1
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Riera-Galindo S, Sanz-Lleó M, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Mas-Torrent M, Martín J, López-Mir L, Campoy-Quiles M. High Polymer Molecular Weight Yields Solar Cells with Simultaneously Improved Performance and Thermal Stability. Small 2024:e2311735. [PMID: 38279561 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Simple synthetic routes, high active layer thickness tolerance as well as stable organic solar cells are relentlessly pursued as key enabling traits for the upscaling of organic photovoltaics. Here, the potential to address these issues by tuning donor polymer molecular weight is investigated. Specifically, the focus is on PTQ10, a polymer with low synthetic complexity, with number average molecular weights of 2.4, 6.2, 16.8, 52.9, and 54.4 kDa, in combination with three different non-fullerene acceptors, namely Y6, Y12, and IDIC. Molecular weight, indeed, unlocks a threefold increase in power conversion efficiency for these blends. Importantly, efficiencies above 10% for blade coated devices with thicknesses between 200 and 350 nm for blends incorporating high molecular weight donor are shown. Spectroscopic, GIWAXS and charge carrier mobility data suggest that the strong photocurrent improvement with molecular weight is related to both, improved electronic transport and polymer contribution to exciton generation. Moreover, it is demonstrated that solar cells based on high molecular weight PTQ10 are more thermally stable due to a higher glass transition temperature, thus also improving device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sanz-Lleó
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Eurecat Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unit of Printed Electronics & Embedded Devices, Av. d'Ernest Lluch 36, Mataró, 08302, Spain
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, Ferrol, 15403, Spain
| | - Laura López-Mir
- Eurecat Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unit of Printed Electronics & Embedded Devices, Av. d'Ernest Lluch 36, Mataró, 08302, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Casademont-Viñas M, Gibert-Roca M, Campoy-Quiles M, Goñi AR. Spectrum on demand light source (SOLS) for advanced photovoltaic characterization. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:103907. [PMID: 37861404 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a multi-purpose spectrum-on-demand light source (SOLS), conceived primarily but not exclusively for the multiple and advanced characterization of photovoltaic (PV) materials and devices. The apparatus is a spectral shaper illumination device, providing a tunable and spectrally shaped light beam produced by modulating the intensity and/or wavelength range of a primary light source. SOLS stands out from the state of the art because it produces almost any spectrum on demand and delivers two types of output: a spectrally shaped and spatially homogeneous beam over its cross section for areal illumination or a spatially and spectrally split beam into its wavelength components, a unique capability suited to characterize lateral-tandem (Rainbow) solar cells. The tuneability from broadband to narrowband illumination enables two characterization devices into one, namely, a solar simulator for the determination of the power conversion efficiency and an external quantum efficiency measuring system. We expect the SOLS setup to accelerate material screening, enabling the discovery and optimization of novel multi-component materials and devices, in particular for emergent PV technologies like organic, metal halide perovskites, or multi-junction geometries, as well as novel PV applications such as indoors, building integrated, or agrivoltaics, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Casademont-Viñas
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Gibert-Roca
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Srinivasan SY, Cler M, Zapata-Arteaga O, Dörling B, Campoy-Quiles M, Martínez E, Engel E, Pérez-Amodio S, Laromaine A. Conductive Bacterial Nanocellulose-Polypyrrole Patches Promote Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023. [PMID: 37342003 PMCID: PMC10354801 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The low endogenous regenerative capacity of the heart, added to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, triggered the advent of cardiac tissue engineering in the last decades. The myocardial niche plays a critical role in directing the function and fate of cardiomyocytes; therefore, engineering a biomimetic scaffold holds excellent promise. We produced an electroconductive cardiac patch of bacterial nanocellulose (BC) with polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy NPs) to mimic the natural myocardial microenvironment. BC offers a 3D interconnected fiber structure with high flexibility, which is ideal for hosting Ppy nanoparticles. BC-Ppy composites were produced by decorating the network of BC fibers (65 ± 12 nm) with conductive Ppy nanoparticles (83 ± 8 nm). Ppy NPs effectively augment the conductivity, surface roughness, and thickness of BC composites despite reducing scaffolds' transparency. BC-Ppy composites were flexible (up to 10 mM Ppy), maintained their intricate 3D extracellular matrix-like mesh structure in all Ppy concentrations tested, and displayed electrical conductivities in the range of native cardiac tissue. Furthermore, these