeted by aPDT are all types of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and parasites) including viruses and has been proven effective against representative members of all of them. In the field of dermatology, aPDT has been tested with promising results in different infections such as chronic ulcers, acne, onychomycosis and other cutaneous mycoses, as well as in leishmaniasis. Therefore, it is presented as a possible treatment option against the agents that cause skin and/or mucous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain - .,Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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Chaturvedi D, Singh VK. Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Lymnaea acuminata at Different Wavelengths of Visible Light. Trop Life Sci Res 2016; 27:25-36. [PMID: 27688849 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a water and food-borne disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. This disease is widespread in different parts of the world. Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae snails are the intermediate hosts of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematodes. Chlorophyll can be extracted from any green plant. Chlorophyllin was prepared from spinach in 100% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. The chlorophyll obtained from spinach was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin. In the present paper, toxicity of chlorophyllin against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was time and concentration dependent. The toxicity of extracted and pure chlorophyllin at continuous 4 h exposure of sunlight was highest with lethal concentration (LC50) of 331.01 mg/L and 2.60 mg/L, respectively, than discontinuous exposure of sunlight up to 8 h with LC50 of 357.04 mg/L and 4.94 mg/L, respectively. Toxicity of extracted chlorophyllin was noted in the presence of different monochromatic visible lights. The highest toxicity was noted in yellow light (96 h, LC50 392.77 mg/L) and the lowest in green light (96 h, LC50 833.02 mg/L). Chlorophyllin in combination with solar radiation or different wavelength of monochromatic visible lights may become a latent remedy against the snail L. acuminata. It was demonstrated that chlorophyllin was more toxic in sunlight. Chlorophyllin is ecologically safe and more economical than synthetic molluscicides which have the potential to control the incidence of fasciolosis in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chaturvedi
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009, UP, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Singh
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009, UP, India
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Singh DJ, Singh DK. Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin exposed Lymnaea acuminata: A new biotechnological tool for fasciolosis control. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:20-25. [PMID: 29988195 PMCID: PMC5991855 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin formulations against Fasciola gigantica infected Lymnaea acuminata under sunlight exposure was highly toxic against redia and cercaria larvae. Binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of chlorophyllin (CHL) + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) were more toxic against cercariae (8 h LC50: 9.6 mg L- 1) than single treatment with chlorophyllin (8 h LC50: 12.6 mg L- 1) in sunlight. The larvicidal activity of sunlight exposed CHL against rediae (8 h LC50: 13.5 mg L- 1) and cercariae (8 h LC50: 12.6 mg L- 1) was more pronounced than laboratory conditions CHL treatment (rediae- 8 h LC50: 305.9 mg L- 1; cercariae- 8 h LC50: 765.4 mg L- 1). Larvicidal activity of FCU was less than CHL and CHL + FCU against both redia and cercaria. Chlorophyllin and its formulations were more toxic against redia and cercaria larvae in sunlight than laboratory conditions. CHL and its different formulations may be used as potent larvicides against Fasciola gigantica larvae. Chlorophyllin formulations will be economical, ecologically sounder and their use in aquatic environment will be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jyoti Singh
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin: 273 009, India
| | - D K Singh
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin: 273 009, India
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