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Konishi T, Taguchi K, Fukao K, Takagi N, Miyamoto Y. Crystallization with Nodular Aggregation near the Glass Transition Temperature for Syndiotactic Polypropylene. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:208-214. [PMID: 36696543 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The isothermal crystallization from the melt state of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) has been studied by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and optical microscopy. The WAXD and SAXS results show the crystallization mechanism near the glass transition temperature in which the crystalline and mesomorphic nodules cover the entire sample with the formation of aggregation regions. For the SAXS analysis, the scattering function for the three-component system has been suggested. Furthermore, to analyze the growth kinetics of the aggregation region for sPP, the time-dependent structure factor combined with the homogeneous and inhomogeneous nucleation-and-growth kinetics has been suggested. The analysis shows that the growth kinetics of the aggregation region for sPP is the homogeneous nucleation-and-growth. The growth velocity of the aggregation region is a natural extrapolation of that of spherulite to the high supercooling region. These results might indicate that the crystallization with the nodular aggregation is a fundamental crystallization process near the glass transition temperature for polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Konishi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Taguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima739-8521, Japan
| | - Koji Fukao
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga525-8577, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takagi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
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Pirela V, Campoy-Quiles M, Müller AJ, Martín J. Unraveling the Influence of the Preexisting Molecular Order on the Crystallization of Semiconducting Semicrystalline Poly(9,9-di- n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl (PFO). Chem Mater 2022; 34:10744-10751. [PMID: 36530941 PMCID: PMC9754006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex crystallization process of semiconducting polymers is key for the advance of organic electronic technologies as the optoelectronic properties of these materials are intimately connected to their solid-state microstructure. These polymers often have semirigid backbones and flexible side chains, which results in a strong tendency to organize/order in the liquid state. Therefore, crystallization of these materials frequently occurs from liquid states that exhibit-at least partial-molecular order. However, the impact of the preexisting molecular order on the crystallization process of semiconducting polymers- indeed, of any polymer-remained hitherto unknown. This study uses fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) to probe the crystallization kinetics of poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl (PFO) from both an isotropic disordered melt state (ISO state) and a liquid-crystalline ordered state (NEM state). Our results demonstrate that the preexisting molecular order has a profound impact on the crystallization of PFO. More specifically, it favors the formation of effective crystal nucleation centers, speeding up the crystallization kinetics at the early stages of phase transformation. However, samples crystallized from the NEM state require longer times to reach full crystallization (during the secondary crystallization stage) compared to those crystallized from the ISO state, likely suggesting that the preexisting molecular order slows down the advance in the latest stages of the crystallization, that is, those governed by molecular diffusion. The fitting of the data with the Avrami model reveals different crystallization mechanisms, which ultimately result in a distinct semicrystalline morphology and photoluminescence properties. Therefore, this work highlights the importance of understanding the interrelationships between processing, structure, and properties of polymer semiconductors and opens the door for performing fundamental investigations via newly developed FSC methodologies of such materials that otherwise are not possible with conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pirela
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San
Sebastián20018, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra08193, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San
Sebastián20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao48009, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San
Sebastián20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao48009, Spain
- Universidade
da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, Ferrol15403, Spain
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Poulopoulou N, Nikolaidis GN, Ioannidis RO, Efstathiadou VL, Terzopoulou Z, Papageorgiou DG, Kapnisti M, Papageorgiou GZ. Aromatic But Sustainable: Poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) as a Crystallizing Thermoplastic in the Bioeconomy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niki Poulopoulou
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - George N. Nikolaidis
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Raphael O. Ioannidis
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassa L. Efstathiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Papageorgiou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, U.K
| | - Maria Kapnisti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Ding Q, Du M, Liao T, Men Y, Androsch R. Polymorphic structure in ultrasonic microinjection-molded poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalate). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wen Q, Cai Q, Fu P, Chang D, Xu X, Wen TJ, Wu GP, Zhu W, Wan LS, Zhang C, Zhang XH, Jin Q, Wu ZL, Gao C, Zhang H, Huang N, Li CZ, Li H. Key progresses of MOE key laboratory of macromolecular synthesis and functionalization in 2021. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ruiz de Ballesteros O, De Stefano F, Auriemma F, Di Girolamo R, Scoti M, De Rosa C. Evidence of Nodular Morphology in Syndiotactic Polypropylene from the Quenched State. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odda Ruiz de Ballesteros
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Finizia Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rocco Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Zhuravlev E, Jiang J, Zhou D, Androsch R, Schick C. Extending Cooling Rate Performance of Fast Scanning Chip Calorimetry by Liquid Droplet Cooling. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:3813. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The liquid droplet cooling technique for fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) is introduced, increasing the cooling rate for large samples on a given sensor. Reaching higher cooling rates and using a gas as the cooling medium, the common standard for ultra-fast temperature control in cooling requires reducing the lateral dimensions of the sample and sensor. The maximum cooling rate is limited by the heat capacity of the sample and the heat exchange between the gas and the sample. The enhanced cooling performance of the new liquid droplet cooling technique is demonstrated for both metals and polymers, on examples of solidification of large samples of indium, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly (butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN). It was found that the maximum cooling rate can be increased up to 5 MK/s in room temperature environment, that is, by two orders of magnitude, compared to standard gas cooling. Furthermore, modifying the droplet size and using coolants at different temperatures provide options to adjust the cooling rate in the temperature ranges of interest.
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Mileva D, Wang J, Gahleitner M, Jariyavidyanont K, Androsch R. New Insights into Crystallization of Heterophasic Isotactic Polypropylene by Fast Scanning Chip Calorimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1683. [PMID: 32731587 PMCID: PMC7465214 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization kinetics of metallocene-catalyzed heterophasic isotactic polypropylene composed of a matrix of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and rubbery particles made of random ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPC), often denoted as heterophasic iPP copolymers, was analyzed as a function of the cooling rate and supercooling in nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization experiments, respectively. Fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) allowed assessing crystallization at processing-relevant conditions, and variation of the content (0-39 wt %) and composition (0-35 wt % propylene counits) of the EPC particles revealed qualitatively new insight about mechanisms of heterogeneous crystal nucleation. For neat iPP homopolymer, the characteristic bimodal temperature dependence of the crystallization rate due to predominance of heterogeneous and homogeneous crystal nucleation at high and low temperatures, respectively, is reconfirmed. At high temperatures, in heterophasic iPP, the here studied ethylene-(C2)-rich EPC particles accelerate crystallization of the iPP-matrix, with the acceleration or nucleation efficacy correlating with the EPC-particle content. The crystallization time reduces by more than half in presence of 39 wt % EPC particles. An additional nucleating effect of the EPC particles on iPP-matrix crystallization is detected after their crystallization, suggesting that liquid/rubbery particles are less effective than solid/semicrystalline particles in affecting crystallization of the surrounding iPP-matrix. At low temperature, homogeneous crystal nucleation in the iPP-matrix outpaces all heterogeneous nucleation effects, and the matrix-crystallization rate is independent of the sample composition. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that the crystallization kinetics of iPP can be affected significantly by the content and composition of EPC particles, even towards superfast crystallizing iPP grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mileva
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (J.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
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Ding Q, Janke A, Schick C, Androsch R. Morphology of α-crystals of poly (butylene 2,6-naphthalate) crystallized via a liquid crystalline mesophase according to Ostwald's rule of stages. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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