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Máthé C, Bóka K, Kónya Z, Erdődi F, Vasas G, Freytag C, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a cyanotoxin, modulates division of higher plant chloroplasts through protein phosphatase inhibition and affects cyanobacterial division. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142125. [PMID: 38670509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a harmful cyanotoxin that inhibits 1 and 2A serine-threonine protein phosphatases. This study examines the influence of MC-LR on chloroplast division and the underlying mechanisms and consequences in Arabidopsis. MC-LR increased the frequency of dividing chloroplasts in hypocotyls in a time range of 1-96 h. At short-term exposures to MC-LR, small-sized chloroplasts (longitudinal diameters ≤6 μm) were more sensitive to these stimulatory effects, while both small and large chloroplasts showed stimulations at long-term exposure. After 48 h, the cyanotoxin increased the frequency of small-sized chloroplasts, indicating the stimulation of division. MC-LR inhibited protein phosphatases in whole hypocotyls and isolated chloroplasts, while it did not induce oxidative stress. We show for the first time that total cellular phosphatases play important roles in chloroplast division and that particular chloroplast phosphatases may be involved in these processes. Interestingly, MC-LR has a protective effect on cyanobacterial division during methyl-viologen (MV) treatments in Synechococcus PCC6301. MC-LR production has harmful effects on ecosystems and it may have an ancient cell division regulatory role in stressed cyanobacterial cells, the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts. We propose that cytoplasmic (eukaryotic) factors also contribute to the relevant effects of MC-LR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Károly Bóka
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Plant and Algal Natural Product Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Balaton Limnological Research Institute- HUN-REN, Klebelsberg str. 3, H-8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Kopcsik E, Mucsi Z, Kontra B, Vanyorek L, Váradi C, Viskolcz B, Nagy M. Preparation and Optical Study of 1-Formamido-5-Isocyanonaphthalene, the Hydrolysis Product of the Potent Antifungal 1,5-Diisocyanonaphthalene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097780. [PMID: 37175485 PMCID: PMC10177923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic isocyanides have gained a lot of attention lately as promising antifungal and anticancer drugs, as well as high-performance fluorescent analytical probes for the detection of toxic metals, such as mercury, even in vivo. Since this topic is relatively new and aromatic isocyanides possess unique photophysical properties, the understanding of structure-behavior relationships and the preparation of novel potentially biologically active derivatives are of paramount importance. Here, we report the photophysical characterization of 1,5-diisocyanonaphthalene (DIN) backed by quantum chemical calculations. It was discovered that DIN undergoes hydrolysis in certain solvents in the presence of oxonium ions. By the careful control of the reaction conditions for the first time, the nonsymmetric product 1-formamido-5-isocyanonaphthalene (ICNF) could be prepared. Contrary to expectations, the monoformamido derivative showed a significant solvatochromic behavior with a ~50 nm range from hexane to water. This behavior was explained by the enhanced H-bond-forming ability of the formamide group. The significance of the hydrolysis reaction is that the isocyano group is converted to formamide in living organisms. Therefore, ICNF could be a potential drug (for example, antifungal) and the reaction can be used as a model for the preparation of other nonsymmetric formamido-isocyanoarenes. In contrast to its relative 1-amino-5-iscyanonaphthalene (ICAN), ICNF is highly fluorescent in water, enabling the development of a fluorescent turnoff probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kopcsik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mucsi
- Advanced Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry, Brain Vision Center, Liliom utca 43-45, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kontra
- Department of Chemistry, Brain Vision Center, Liliom utca 43-45, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Vanyorek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Váradi
- Advanced Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Advanced Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
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Juhász GP, Kéki S, Dékány-adamoczky A, Freytag C, Vasas G, Máthé C, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a Cyanobacterial Toxin, Induces Changes in the Organization of Membrane Compartments in Arabidopsis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:586. [PMID: 36985160 PMCID: PMC10051171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MCY-LR, a protein phosphatase inhibitor) and diquat (DQ, an oxidative stress inducer) on the organization of tonoplast, the effect of MCY-LR on plastid stromule formation and on mitochondria was investigated in wild-type Arabidopsis. Tonoplast was also studied in PP2A catalytic (c3c4) and regulatory subunit mutants (fass-5 and fass-15). These novel studies were performed by CLSM microscopy. MCY-LR is produced during cyanobacterial blooms. The organization of tonoplast of PP2A mutants of Arabidopsis is much more sensitive to MCY-LR and DQ treatments than that of wild type. In c3c4, fass-5 and fass-15, control and treated plants showed increased vacuole fragmentation that was the strongest when the fass-5 mutant was treated with MCY-LR. It is assumed that both PP2A/C and B” subunits play an important role in normal formation and function of the tonoplast. In wild-type plants, MCY-LR affects mitochondria. Under the influence of MCY-LR, small, round-shaped mitochondria appeared, while long/fused mitochondria were typical in control plants. Presumably, MCY-LR either inhibits the fusion of mitochondria or induces fission. Consequently, PP2A also plays an important role in the fusion of mitochondria. MCY-LR also increased the frequency of stromules appearing on chloroplasts after 1 h treatments. Along the stromules, signals can be transported between plastids and endoplasmic reticulum. It is probable that they promote a faster response to stress.