materials exhibit tensile strength, surface roughness, and wettability values appropriate for their final use as cardiac patches. In vitro experiments with cardiac fibroblasts and H9c2 cells confirmed the exceptional biocompatibility of BC-Ppy composites. BC-Ppy scaffolds improved cell viability and attachment, promoting a desirable cardiomyoblast morphology. Biochemical analyses revealed that H9c2 cells showed different cardiomyocyte phenotypes and distinct levels of maturity depending on the amount of Ppy in the substrate used. Specifically, the employment of BC-Ppy composites drives partial H9c2 differentiation toward a cardiomyocyte-like phenotype. The scaffolds increase the expression of functional cardiac markers in H9c2 cells, indicative of a higher differentiation efficiency, which is not observed with plain BC. Our results highlight the remarkable potential use of BC-Ppy scaffolds as a cardiac patch in tissue regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Cler
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Pérez-Amodio
- IMEM-BRT Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies, Institute of Bioengineering Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB), CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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4
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Gibert-Roca M, Casademont-Viñas M, Liu Q, Vandewal K, Goñi AR, Campoy-Quiles M. RAINBOW Organic Solar Cells: Implementing Spectral Splitting in Lateral Multi-Junction Architectures. Adv Mater 2023:e2212226. [PMID: 36944218 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While multi-junction geometries have the potential to boost the efficiency of organic solar cells, the experimental gains yet obtained are still very modest. This work proposes an alternative spectral splitting device concept in which various individual semiconducting junctions with cascading bandgaps are laid side by side, thus the name RAINBOW. Each lateral sub-cell receives a fraction of the spectrum that closely matches the main absorption band of the given semiconductor. Here, simulations are used to identify the important material and device properties of each RAINBOW sub-cell. Using the resulting design rules, three systems are selected, with narrow, medium, and wide effective bandgaps, and their potential as sub-cells in this geometry is experimentally investigated. With the aid of a custom-built setup that generates spectrally spread sunlight on demand, the simulations are experimentally validated, showing that this geometry can lead to a reduction in thermalization losses and an improvement in light harvesting, which results in a relative improvement in efficiency of 46.6% with respect to the best sub-cell. Finally, a working proof-of-concept monolithic device consisting of two sub-cells deposited from solution on the same substrate is fabricated, thus demonstrating the feasibility and the potential of the RAINBOW solar cell concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gibert-Roca
- Dept. of Nanostructured Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Miquel Casademont-Viñas
- Dept. of Nanostructured Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Quan Liu
- IMO-IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, BE3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Koen Vandewal
- IMO-IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, BE3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Dept. of Nanostructured Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), E-08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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5
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Pirela V, Campoy-Quiles M, Müller AJ, Martín J. Unraveling the Influence of the Preexisting Molecular Order on the Crystallization of Semiconducting Semicrystalline Poly(9,9-di- n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl (PFO). Chem Mater 2022; 34:10744-10751. [PMID: 36530941 PMCID: PMC9754006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex crystallization process of semiconducting polymers is key for the advance of organic electronic technologies as the optoelectronic properties of these materials are intimately connected to their solid-state microstructure. These polymers often have semirigid backbones and flexible side chains, which results in a strong tendency to organize/order in the liquid state. Therefore, crystallization of these materials frequently occurs from liquid states that exhibit-at least partial-molecular order. However, the impact of the preexisting molecular order on the crystallization process of semiconducting polymers- indeed, of any polymer-remained hitherto unknown. This study uses fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) to probe the crystallization kinetics of poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl (PFO) from both an isotropic disordered melt state (ISO state) and a liquid-crystalline ordered state (NEM state). Our results demonstrate that the preexisting molecular order has a profound impact on the crystallization of PFO. More specifically, it favors the formation of effective crystal nucleation centers, speeding up the crystallization kinetics at the early stages of phase transformation. However, samples crystallized from the NEM state require longer times to reach full crystallization (during the secondary crystallization stage) compared to those crystallized from the ISO state, likely suggesting that the preexisting molecular order slows down the advance in the latest stages of the crystallization, that is, those governed by molecular diffusion. The fitting of the data with the Avrami model reveals different crystallization mechanisms, which ultimately result in a distinct semicrystalline morphology and photoluminescence properties. Therefore, this work highlights the importance of understanding the interrelationships between processing, structure, and properties of polymer semiconductors and opens the door for performing fundamental investigations via newly developed FSC methodologies of such materials that otherwise are not possible with conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pirela
