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Santulli G, Kansakar U, Varzideh F, Mone P, Jankauskas SS, Lombardi A. Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview. Nutrients 2023; 15:4236. [PMID: 37836520 PMCID: PMC10574552 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on aging and cardiovascular pathophysiology, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it also an intriguing candidate for potential anti-aging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (F.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (F.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (F.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Stanislovas S. Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
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Swiderski J, Sakkal S, Apostolopoulos V, Zulli A, Gadanec LK. Combination of Taurine and Black Pepper Extract as a Treatment for Cardiovascular and Coronary Artery Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112562. [PMID: 37299525 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The shift in modern dietary regimens to "Western style" and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be partly responsible for the increase in the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Natural products have been used throughout human history as treatments for a plethora of pathological conditions. Taurine and, more recently, black pepper have gained attention for their beneficial health effects while remaining non-toxic even when ingested in excess. Taurine, black pepper, and the major terpene constituents found in black pepper (i.e., β-caryophyllene; α-pinene; β-pinene; α-humulene; limonene; and sabinene) that are present in PhytoCann BP® have been shown to have cardioprotective effects based on anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-hypertensive and anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms. This comprehensive review of the literature focuses on determining whether the combination of taurine and black pepper extract is an effective natural treatment for reducing cardiovascular diseases risk factors (i.e., hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia) and for driving anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms to combat coronary artery disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Swiderski
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
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Yildiz O, Ulusoy KG. Effects of taurine on vascular tone. Amino Acids. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Chen N, Tong X, Wu S, Xu X, Chen Q, Wang F. Cadmium induces placental glucocorticoid barrier damage by suppressing the cAMP/PKA/Sp1 pathway and the protective role of taurine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 440:115938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Baliou S, Adamaki M, Ioannou P, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI, Christodoulou I, Spandidos DA, Kyriakopoulos AM, Zoumpourlis V. Ameliorative effect of taurine against diabetes and renal-associated disorders (Review). Med Int (Lond) 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 36699147 PMCID: PMC9855276 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To develop novel therapeutic methods for both diabetic and renal disorders, scientists had initially focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of taurine in established cell lines and mouse models. Although a large amount of data have been revealed, taurine has been confirmed to be the next step of novel promising therapeutic interventions against diabetic disorders. Taurine appears to ameliorate diabetes 1-related complications in various organs through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hormonal actions. In type 2 diabetes, taurine has been positively implicated in glucose homeostasis, exerting potent hypoglycemic, anti-obesity, hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects. Of particular interest is that taurine provides protection against renal dysfunction, including hypertension and proteinuria, specific glomerular and tubular disorders, acute and chronic renal conditions, and diabetic nephropathy. The ameliorative effects of taurine against renal disorders are based on its osmoregulatory properties, its association with signaling pathways and its association with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Further clinical studies are required to ensure the importance of research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Baliou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Ioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics and Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Christodoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece,Correspondence to: Dr Vassilis Zoumpourlis, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Konstantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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Guizoni DM, Vettorazzi JF, Carneiro EM, Davel AP. Modulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production and activity by taurine and taurine-conjugated bile acids. Nitric Oxide 2019; 94:48-53. [PMID: 31669041 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is a semiessential amino acid found at high concentrations in mammalian plasma and cells, where it regulates cellular functions such as ion flux, controls cell volume and serves as a substrate for conjugated bile acids (BAs). Exogenous administration of both taurine and taurine-conjugated BAs have also been implicated in the modulation of cardiovascular functions. This brief review summarizes the role of taurine and taurine-conjugated BAs in vascular relaxation through the modulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The effects of taurine on vascular health are controversial. However, in the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, it has been proposed that taurine can increase vascular NO levels by increasing eNOS expression, eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177, NO bioavailability, the level of antioxidative defense, and the l-arginine/NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) ratio. The taurine-conjugated BA-mediated activation of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled BA receptor (TGR5) and/or muscarinic 3 receptor (M3) was also reported to increase vascular NO production. FXR activation increases eNOS expression and may reduce ADMA formation, while TGR5 increases mobilization of Ca2+ and phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt in endothelial cells. Furthermore, taurine and taurine-conjugated BAs might regulate NO synthesis and activity by enhancing H2S generation. Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of both taurine and taurine-conjugated BAs in reversing the endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, malnutrition, and smoking. In addition, taurine-conjugated BAs have emerged as a potential treatment for portal hypertension. Despite these favorable findings, there is a need to further explore the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the endothelial effects of taurine and taurine-conjugated BAs. Here, we summarize the main findings regarding the effects of taurine and taurine-conjugated BAs on the endothelial dysfunction associated with altered NO metabolism in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Guizoni
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean F Vettorazzi
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Institute of Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Institute of Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Davel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is widely distributed in animal tissues and has
diverse pharmacological effects. However, the role of taurine in modulating smooth
muscle contractility is still controversial. We propose that taurine (5-80 mM) can
exert bidirectional modulation on the contractility of isolated rat jejunal segments.