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Freytag C, Garda T, Kónya Z, M-Hamvas M, Tóth-Várady B, Juhász GP, Ujlaky-Nagy L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Máthé C. B" and C subunits of PP2A regulate the levels of reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase activities in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 195:182-192. [PMID: 36640685 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein phosphatases PP2A regulate many cellular processes, however their role in oxidative stress responses and defence is less known. We show the involvement of its C (catalytic) and B" (a regulatory) subunits. The c3c4 (C subunit) and fass (B") subunit mutants and Col wt of Arabidopsis were used. Controls and treatments with the PP2A inhibitor microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer diquat (DQ) were employed. ROS levels of primary roots were largely genotype dependent and both C and B" subunit mutants had increased sensitivity to MCY-LR and DQ indicating the involvement of these subunits in oxidative stress induction. Superoxide dismutases (SOD), mainly the Cu/Zn-SOD isoform, as key enzymes involved in ROS scavenging are also showing altered (mostly increased) activities in both c3c4 and fass mutants and have opposite relations to ROS induction. This indicates that the two types of subunits involved have partially different regulatory roles. In relation to this, control and MCY-LR/DQ treated B" subunit mutants were proven to have altered levels of phosphorylation of histone H2AX. γH2AX, the phosphorylated form indicates double stranded DNA damage during oxidative stress. Overall we point out the probable pivotal role of several PP2A subunits in the regulation of oxidative stress responses in plants and pave the way for future research to reveal the signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Medical Chemisty, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Tóth-Várady
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Petra Juhász
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Ujlaky-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Otaiza-González S, Cabadas M, Robert G, Stock R, Malacrida L, Lascano R, Bagatolli L. The innards of the cell: studies of water dipolar relaxation using the ACDAN fluorescent probe. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 36027875 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac8d4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the use of the 6-acetyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (ACDAN) fluorophore to study dipolar relaxation in cells, tissues, and biomimetic systems. As the most hydrophilic member of the 6-acyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene series, ACDAN markedly partitions to aqueous environments. In contrast to 6-lauroyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (LAURDAN), the hydrophobic and best-known member of the series used to explore relaxation phenomena in biological (or biomimetic) membranes, ACDAN allows mapping of spatial and temporal water dipolar relaxation in cytosolic and intra-organelle environments of the cell. This is also true for the 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (PRODAN) derivative which, unlike LAURDAN, partitions to both hydrophobic and aqueous environments. We will i) summarize the mechanism which underlies the solvatochromic properties of the DAN probes, ii) expound on the importance of water relaxation to understand the intracellular environment, iii) discuss technical aspects of the use of ACDAN in eukaryotic cells and some specialized structures, including liquid condensates arising from processes leading to liquid immiscibility and, iv) present some novel studies in plant cells and tissues which demonstrate the kinds of information that can be uncovered using this approach to study dipolar relaxation in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Otaiza-González
- CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Friuli 2434, Cordoba, Córdoba, 5016, ARGENTINA
| | - Manuel Cabadas
- CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Friuli 2434, Cordoba, 5016, ARGENTINA
| | - Germán Robert
- Plant Stress Biology Group, Unidad de Doble Dependencia INTA-CONICET (UDEA), Av. 11 de Septiembre 4755, Córdoba, X5020ICA, ARGENTINA
| | - Roberto Stock
- MEMPHYS - International and Interdisciplinary research network, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, 5016, ARGENTINA
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Fisiopatología, Hospital del Clinicas, Av Italia sn, Piso 15, sala 1, Montevideo, Select One, 10400, URUGUAY
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Plant Stress Biology Group, Unidad de Doble Dependencia INTA-CONICET (UDEA), Av. 11 de Septiembre 4755, Córdoba, X5020ICA, ARGENTINA
| | - Luis Bagatolli
- CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Friuli 2434, Cordoba, 5016, ARGENTINA
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Liu Y, Li B, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xie P. Participation of fluorescence technology in the cross-disciplinary detection of microcystins. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nagy M, Fiser B, Szőri M, Vanyorek L, Viskolcz B. Optical Study of Solvatochromic Isocyanoaminoanthracene Dyes and 1,5-Diaminoanthracene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1315. [PMID: 35163239 PMCID: PMC8835764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanoaminoarenes (ICAAr-s) are a novel and versatile group of solvatochromic fluorophores. Despite their versatile applicability, such as antifungals, cancer drugs and analytical probes, they still represent a mostly unchartered territory among intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) dyes. The current paper describes the preparation and detailed optical study of novel 1-isocyano-5-aminoanthrace (ICAA) and its N-methylated derivatives along with the starting 1,5-diaminoanthracene. The conversion of one of the amino groups of the diamine into an isocyano group significantly increased the polar character of the dyes, which resulted in a significant 50-70 nm (2077-2609 cm-1) redshift of the emission maximum and a broadened solvatochromic range. The fluorescence quantum yield of ICAAs is strongly influenced by the polarity of the solvent. The starting anthracene-diamine is highly fluorescent in every solvent (√f = 12-53%), while the isocyano derivatives are practically nonfluorescent in solvents more polar than dioxane. This phenomenon implies the potential application of ICAAs to probe the polarity of the medium and is favorable in practical applications, such as cell-staining, resulting in a reduced background fluorescence. The ICT character of the emission states of ICAAs are in good agreement with the computational findings presented in TD-DFT calculations and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) isosurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (B.F.); (L.V.); (B.V.)
