1
|
Atıcı YT, Oğuzoğlu TÇ. The Comparison of Full G and N Gene Sequences From Turkish Rabies Virus Field Strains. Virus Res 2022;:198790. [PMID: 35487366 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rabies infection is a zoonotic viral disease in humans and is spread by both wild and domestic carnivores. This study aimed to molecularly characterize the field strains of the rabies virus circulating in Turkey between 2013 and 2020. Brain samples obtained from 16 infected animals (8 cattle, one donkey, three foxes, three dogs, and one marten) were tested. Full nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences were used to determine the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the rabies virus field strains. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the 16 field strains identified in Turkey belonged to the Cosmopolitan lineage.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sultan S, Ahmed SAH, Abdelazeem MW, Hassan S. Molecular characterisation of rabies virus detected in livestock animals in the southern part of Egypt during 2018 and 2019. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:80-87. [PMID: 33764896 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain samples were collected from 33 animals of different species, including buffalo, cattle, dog, donkey, fox and wolf, that had been suspected to be infected by rabies virus (RABV) in different geographical regions of Aswan and Luxor governorates in Egypt. The samples were submitted for histopathological examination and the presence of the nucleic acid and antigens of RABV was tested by RT-PCR and indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT), respectively. Sixteen samples were found positive by all the three examinations. Three samples were selected for further study from animals in which the highest virus loads were detected. The partial sequence of the RABV N gene was determined and analysed from the samples of a buffalo, a cow and a donkey. The viruses in the samples were found to share 95-98% and 95-97% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities, respectively. In comparison to reference sequences, a few amino acid substitutions occurred in the N protein antigenic sites I and IV in the immunodominant epitopes of the viruses detected in the cow and the donkey but not in the one from the buffalo. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the RABVs sequenced from the samples belonged to genotype 1, Africa-4 clade, and formed two distinct sub-clades within the Egyptian clade. These findings indicate the circulation of RABV among livestock animals in the southern part of Egypt and raise public health concerns. The amino acid changes detected in this work may contribute to the antigenic diversification of RABVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serageldeen Sultan
- 1Department of Microbiology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Wael Abdelazeem
- 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Sabry Hassan
- 4Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moreira Marrero L, Botto Nuñez G, Malta L, Delfraro A, Frabasile S. Ecological and Conservation Significance of Herpesvirus Infection in Neotropical Bats. Ecohealth 2021; 18:123-133. [PMID: 34184171 PMCID: PMC8238035 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bats are the second most diverse order of mammals and key species for ecosystem functioning, providing a wide range of ecosystem services, from pest control to seed dispersal. Chiropterans are known for hosting a large diversity of viruses, in some cases with little or no effect to their health. Here, we report on the results of a screening for DNA (Herpesviridae) and RNA viruses (Rhabdovirus and Pneumovirus), finding a high prevalence and wide diversity of both Beta- and Gamma-Herpesvirus in insectivorous and hematophagous bats of the southern cone of South America. Our findings suggest that bats in the southern neotropics harbor a high diversity of herpesviruses and, at least in some cases, the viral community in the bat species is more strongly associated with ecological traits of the hosts, rather than their taxonomy. The presence of a separate clade into the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily in the common vampire bat suggests the independent circulation of herpesviruses in hematophagous and insectivorous bats and highlights the properness of these viruses to track vampire bats' population structure for rabies studies. Hence, we suggest that as other pathogens viruses may be used to track the population dynamics of their hosts, including movement and demographics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Moreira Marrero
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Programa Para La Conservación de Los Murciélagos de Uruguay, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Germán Botto Nuñez
- Programa Para La Conservación de Los Murciélagos de Uruguay, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Lucía Malta
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Delfraro
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sandra Frabasile
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandes MES, Carnieli P, Gregório ANF, Kawai JGC, Oliveira RN, Almeida LL, Rosa JCA, Ferreira JC, Traverso SD, Roehe PM, Batista HBCR. Phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses isolated from cattle in southern Brazil. Virus Genes 2020; 56:209-216. [PMID: 31955384 PMCID: PMC7223090 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bats and dogs are the main reservoirs of rabies virus (RABV) in Latin America and are responsible for the maintenance of different cycles of infection. In the two neighbour and most southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC), rabies in dogs has been successfully controlled for more than 30 years. However, rabies associated to the rural cycle remains endemic, with a significant, though oscillating-annual incidence of rabies in cattle. Despite the plethora of studies on genetic analyses of Brazilian RABV, isolates from southern Brazil have only scarcely been investigated. This work was performed to identify the genetic lineages of RABVs circulating in states of RS and SC. Fifty-nine RABV cattle isolates from RS and SC were selected and submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene. In RS, the circulation of two sublineages (1A and 1B) of RABV was detected, both with characteristics of lineages usually detected in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). In SC, only one sublineage of RABV (1B) was detected. Nevertheless, the findings reported here are expected to contribute to the understanding of the biology of the virus in the region and its interactions with the natural host D. rotundus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura L Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio C A Rosa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - José C Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra D Traverso