Different low and high contractile states were induced in isolated jejunal segments
of rats to observe the effects of taurine and the associated mechanisms. Taurine
induced stimulatory effects on the contractility of isolated rat jejunal segments at
3 different low contractile states, and inhibitory effects at 3 different high
contractile states. Bidirectional modulation was not observed in the presence of
verapamil or tetrodotoxin, suggesting that taurine-induced bidirectional modulation
is Ca2+ dependent and requires the presence of the enteric nervous system.
The stimulatory effects of taurine on the contractility of isolated jejunal segments
was blocked by atropine but not by diphenhydramine or by cimetidine, suggesting that
muscarinic-linked activation was involved in the stimulatory effects when isolated
jejunal segments were in a low contractile state. The inhibitory effects of taurine
on the contractility of isolated jejunal segments were blocked by propranolol and
L-NG-nitroarginine but not by phentolamine, suggesting that adrenergic β receptors
and a nitric oxide relaxing mechanism were involved when isolated jejunal segments
were in high contractile states. No bidirectional effects of taurine on myosin
phosphorylation were observed. The contractile states of jejunal segments determine
taurine-induced stimulatory or inhibitory effects, which are associated with
muscarinic receptors and adrenergic β receptors, and a nitric oxide associated
relaxing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Yao
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - D P Chen
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - D M Ye
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Y P Diao
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Y Lin
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Schaffer SW, Shimada K, Jong CJ, Ito T, Azuma J, Takahashi K. Effect of taurine and potential interactions with caffeine on cardiovascular function. Amino Acids. 2014;46:1147-1157. [PMID: 24615238 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major impetus behind the rise in energy drink popularity among adults is their ability to heighten mental alertness, improve physical performance and supply energy. However, accompanying the exponential growth in energy drink usage have been recent case reports and analyses from the National Poison Data System, raising questions regarding the safety of energy drinks. Most of the safety concerns have centered on the effect of energy drinks on cardiovascular and central nervous system function. Although the effects of caffeine excess have been widely studied, little information is available on potential interactions between the other active ingredients of energy drinks and caffeine. One of the active ingredients often mentioned as a candidate for interactions with caffeine is the beta-amino acid, taurine. Although taurine is considered a conditionally essential nutrient for humans and is thought to play a key role in several human diseases, clinical studies evaluating the effects of taurine are limited. However, based on this review regarding possible interactions between caffeine and taurine, we conclude that taurine should neutralize several untoward effects of caffeine excess. In agreement with this conclusion, the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food published a report in March 2003 summarizing its investigation into potential interactions of the ingredients in energy drinks. At the cardiovascular level, they concluded that "if there are any interactions between caffeine and taurine, taurine might reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine." Although these interactions remain to be further examined in humans, the physiological functions of taurine appear to be inconsistent with the adverse cardiovascular symptoms associated with excessive consumption of caffeine-taurine containing beverages.