| | | | - Milán Szőri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (B.F.); (L.V.); (B.V.)
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Freytag C, Máthé C, Rigó G, Nodzyński T, Kónya Z, Erdődi F, Cséplő Á, Pózer E, Szabados L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin affects root development by changing levels of PIN proteins and auxin response in Arabidopsis roots. Chemosphere 2021; 276:130183. [PMID: 34088085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) is a heptapeptide toxin produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria. It strongly inhibits protein phosphatases PP2A and PP1. Functioning of the PIN family of auxin efflux carriers is crucial for plant ontogenesis and their functions depend on their reversible phosphorylation. We aimed to reveal the adverse effects of MCY-LR on PIN and auxin distribution in Arabidopsis roots and its consequences for root development. Relatively short-term (24 h) MCY-LR treatments decreased the levels of PIN1, PIN2 and PIN7, but not of PIN3 in tips of primary roots. In contrast, levels of PIN1 and PIN2 increased in emergent lateral roots and their levels depended on the type of PIN in lateral root primordia. DR5:GFP reporter activity showed that the cyanotoxin-induced decrease of auxin levels/responses in tips of main roots in parallel to PIN levels. Those alterations did not affect gravitropic response of roots. However, MCY-LR complemented the altered gravitropic response of crk5-1 mutants, defective in a protein kinase with essential role in the correct membrane localization of PIN2. For MCY-LR treated Col-0 plants, the number of lateral root primordia but not of emergent laterals increased and lateral root primordia showed early development. In conclusion, inhibition of protein phosphatase activities changed PIN and auxin levels, thus altered root development. Previous data on aquatic plants naturally co-occurring with the cyanotoxin showed similar alterations of root development. Thus, our results on the model plant Arabidopsis give a mechanistic explanation of MCY-LR phytotoxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erik Pózer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Vasas G, Garda T, Freytag C. Subcellular Alterations Induced by Cyanotoxins in Vascular Plants-A Review. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:984. [PMID: 34069255 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity of cyanobacterial toxins has been confirmed at the subcellular level with consequences on whole plant physiological parameters and thus growth and productivity. Most of the data are available for two groups of these toxins: microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsins (CYNs). Thus, in this review we present a timely survey of subcellular cyanotoxin effects with the main focus on these two cyanotoxins. We provide comparative insights into how peculiar plant cellular structures are affected. We review structural changes and their physiological consequences induced in the plastid system, peculiar plant cytoskeletal organization and chromatin structure, the plant cell wall, the vacuolar system, and in general, endomembrane structures. The cyanotoxins have characteristic dose-and plant genotype-dependent effects on all these structures. Alterations in chloroplast structure will influence the efficiency of photosynthesis and thus plant productivity. Changing of cell wall composition, disruption of the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) and cytoskeleton, and alterations of chromatin structure (including DNA strand breaks) can ultimately lead to cell death. Finally, we present an integrated view of subcellular alterations. Knowledge on these changes will certainly contribute to a better understanding of cyanotoxin–plant interactions.
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Freytag C, Garda T. The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic-Facts and Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:975. [PMID: 33478110 PMCID: PMC7835740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP-GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.-H.); (C.F.); (T.G.)