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (LAPA/UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Roehe
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the global epidemiology of rabies, focusing on major changes over the past half-century and highlighting recent discoveries. This chapter also describes the natural and iatrogenic routes of transmission, as well as the risk and necessary actions for the prevention of rabies following an exposure. It reviews the methods for rabies diagnosis and the biologics for prevention, in addition to differences in rabies prophylaxis recommendations among advisory committees. The chapter also considers epidemiology and trends in global human rabies and the dynamics of the corresponding mammalian reservoir hosts for each area. Furthermore, it considers the phylogenetics of rabies virus, other lyssaviruses, and specific rabies virus variants in the context of regional rabies and the potential for novel emergences. Special attention is paid to developed countries, where existing surveillance and diagnostic infrastructure have provided detailed insights into the nature changing patterns in rabies epidemiology-patterns expected to be increasingly relevant to other less-developed nations based on current trends. Special attention is afforded to canine rabies, as dogs remain responsible for over 99% of all human exposures to the virus, including the methods and problems associated with intentional and unintentional movement of dogs at national and international levels. Finally, the chapter discusses the economic burden of rabies in terms of human and infrastructure support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen A. Hanlon
- Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory, 2005 Research Park Circle, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koraka P, Martina BEE, Roose JM, van Thiel PPAM, van Amerongen G, Kuiken T, Osterhaus ADME. In vitro and in vivo isolation and characterization of Duvenhage virus. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002682. [PMID: 22654660 PMCID: PMC3359985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A fatal human case of Duvenhage virus (DUVV) infection in a Dutch traveller who had returned from Kenya was reported in 2007. She exhibited classical symptoms of rabies encephalitis with distinct pathological findings. In the present study we describe the isolation and characterization of DUVV in vitro and its passage in BALB/c mice. The virus proved to be neuroinvasive in both juvenile and adult mice, resulting in about 50% lethality upon peripheral infection. Clinical signs in infected mice were those of classical rabies. However, the distribution of viral antigen expression in the brain differed from that of classical rabies virus infection and neither inclusion bodies nor neuronal necrosis were observed. This is the first study to describe the in vitro and in vivo isolation and characterization of DUVV. Lyssaviruses have been known for centuries to cause lethal encephalitis in animals and humans, representing a serious public health problem especially in developing countries. Little is known about the way that lyssaviruses in general, and Duvenhage virus in particular cause disease. Studies of pathogenesis have been hampered by the fact that the virus has not yet been propagated and characterized extensively. In this paper, we describe the characterization of Duvenhage virus in vitro. Further, we characterized the virus in BALB/c mice. We compared Duvenhage virus with a wild type rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus) and we found that while in vitro the differences of these two viruses were not significant, the in vivo characteristics of these two viruses differed significantly. Histological analyses of infected mouse brains suggest that differences in virulence may be associated with difference in tropism. Elucidating the differences in pathogenesis between different lyssaviruses might help us in the design of novel treatment protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Koraka
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Sensitivity, specificity and short turn-around time nucleic acid-amplification tests (NATs) have been steadily improving. NATs have been employed in the diagnosis of rabies to distinct different strains, as well as to identify new lyssaviruses. NATs have advantages over traditional methods, such as the direct fluorescence antibody test. They can be applied to fluid samples and brain tissue that is substantially decomposed. NATs can be used as an alternative method for confirmation or exclusion of the diagnosis in a suspected rabies patient. Real-time PCR methods are more favored than conventional reverse-transcription PCR methods by several laboratories. Second-round PCR, either nested or heminested, has been used for ante-mortem diagnosis to detect low levels of RNA. This review the details obstacles in making a diagnosis, how to properly utilize NATs (sample preparation, nucleic amplification techniques, amplification targets and primer design); and interprets the results obtained in recent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sodré MM, Gama ARD, Almeida MFD. Updated list of bat species positive for rabies in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:75-81. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an updated list of bat species positive for rabies in Brazil. It was developed based on database research via the internet, of international and national literature and annals of the most important technical and scientific meetings related to rabies and chiroptera in Brazil from 1996 to 2009. The new list of rabies positive bats consists of 41 species, belonging to 25 genera and three families: Phyllostomidae 43.9%, Vespertilionidae 29.3% and Molossidae 26.8%. In addition, questions were raised regarding the lack of data, including sex, age, circumstances and location of bat capture and incomplete and outdated species identification. Results of genetic and antigenic studies performed on Brazilian rabies positive bats were shown.