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Dalaklioglu S, Kuscu N, Celik-Ozenci C, Bayram Z, Nacitarhan C, Ozdem SS. Chronic treatment with taurine ameliorates diabetes-induced dysfunction of nitric oxide-mediated neurogenic and endothelium-dependent corpus cavernosum relaxation in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:394-404. [PMID: 23848484 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to examine the effect of chronic taurine treatment on corpus cavernosum dysfunction in diabetic rats and to investigate possible underlying mechanisms. Thirty male rats were randomized to three groups of 10 each, including control, diabetic, and taurine-treated diabetic. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ, single intraperitoneal dose of 50 mg/kg body weight). Taurine was administered orally for 12 weeks (1% w/v in drinking water) from the day on which STZ was injected. At the end of the 12th week, strips of corpus cavernosum were suspended in an organ bath system for functional studies. Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent and neurogenic corpus cavernosum relaxation were evaluated by acetylcholine (ACh, 0.1-100 μm) and electrical field stimulation (EFS, 30 V, 5 ms, 2-32 Hz), respectively. The expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) (Ser-1177), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), NADPH oxidase subunit gp91(phox) , Rho A, and Rho kinase in corpus cavernosum were semi-quantitatively assessed by immunohistochemistry. Induction of diabetes resulted in significant inhibition of NO-mediated endothelium-dependent and neurogenic corpus cavernosum relaxation. Furthermore, eNOS, p-eNOS, and nNOS expressions decreased significantly in diabetic rats compared to controls, while gp91(phox) , RhoA and Rho kinase expressions increased significantly. The diminished relaxation response to ACh and EFS as well as diabetes-related changes in expressions of these proteins in corpus cavernosum of diabetic rats was significantly improved by taurine. Taurine treatment improves NO-mediated relaxations of corpus cavernosum in diabetic rats probably by inhibiting NADPH oxidase/Rho kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvinaz Dalaklioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
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Abstract
Taurine is abundantly present in most mammalian tissues and plays a role in many important physiological functions. Atherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism of cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarctions, strokes and peripheral artery disease and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies conducted in laboratory animal models using both genetic and dietary models of hyperlipidemia have demonstrated that taurine supplementation retards the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that taurine exerts preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases. The present review focuses on the effects of taurine on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In addition, the potential mechanisms by which taurine suppress the development of atherosclerosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Murakami
- R&D Headquarters, Self Medication Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, 24-1 Takada 3-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan,
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Imae M, Asano T, Murakami S. Potential role of taurine in the prevention of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Amino Acids 2012; 46:81-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Taurine is an abundant, free amino acid found in mammalian cells that contributes to many physiologic functions from that of a simple cell osmolyte to a programmer of adult health and disease. Taurine's contribution extends from conception throughout life, but its most critical exposure period is during perinatal life. In adults, taurine supplementation prevents or alleviates cardiovascular disease and related complications. In contrast, low taurine consumption coincides with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity and type II diabetes. This review focuses on the effects that altered perinatal taurine exposure has on long-term mechanisms that control adult arterial blood pressure and could thereby contribute to arterial hypertension through its ability to program these cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms very early in life. The modifications of these mechanisms can last a lifetime and transfer to the next generation, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms underlie the changes. The ability of perinatal taurine exposure to influence arterial pressure control mechanisms and hypertension in adult life appears to involve the regulation of growth and development, the central and autonomic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin system, glucose-insulin interaction and changes to heart, blood vessels and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Roysommuti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand,
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Li G, Tang T, Peng M, He H, Yin D. Direct reaction of taurine with malondialdehyde: evidence for taurine as a scavenger of reactive carbonyl species. Redox Rep 2011; 15:268-74. [PMID: 21208526 DOI: 10.1179/135100010x12826446921743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Though taurine has been reported very useful in preventing oxidative stress and various age-related diseases, the detailed biochemical mechanism of its biological functions is not well understood. Direct reaction of malondialdehyde (MDA) with taurine was studied using spectrofluorometry, spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography online with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The results indicated that taurine reacted readily with MDA at supraphysiological conditions to yield mainly two products: a fluorescent 1,4-dihydropyridine and non-fluorescent enaminal derivatives. Taurine also significantly inhibited the formation of lipofuscin-like fluorescence induced by MDA-modified bovine serum albumin. These findings suggested that taurine effectively reduces carbonyl stress due to the amino group in its molecular structure, and we propose that it should be the mechanism related with the pathophysiological functions of taurine in the biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Abebe W, Liu JY, Wimborne H, Mozaffari MS. Effects of chromium picolinate on vascular reactivity and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 62:674-82. [PMID: 20885007 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromium picolinate [Cr(pic)(3)] is a nutritional supplement widely promoted to exert beneficial metabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance. Frequent comorbidities in these individuals include systemic hypertension, abnormal vascular function and ischemic heart disease, but information on the effects of the supplement on these aspects is sparse. Utilizing male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we examined the potential impact of Cr(pic)(3) on blood pressure, vascular reactivity and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Dietary Cr(pic)(3) supplementation (as 10 mg chromium/kg diet for six weeks) did not affect blood pressure of the SHR. Also, neither norepinephrine (NE) and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractility nor sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation of aortic smooth muscle from the SHR was altered by Cr(pic)(3) treatment. However, Cr(pic)(3) augmented endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortas, produced by acetylcholine (ACh), and this effect was abolished by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), suggesting induction of nitric oxide (NO) production/release. Treatment with Cr(pic)(3) did not affect baseline coronary flow rate and rate-pressure-product (RPP) or infarct size following regional IRI. Nonetheless, Cr(pic)(3) treatment was associated with improved coronary flow and recovery of myocardial contractility and relaxation following ischemia-reperfusion insult. In conclusion, dietary Cr(pic)(3) treatment of SHR alters neither blood pressure nor vascular smooth muscle reactivity but causes enhancement of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation associated with NO production/release. Additionally, while the treatment does not affect infarct size, it improves functional recovery of the viable portion of the myocardium following IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Abebe
- Department of Oral Biology, CL 2136, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1128, USA.