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Nagy M, Szemán-Nagy G, Kiss A, Nagy ZL, Tálas L, Rácz D, Majoros L, Tóth Z, Szigeti ZM, Pócsi I, Kéki S. Antifungal Activity of an Original Amino-Isocyanonaphthalene (ICAN) Compound Family: Promising Broad Spectrum Antifungals. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040903. [PMID: 32085460 PMCID: PMC7070524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Multiple drug resistant fungi pose a serious threat to human health, therefore the development of completely new antimycotics is of paramount importance. The in vitro antifungal activity of the original, 1-amino-5-isocyanonaphthalenes (ICANs) was evaluated against reference strains of clinically important Candida species. Structure-activity studies revealed that the naphthalene core and the isocyano- together with the amino moieties are all necessary to exert antifungal activity. 1,1-N-dimethylamino-5-isocyanonaphthalene (DIMICAN), the most promising candidate, was tested further in vitro against clinical isolates of Candida species, yielding a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.04-1.25 µg/mL. DIMICAN was found to be effective against intrinsically fluconazole resistant Candida krusei isolates, too. In vivo experiments were performed in a severly neutropenic murine model inoculated with a clinical strain of Candida albicans. Daily administration of 5 mg/kg DIMICAN intraperitoneally resulted in 80% survival even at day 13, whereas 100% of the control group died within six days. Based on these results, ICANs may become an effective clinical lead compound family against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.N.); (Z.L.N.); (D.R.)
| | - Gábor Szemán-Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.S.-N.); (A.K.); (L.T.); (Z.M.S.)
| | - Alexandra Kiss
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.S.-N.); (A.K.); (L.T.); (Z.M.S.)
| | - Zsolt László Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.N.); (Z.L.N.); (D.R.)
| | - László Tálas
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.S.-N.); (A.K.); (L.T.); (Z.M.S.)
| | - Dávid Rácz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.N.); (Z.L.N.); (D.R.)
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem tér, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem tér, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zsuzsa Máthéné Szigeti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.S.-N.); (A.K.); (L.T.); (Z.M.S.)
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.S.-N.); (A.K.); (L.T.); (Z.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.N.); (Z.L.N.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (S.K.)
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Kovács SL, Nagy M, Fehér PP, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Effect of the Substitution Position on the Electronic and Solvatochromic Properties of Isocyanoaminonaphthalene (ICAN) Fluorophores. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132434. [PMID: 31269691 PMCID: PMC6650821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of 1,4-isocyanoaminonaphthalene (1,4-ICAN) and 2,6-isocyanoaminonaphthalene (2,6-ICAN) isomers are discussed in comparison with those of 1,5-isocyanoaminonaphthalene (1,5-ICAN), which exhibits a large positive solvatochromic shift similar to that of Prodan. In these isocyanoaminonaphthalene derivatives, the isocyano and the amine group serve as the donor and acceptor moieties, respectively. It was found that the positions of the donor and the acceptor groups in these naphthalene derivatives greatly influence the Stokes and solvatochromic shifts, which decrease in the following order: 1,5-ICAN > 2,6-ICAN > 1,4-ICAN. According to high-level quantum chemical calculations, this order is well correlated with the charge transfer character of these compounds upon excitation. Furthermore, unlike 1,5-ICAN, the 1,4-ICAN and 2,6-ICAN isomers showed relatively high quantum yields in water, that were determined to be 0.62 and 0.21, respectively. In addition, time-resolved fluorescence experiments revealed that both the radiative and non-radiative decay rates for these three ICAN isomers varied unusually with the solvent polarity parameter ET(30). The explanations of the influence of the solvent polarity on the resulting steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence emission spectra are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Lajos Kovács
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Péter Pál Fehér
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Nagy M, Kovács SL, Nagy T, Rácz D, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Isocyanonaphthalenes as extremely low molecular weight, selective, ratiometric fluorescent probes for Mercury(II). Talanta 2019; 201:165-173. [PMID: 31122408 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The specially designed chemical structure of our recently developed solvatochromic amino-isocyanonaphthalene (ICAN) dye family enables the selective detection of Hg2+ and at the same time is able to indicate the presence of Ag+. In addition to its easy preparation and nontoxic nature, ICAN is the lowest molecular weight dye reported for ratiometric fluorescent Hg2+ detection in water, so far. The basis of this double selectivity is the reduction of the isonitrile moiety to amine by a chemical reaction with Hg2+ resulting in a greater than 100 nm hypsochromic shift (and switch on of fluorescence) of the emission maximum relative to ICAN, whereas the complexation of Ag+ with the NC group yields an approximately 20 nm bathochromic shift (and quenching). In contrast, other common ions have little effect on the position of the emission maximum in aqueous medium. In completely aqueous medium at pH = 6, the limit of quantification was found to be lower than 17 nM and the limit of detection lower than 6 nM for Hg2+. The practical applicability of the method was demonstrated on dental amalgam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Lajos Kovács
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Rácz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Nick P. Living interfaces watched with new tools. Protoplasma 2018; 255:717-718. [PMID: 29633014 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nick
- Molekulare Zellbiologie, Botanisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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