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San
Sebastián20018, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra08193, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San
Sebastián20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao48009, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San
Sebastián20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao48009, Spain
- Universidade
da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, Ferrol15403, Spain
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6
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Pascual-San-José E, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Adel-Abdelaleim R, Stella M, Martínez-Ferrero E, Campoy-Quiles M. Correction: Blade coated P3HT:non-fullerene acceptor solar cells: a high-throughput parameter study with a focus on up-scalability. J Mater Chem A Mater 2022; 10:18431. [PMID: 36205534 PMCID: PMC9469695 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta90177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C9TA07361B.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Pascual-San-José
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- EURECAT, Centre Tecnológic de Catalunya, Parc Científic i de la Innovació TecnoCampus Av. de Ernest Lluch, 36, Mataró Barcelona 08302 Spain
| | - Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Rana Adel-Abdelaleim
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- EURECAT, Centre Tecnológic de Catalunya, Parc Científic i de la Innovació TecnoCampus Av. de Ernest Lluch, 36, Mataró Barcelona 08302 Spain
| | - Marco Stella
- EURECAT, Centre Tecnológic de Catalunya, Parc Científic i de la Innovació TecnoCampus Av. de Ernest Lluch, 36, Mataró Barcelona 08302 Spain
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Ferrero
- EURECAT, Centre Tecnológic de Catalunya, Parc Científic i de la Innovació TecnoCampus Av. de Ernest Lluch, 36, Mataró Barcelona 08302 Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
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Yan J, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Pearce D, Douglas H, Bili D, Azzouzi M, Eisner F, Virbule A, Rezasoltani E, Belova V, Dörling B, Few S, Szumska AA, Hou X, Zhang G, Yip HL, Campoy-Quiles M, Nelson J. Identifying structure-absorption relationships and predicting absorption strength of non-fullerene acceptors for organic photovoltaics. Energy Environ Sci 2022; 15:2958-2973. [PMID: 35923416 PMCID: PMC9277517 DOI: 10.1039/d2ee00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are excellent light harvesters, yet the origin of their high optical extinction is not well understood. In this work, we investigate the absorption strength of NFAs by building a database of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of ∼500 π-conjugated molecules. The calculations are first validated by comparison with experimental measurements in solution and solid state using common fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors. We find that the molar extinction coefficient (ε d,max) shows reasonable agreement between calculation in vacuum and experiment for molecules in solution, highlighting the effectiveness of TDDFT for predicting optical properties of organic π-conjugated molecules. We then perform a statistical analysis based on molecular descriptors to identify which features are important in defining the absorption strength. This allows us to identify structural features that are correlated with high absorption strength in NFAs and could be used to guide molecular design: highly absorbing NFAs should possess a planar, linear, and fully conjugated molecular backbone with highly polarisable heteroatoms. We then exploit a random decision forest algorithm to draw predictions for ε d,max using a computational framework based on extended tight-binding Hamiltonians, which shows reasonable predicting accuracy with lower computational cost than TDDFT. This work provides a general understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and absorption strength in π-conjugated organic molecules, including NFAs, while introducing predictive machine-learning models of low computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Electronic and Photonic Materials (EFM), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University Linköping SE 581 83 Sweden
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Hana Douglas
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Danai Bili
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Mohammed Azzouzi
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Flurin Eisner
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Alise Virbule