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Liu Y, Niu L, Zhang W, Cui L, Zhang X, Liang Y, Zhang M. Effects of taurine on contractions of the porcine coronary artery. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:681-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zulli A, Lau E, Wijaya BPP, Jin X, Sutarga K, Schwartz GD, Learmont J, Wookey PJ, Zinellu A, Carru C, Hare DL. High dietary taurine reduces apoptosis and atherosclerosis in the left main coronary artery: association with reduced CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein and total plasma homocysteine but not lipidemia. Hypertension 2009; 53:1017-22. [PMID: 19398656 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.129924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether taurine could specifically protect against coronary artery disease during an atherogenic diet and whether taurine affects the lipid profile, metabolites of methionine, and endothelial atherogenic systems. Rabbits were fed one of the following diets for 4 weeks: (1) control diet; (2) 0.5% cholesterol+1.0% methionine; or (3) 0.5% cholesterol+1.0% methionine+2.5% taurine. Endothelial function was examined, and the left main coronary artery atherosclerosis was quantified by stereology and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry to determine the endothelial expression of proteins related to the NO, renin-angiotensin, endoplasmic reticulum, and oxidative stress systems, as well as apoptosis. Taurine normalized hyperhomocysteinemia (P<0.05) and significantly reduced hypermethioninemia (P<0.05) but not lipidemia. The intima:media ratio was reduced by 28% (P=0.034), and atherosclerosis was reduced by 64% (P=0.012) and endothelial cell apoptosis by 30% (P<0.01). Endothelial cell CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein was normalized (P<0.05). Taurine failed to improve hyperlipidemia, endothelial function, or endothelial proteins related to the NO, renin-angiotensin, and oxidative stress systems. Taurine reduces left main coronary artery wall pathology associated with decreased plasma total homocysteine, methionine, apoptosis, and normalization of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein. These results elucidate the antiapoptotic and antiatherogenic properties of taurine, possibly via normalization of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Zulli
- Departments of Cardiology, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Abebe W. Effects of taurine on the reactivity of aortas from diabetic rats. Life Sci 2008; 82:279-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Erdem A, Sevgili AM, Akbiyik F, Atilla P, Cakar N, Balkanci ZD, Iskit AB, Guc MO. The effect of taurine on mesenteric blood flow and organ injury in sepsis. Amino Acids 2008; 35:403-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Taurine modulates blood pressure and renal function. As the kidney plays a pivotal role in long-term control of arterial pressure, we tested the hypothesis that taurine-deficient rats display maladaptive renal and blood pressure responses to uninephrectomy. Control and taurine-deficient (i.e., beta-alanine-treated) rats with either one or two remaining kidneys were fed diets containing basal or high (8%) NaCl diet. Urine osmolality was greater in the taurine-deficient than controls fed a normal NaCl diet; proteinuria and blood pressure were unaffected by uninephrectomy. Following 6 weeks on an 8% NaCl diet, the uninephrectomized (UNX) animals developed significant hypertension, which was more severe in the taurine-deficient group; baroreflex function was unaffected. However, the UNX taurine-deficient rats displayed impaired ability to dispose of an acute isotonic saline volume load before a switchover to a high NaCl diet. Nonetheless, a more protracted exposure (i.e., 14 weeks) to dietary NaCl excess eliminated the blood pressure differential between the two groups; at this stage, renal excretory responses to an acute saline volume load or to atrial natriuretic peptide were similar in the two groups. Nonetheless, hypertensive taurine-deficient rats displayed greater proteinuria, although both groups excreted proteins of similar molecular weights ( approximately 15-66 kDa). Further, taurine-deficient kidney specimens displayed periarterial mononuclear cell infiltrates with strong immunoreactivity to the histiocyte marker CD68, suggestive of increased phagocytic activity. In conclusion, taurine deficiency modulates renal adaptation to combined uninephrectomy and dietary NaCl excess, resulting in an accelerated development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Li F, Abatan OI, Kim H, Burnett D, Larkin D, Obrosova IG, Stevens MJ. Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:669-76. [PMID: 16624563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 01/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, the efficacy of antioxidant therapy on DPN complicating type 2 diabetes remains unexplored. We therefore determined the ability of the antioxidant taurine to reverse deficits of hind limb sciatic motor and digital sensory nerve conduction velocity (NCV), nerve blood flow (NBF), and sensory thresholds in hyperglycemic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Experimental groups comprised lean nondiabetic (ND), ND treated with taurine (ND + T), untreated ZDF diabetic (D), and D rats treated with taurine (D + T). Compared to ND rats, 23%, 15% and 56% deficits of motor NCV, sensory NCV and NBF, respectively as well as thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia were reversed by taurine. An 84% deficit of dorsal root ganglion neuron calcitonin gene-related peptide in D rats was prevented by taurine. In summary, the antioxidant taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in experimental type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abebe W, Maddux WF. Roles of nitric oxide and prostacyclin in triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)-induced vasorelaxation. Dent Mater 2006; 22:37-44. [PMID: 16040116 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most dental resinous materials contain the diluent monomer triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), which has been reported to be bioactive. Previously, it was demonstrated that TEGDMA induces vasorelaxation. The present study examines the mechanism(s) of the TEGDMA-induced vasorelaxation by measuring vascular nitrite and prostacyclin levels. METHODS Nitrite and prostacyclin levels were assayed in rat aortic tissues in response to TEGDMA. The involvement of guanylyl and adenylyl cyclases in TEGDMA-induced aortic vasorelaxation was determined using the enzyme inhibitors 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SQ22536), respectively. RESULTS TEGDMA enhanced the levels of nitrites in endothelium-intact and that of protacyclin in both endothelium-intact and denuded rat aortas. The increase in nitrites was associated with endothelium-dependent aortic relaxation mediated via the activation of guanylyl cyclase, while the increase in prostacyclin was associated with both endothelium-dependent and independent relaxation linked to adenylyl cyclase stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE Data from the present investigation can be relevant to dental practice employing materials containing TEGDMA by providing insights into the vasorelaxant effect of the monomer following placement of the materials in the oral cavity. Additional studies that are more relevant to the clinical situation are required to confirm these initial results and further explore their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Abebe
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, CL-2130, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1128, USA.
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Mozaffari MS, Abdelsayed R, Patel C, Schaffer SW. Effects of dietary salt and fat on taurine excretion in healthy and diseased rats. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006; 583:173-80. [PMID: 17153600 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Taurine modulates renal and cardiovascular function. Although the kidney regulates body taurine status, the impact of renal and cardiovascular risk factors, such as dietary intake of excess NaCl and saturated fat, on renal handling of taurine is less clear. One would predict that the kidney would modulate taurine excretion during dietary NaCl excess to insure adequate osmotic homeostasis. Similarly, fat feeding would be expected to affect taurine homeostasis, as taurine is involved in bile acid conjugation and therefore fat emulsification. To examine these aspects, male rats were divided into four groups: basal fat diet (control), high fat diet (FAT), basal fat and high salt diet (SALT) and a combination of a high fat and salt diet (FATSALT). While the control, FAT and SALT groups excreted similar amounts of taurine; the SALTFAT group excreted significantly more taurine than the other 3 groups. Although all of the dietary regimens increased renal tissue content of taurine, the increases were greatest in the two SALT groups. In a subsequent study, we examined the effect of excess dietary fat on taurine handling by the hypertensive (H) and hypertensive-glucose intolerant (HGI) rat. When fed a basal fat diet, the HGI group excreted more taurine than the H group, an effect likely related to increased endogenous taurine biosynthesis, alterations in renal function or a combination of the two effects. While excess fat intake increased urinary taurine excretion in the H group, it reduced taurine excretion in the HGI group. Nonetheless, kidney taurine content was similar in the 4 groups. Taken together, the data suggest that dietary constituents and preexisting systemic disorders are important modulators of renal handling of taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Abstract
Single-bottle dentin bonding systems are currently in wide use. Because these materials are sometimes inadvertently placed on microscopic pulp exposures while at other times deliberately on frank exposures, their effects on pulpal soft tissues need to be evaluated. The present study assessed the vascular effects of 3M Single Bond (3MSB) and Prime & Bond NT (PBNT), using rat aortic ring preparations. It is hypothesized that these bonding agents induce relaxation of these preparations. Both 3MSB and PBNT caused endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations in a concentration-dependent manner. The endothelium-dependent relaxation was associated with the release of nitric oxide. However, the responses to both agents did not involve the generation of prostanoids or KATP channel activation. At relatively low concentrations, the responses of endothelium-denuded tissues to 3MSB were greater than those to PBNT, indicating certain differences in the vascular action between these products. The data suggest that 3MSB and PBNT interfere with vascular function by causing vasorelaxation via mechanisms occurring in the smooth muscle and endothelium, including the release of nitric oxide. Among others, this effect may promote bleeding if these adhesives are placed on pulp exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Abebe