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang S, Zhao J, Liu Y, Fooks AR, Zhang F, Hu R. Characterization of a rabies virus isolate from a ferret badger (Melogale moschata) with unique molecular differences in glycoprotein antigenic site III. Virus Res 2010; 149:143-51. [PMID: 20109507 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus was isolated from the brain of a Chinese ferret badger (Melogale moschata) and identified as having an R333Q substitution within its glycoprotein antigenic site III. Additionally, compared with vaccine strains and other rabies virus isolates from dogs and ferret badgers in China, the isolate had five other amino acid substitutions in its glycoprotein: P(-17)L in the signal peptide, R88H, L225M, and D422E in the ectoplasmic region, and G478E in the cytoplasmic region. This isolate possessed high virulence in suckling, weanling and adult mice. These data indicate that this is a unique rabies virus with a molecular signature that differentiates it from other strains circulating in terrestrial mammals in China. We propose that rabies virus circulates in some ferret badgers in an independent epidemiological cycle unique to China following spillover from domestic dogs or other hosts infected with rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoufeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carnieli P, Castilho JG, de Oliveira Fahl W, Véras NMC, do Carmo Sampaio Tavares Timenetsky M. Genetic characterization of Rabies virus isolated from cattle between 1997 and 2002 in an epizootic area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Virus Res 2009; 144:215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Locateli D, Stoco PH, Zanetti CR, Pinto AR, Grisard EC. An optimized nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach allows detection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env and gag genes from clinical samples. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:106-13. [PMID: 18348315 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The needs for development and/or improvement of molecular approaches for microorganism detection and characterization such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are of high interest due their sensitivity and specificity when compared to traditional microbiological techniques. Considering the worldwide importance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it is essential that such approaches consider the genetic variability of the virus, the heterogeneous nature of the clinical samples, the existence of contaminants and inhibitors, and the consequent needs for standardization in order to guarantee the reproducibility of the methods. In this work we describe a nested PCR assay targeting HIV-1 virus gag and env genes, allowing specific and sensitive diagnosis and further direct characterization of clinical samples. The method described herein was tested on clinical samples and allowed the detection of HIV-1 presence in all samples tested for the gag gene and 90.9% for the env gene, revealing sensitivities of 1 fg and 100 fg, respectively. Also, no cross-reactions were observed with DNA from infected and noninfected patients and the method allowed detection of the env and gag genes on an excess of 10(8) and 10(4) of human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), respectively. Furthermore, it was possible to direct sequence all amplified products, which allowed the sub typing of the virus in clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayse Locateli
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bernardi F, Nadin-Davis SA, Wandeler AI, Armstrong J, Gomes AAB, Lima FS, Nogueira FRB, Ito FH. Antigenic and genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from domestic and wild animals of Brazil identifies the hoary fox as a rabies reservoir. J Gen Virol 2006; 86:3153-3162. [PMID: 16227239 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty Brazilian rabies viruses, collected from many different animal species and several regions of the country, were characterized by partial sequencing of the central, variable region of the P gene, a locus useful for sensitive molecular epidemiological studies. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, which included comparison with other rabies strains recovered from throughout the Americas, identified three main groups of Brazilian viruses, arbitrarily designated BRL-1 to BRL-3. BRL-1 was found in terrestrial carnivores and clusters with other American strains of the cosmopolitan lineage. BRL-2 comprised two distinct isolates, recovered from two species of non-haematophagous bats, that had evolutionary links to insectivorous-bat-derived strains of North America. BRL-3 consisted of isolates from vampire bats and from livestock species probably infected via contact with vampire bats. The terrestrial group was further subdivided into three subtypes: BRL-1a was associated exclusively with dogs and cats, while BRL-1b and BRL-1c were found exclusively in hoary foxes. These observations strongly support the role of the Brazilian hoary fox as a rabies reservoir. Screening of representative Brazilian rabies viruses against a collection of anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) identified a small panel of mAbs that could be used to discriminate between all Brazilian subgroups as defined by genetic classification in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bernardi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - S A Nadin-Davis
- Rabies Centre of Expertise, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - A I Wandeler
- Rabies Centre of Expertise, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - J Armstrong
- Rabies Centre of Expertise, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - A A B Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - DMV, 'Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural - CSTR', Federal University of Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 64, 58700-000 Patos-PB, Brazil
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - DMV, 'Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural - CSTR', Federal University of Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 64, 58700-000 Patos-PB, Brazil
| | - F R B Nogueira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - DMV, 'Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural - CSTR', Federal University of Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 64, 58700-000 Patos-PB, Brazil
| | - F H Ito
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|