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | | | - Valentina Belova
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Sheridan Few
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds LS2 9JT Leeds UK
| | - Anna A Szumska
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Xueyan Hou
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
| | - Guichuan Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London UK
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8
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Rodríguez-Martínez X, Riera-Galindo S, Cong J, Österberg T, Campoy-Quiles M, Inganäs O. Matching electron transport layers with a non-halogenated and low synthetic complexity polymer:fullerene blend for efficient outdoor and indoor organic photovoltaics. J Mater Chem A Mater 2022; 10:10768-10779. [PMID: 35706705 PMCID: PMC9113214 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta01205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The desired attributes of organic photovoltaics (OPV) as a low cost and sustainable energy harvesting technology demand the use of non-halogenated solvent processing for the photoactive layer (PAL) materials, preferably of low synthetic complexity (SC) and without compromising the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Despite their record PCEs, most donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers in combination with non-fullerene acceptors are still far from upscaling due to their high cost and SC. Here we present a non-halogenated and low SC ink formulation for the PAL of organic solar cells, comprising PTQ10 and PC61BM as donor and acceptor materials, respectively, showing a record PCE of 7.5% in blade coated devices under 1 sun, and 19.9% under indoor LED conditions. We further study the compatibility of the PAL with 5 different electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted architecture. We identify that commercial ZnO-based formulations together with a methanol-based polyethyleneimine-Zn (PEI-Zn) chelated ETL ink are the most suitable interlayers for outdoor conditions, providing fill factors as high as 74% and excellent thickness tolerance (up to 150 nm for the ETL, and >200 nm for the PAL). In indoor environments, SnO2 shows superior performance as it does not require UV photoactivation. Semi-transparent devices manufactured entirely in air via lamination show indoor PCEs exceeding 10% while retaining more than 80% of the initial performance after 400 and 350 hours of thermal and light stress, respectively. As a result, PTQ10:PC61BM combined with either PEI-Zn or SnO2 is currently positioned as a promising system for industrialisation of low cost, multipurpose OPV modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Jiayan Cong
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden
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9
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Pérez LA, Xu K, Wagner MR, Dörling B, Perevedentsev A, Goñi AR, Campoy-Quiles M, Alonso MI, Reparaz JS. Anisotropic thermoreflectance thermometry: A contactless frequency-domain thermoreflectance approach to study anisotropic thermal transport. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:034902. [PMID: 35365009 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel contactless frequency-domain thermoreflectance approach to study thermal transport, which is particularly convenient when thermally anisotropic materials are considered. The method is based on a line-shaped heater geometry, produced with a holographic diffractive optical element, instead of using a spot heater as in conventional thermoreflectance. The heater geometry is similar to the one used in the 3-omega method, however, keeping all the technical advantages offered by non-contact methodologies. The present method is especially suitable to determine all the elements of the thermal conductivity tensor, which is experimentally achieved by simply rotating the sample with respect to the line-shaped optical heater. We provide the mathematical solution of the heat equation for the cases of anisotropic substrates, thin films, and multilayer systems. This methodology allows an accurate determination of the thermal conductivity and does not require complex modeling or intensive computational efforts to process the experimental data, i.e., the thermal conductivity is obtained through a simple linear fit ("slope method"), in a similar fashion to the 3-omega method. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by studying isotropic and anisotropic materials in a wide range of thermal conductivities. In particular, we have studied the following inorganic and organic systems: (i) glass, Si, and Ge substrates (isotropic), (ii) β-Ga2O3 and a Kapton substrate (anisotropic), and (iii) a 285 nm thick SiO2 thin film deposited on a Si substrate. The accuracy in the determination of the thermal conductivity is estimated as ≈5%, whereas the temperature uncertainty is ΔT ≈ 3 mK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Pérez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Kai Xu
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Markus R Wagner
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Isabel Alonso
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Sebastián Reparaz
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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10