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1128, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology & Maxillofacial Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
We recently demonstrated that chronic taurine supplementation or deficiency causes alterations in reactivity of the rat aorta to several vasoactive agents. In the present investigation, we examined the effects beta-alanine-induced endogenous taurine deficiency on the mechanical responsiveness of the isolated rat aorta to adenosine receptor stimulation with 2-chloroadenosine (CAD), 5'-N-ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine (NECA), and N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). The adenosine analogs produced concentration-dependent (1 x 10(-9)-3 x 10(-3) M) relaxations of aortas from both control and beta-alanine-treated rats with the rank order of potencies NECA>CAD>CPA, which was consistent with A(2) receptor identification. CAD and NECA induced both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations of the aortas. The endothelium-dependent responses to both agents and the independent responses to CAD were significantly attenuated by beta-alanine treatment. The relaxation responses of the aortas from control and taurine-deficient rats to CAD and NECA were markedly antagonized by ZM241385 (10(-5) M), suggesting the involvement of A(2A) adenosine receptors. Further, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10(-5) M) significantly attenuated the endothelium-mediated relaxation produced by CAD and NECA in both groups. However, the inhibitory effect of L-NAME was less on the beta-alanine-treated tissues, providing evidence that the effect of taurine deficiency was linked to a reduction in nitric oxide generation. As in the aorta, CAD produced both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation responses in the rat superior mesenteric artery, and both responses were inhibited by chronic beta-alanine treatment, suggesting that not only similar responses can be generated by a given adenosine agonist in different vascular beds, but also beta-alanine treatment modulates these responses. On the other hand, while CPA elicited only endothelium-independent aortic relaxation, this response was not altered by taurine deficiency. The results indicate that endogenous taurine deficiency causes differential inhibitory effects on adenosine receptor-mediated vasorelaxation, depending upon the agonists used. Given the recognized role of adenosine in the vasculature, these alterations suggest taurine-mediated modulation of blood flow regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Abebe
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, CB 3710, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1128, USA.
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Abstract
We recently showed that chronic taurine supplementation is associated with attenuation of contractile responses of rat aorta to norepinephrine and potassium chloride. However, the potential involvement of endogenous taurine in modulation of vascular reactivity is not known. Therefore, we examined the effect of β-alanine-induced taurine depletion on the in vitro reactivity of rat aorta to selected vasoactive agents. The data indicate that both norepinephrine- and potassium-chloride-induced maximum contractile responses of endothelium-denuded aortae were enhanced in taurine-depleted rats compared with control animals. However, taurine depletion did not affect tissue sensitivity to either norepinephrine or potassium chloride. By contrast, sensitivity of the endothelium-denuded aortae to sodium nitroprusside was attenuated by taurine depletion. Similarly, taurine deficiency reduced the relaxant responses of endothelium-intact aortic rings elicited by submaximal concentrations of acetylcholine, and this effect was associated with decreased nitric oxide production. Taken together, the data suggest that taurine depletion augments contractility but attenuates relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in a nonspecific manner. Impairment of endothelium-dependent responses, which is at least in part associated with reduced nitric oxide generation, may contribute to the attenuation of the vasorelaxant responses. These vascular alterations could be of potential consequence in pathological conditions associated with taurine deficiency.Key words: rat aorta, β-alanine, taurine depletion, vascular reactivity.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Models, Animal
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Potassium Chloride/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Taurine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Taurine/metabolism
- beta-Alanine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Worku Abebe
- Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, CB 3710, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1128, USA.
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