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Rodríguez-Martínez X, Pascual-San-José E, Campoy-Quiles M. Accelerating organic solar cell material's discovery: high-throughput screening and big data. Energy Environ Sci 2021; 14:3301-3322. [PMID: 34211582 PMCID: PMC8209551 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee00559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel high-performing materials such as non-fullerene acceptors and low band gap donor polymers underlines the steady increase of record efficiencies in organic solar cells witnessed during the past years. Nowadays, the resulting catalogue of organic photovoltaic materials is becoming unaffordably vast to be evaluated following classical experimentation methodologies: their requirements in terms of human workforce time and resources are prohibitively high, which slows momentum to the evolution of the organic photovoltaic technology. As a result, high-throughput experimental and computational methodologies are fostered to leverage their inherently high exploratory paces and accelerate novel materials discovery. In this review, we present some of the computational (pre)screening approaches performed prior to experimentation to select the most promising molecular candidates from the available materials libraries or, alternatively, generate molecules beyond human intuition. Then, we outline the main high-throuhgput experimental screening and characterization approaches with application in organic solar cells, namely those based on lateral parametric gradients (measuring-intensive) and on automated device prototyping (fabrication-intensive). In both cases, experimental datasets are generated at unbeatable paces, which notably enhance big data readiness. Herein, machine-learning algorithms find a rewarding application niche to retrieve quantitative structure-activity relationships and extract molecular design rationale, which are expected to keep the material's discovery pace up in organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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12
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Salomón FF, Vega NC, Jurado JP, Morán Vieyra FE, Tirado M, Comedi D, Campoy-Quiles M, Cattaneo M, Katz NE. Heteroleptic Ruthenium(II) Complexes with 2,2'-Bipyridines Having Carbonitriles as Anchoring Groups for ZnO Surfaces: Syntheses, Physicochemical Properties, and Applications in Organic Solar Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5660-5672. [PMID: 33821633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic ruthenium (II) complexes were used for sensitizing ZnO surfaces in organic solar cells (OSCs) as mediators with photoactive layers. The complexes [Ru(4,4'-X2-bpy)(Mebpy-CN)2]2+ (with X = -CH3, -OCH3 and -N(CH3)2; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; Mebpy-CN = 4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine-4'-carbonitrile) were synthesized and studied by analytical and spectroscopical techniques. Spectroscopic, photophysical, and electrochemical properties were tuned by changing the electron-donating ability of the -X substituents at the 4,4'-positions of the bpy ring and rationalized by quantum mechanical calculations. These complexes were attached through nitrile groups to ZnO as interfacial layer in an OSC device with a PBDB-T:ITIC photoactive layer. This modified inorganic electron transport layer generates enhancement in photoconversion of the solar cells, reaching up to a 23% increase with respect to the unsensitized OSCs. The introduction of these dyes suppresses some degradative reactions of the nonfullerene acceptor due to the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide, which was maintained stable for about 11 months. Improving OSC efficiencies and stabilities can thus be achieved by a judicious combination of new inorganic and organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Salomón
- INQUINOA (CONICET-UNT), Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Nadia C Vega
- INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), NANOPROJECT, Depto. de Física, FACET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Independencia 1800, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - José Piers Jurado
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, España
| | - Faustino E Morán Vieyra
- INBIONATEC (CONICET-UNSE), Laboratorio de Cinética y Fotoquímica, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, RN 9, Km 1125, 4206 Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Mónica Tirado
- INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), NANOPROJECT, Depto. de Física, FACET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Independencia 1800, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - David Comedi
- INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), NANOPROJECT, Depto. de Física, FACET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Independencia 1800, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, España
| | - Mauricio Cattaneo
- INQUINOA (CONICET-UNT), Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Néstor E Katz
- INQUINOA (CONICET-UNT), Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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13
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Dore C, Dörling B, Garcia-Pomar JL, Campoy-Quiles M, Mihi A. Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Adhesives for Transfer Printing of Carbon Nanotubes and Metallic Nanostructures. Small 2020; 16:e2004795. [PMID: 33135371 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transfer printing is one of the key nanofabrication techniques for the large-scale manufacturing of complex device architectures. It provides a cost-effective and high-throughput route for the integration of independently processed materials into spatially tailored architectures. Furthermore, this method enables the fabrication of flexible and curvilinear devices, paving the way for the fabrication of a new generation of technologies for optics, electronics, and biomedicine. In this work, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) membranes are used as water soluble adhesives for transfer printing processes with improved performance and versatility compared to conventional silicone alternatives. The high-water solubility and excellent mechanical properties of HPC facilitate transfer printing with high yield for both metal and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) inks. In the case of metal inks, crack-free stripping of silver films and the simple fabrication of Moiré Plasmonic architectures of different geometries are demonstrated. Furthermore, HPC membranes are used to transfer print carbon nanotube films with different thicknesses and up to 77% transparency in the visible and near infrared region with potential applications as transparent conductive substrates. Finally, the use of prepatterned HPC membranes enables nanoscale patterning of CNT with feature resolution down to 1 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Dore
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Garcia-Pomar
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Agustín Mihi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
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14
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Dörling B, Zapata-Arteaga O, Campoy-Quiles M. A setup to measure the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of anisotropic thin-films on a single sample. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:105111. [PMID: 33138583 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work documents an all-in-one custom setup that allows us to measure the in-plane Seebeck coefficients and electrical conductivities of anisotropic thin film samples close to room temperature. Both pairs, S∥ and σ∥ and S⊥ and σ⊥, can be measured using four contacts on the same sample, reducing measurement time and minimizing potential sources of error due to aggregating data from several distinct samples. The setup allows us to measure the electrical conductivity of isotropic samples using the well-known van der Pauw method. For samples with in-plane anisotropy, the two components σ∥ and σ⊥ can be extracted from the same type of measurements by performing additional calculations. Using the same contacts, the Seebeck coefficient along one direction is measured using a differential steady-state method. After rotating the sample by 90°, the orthogonal Seebeck component can be measured. In order to show the generality of the method, we measure different types of samples, from metal references to oriented doped conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Dörling
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Zapata-Arteaga O, Perevedentsev A, Marina S, Martin J, Reparaz JS, Campoy-Quiles M. Reduction of the Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Semiconductors by Molecular Doping. ACS Energy Lett 2020; 5:2972-2978. [PMID: 32953988 PMCID: PMC7497712 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that molecular doping of polymer thermoelectrics increases the electrical conductivity while reducing the thermal conductivity. A high-throughput methodology based on annealing and doping gradients within individual films is employed to self-consistently analyze and correlate electrical and thermal characteristics for the equivalent of >100 samples. We focus on the benchmark material system poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with molecular acceptor 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). The thermal conductivity of neat PBTTT films is dominated by the degree of crystallinity, with thermal percolation observed for annealing temperatures >170 °C. Upon doping the samples with a relatively low amount of F4TCNQ (anion content <1 mol %), the thermal conductivity exhibits a two-fold reduction without compromising the crystalline quality, which resembles the effect of alloy scattering observed in several inorganic systems. The analysis of the relation between thermal and electrical conductivities shows that thermal transport is dominated by a doping-induced reduced lattice contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Sebastián Reparaz
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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Rodríguez-Romeu O, Constenla M, Carrassón M, Campoy-Quiles M, Soler-Membrives A. Are anthropogenic fibres a real problem for red mullets (Mullus barbatus) from the NW Mediterranean? Sci Total Environ 2020; 733:139336. [PMID: 32422462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfibres are among the most prevalent type of microplastics in marine environments. Man-made fibres derived from cellulose are distributed worldwide, but are often confused with synthetic plastic fibres and consequently neglected. All these fibres may adversely affect aquatic organisms, but their levels and potential effects in wild fish remain unknown. We analysed anthropogenic fibre (AF) ingestion in the red mullet (Mullus barbatus), at both temporal and geographical scales, to assess potential effects of these fibres on fish health condition. AFs were present in 50% of fish digestive tracts, with a mean of 1.48 AFs per individual (SD = 1.98). In Barcelona, an increase of 46% in AF ingestion was observed in 2018 compared to 2007. AF ingestion also increases by 20% when Barcelona is compared to a less urban area (the town of Blanes). Visual characterization of fibres by typologies-corroborated by Raman spectroscopy-allowed classification and identification of 88% of AFs as cellulosic (57%), and synthetic polymers (PET) (31%). In all sampling stations, the only histopathological alterations were cysts of unknown etiology, and the most abundant parasites were nematodes. None of these alterations, parasite load, or other fish health indicators (condition indices) indicate an effect of AF ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Rodríguez-Romeu
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Carrer Tillers S-N, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Soler-Membrives
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Perevedentsev A, Francisco-López A, Shi X, Braendle A, Caseri WR, Goñi AR, Campoy-Quiles M. Homoconjugation in Light-Emitting Poly(phenylene methylene)s: Origin and Pressure-Enhanced Photoluminescence. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Adrián Francisco-López
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Andreas Braendle
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Walter R. Caseri
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro R. Goñi
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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18
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Zapata-Arteaga O, Dörling B, Perevedentsev A, Martín J, Reparaz JS, Campoy-Quiles M. Closing the Stability-Performance Gap in Organic Thermoelectrics by Adjusting the Partial to Integer Charge Transfer Ratio. Macromolecules 2020; 53:609-620. [PMID: 32089566 PMCID: PMC7032849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two doping mechanisms are known for the well-studied materials poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), namely, integer charge transfer (ICT) and charge transfer complex (CTC) formation. Yet, there is poor understanding of the effect of doping mechanism on thermal stability and the thermoelectric properties. In this work, we present a method to finely adjust the ICT to CTC ratio. Using it, we characterize electrical and thermal conductivities as well as the Seebeck coefficient and the long-term stability under thermal stress of P3HT and PBTTT of different ICT/CTC ratios. We establish that doping through the CTC results in more stable, yet lower conductivity samples compared to ICT doped films. Importantly, moderate CTC fractions of ∼33% are found to improve the long-term stability without a significant sacrifice in electrical conductivity. Through visible and IR spectroscopies, polarized optical microscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, we find that the CTC dopant molecule access sites within the polymer network are less prone to dedoping upon thermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - J. Sebastian Reparaz
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus of the UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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19
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Abstract
The generally low energy density from most heat sources-the Sun, Earth as well as most human activities-implies that solid-state thermoelectric devices are the most versatile heat harvesters since, unlike steam engines, they can be used on a small scale and at small temperature differences. In this opinion piece, we first discuss the materials requirements for the widespread use of thermoelectrics. We argue that carbon-based materials, such as conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes, are particularly suited for large area and low-temperature operation applications, as they are abundant, low-toxicity and easy to process. We combine experimentally observed macro-trends and basic thermoelectric relations to evaluate the major performance limitations of this technology thus far and propose a number of avenues to take the thermoelectric efficiency of organic materials beyond the state of the art. First, we emphasize how charge carrier mobility, rather than charge density, is currently limiting performance, and discuss how to improve mobility by exploiting anisotropy, high persistence length materials and composites with long and well-dispersed carbon nanotubes. We also show that reducing thermal conductivity could double efficiency while reducing doping requirements. Finally, we discuss several ways in which composites could further boost performance, introducing the concept of interface engineering to produce phonon stack-electron tunnel composites. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Energy materials for a low carbon future'.
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20
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Gómez A, Wang Q, Goñi AR, Campoy-Quiles M, Abate A. Ferroelectricity-free lead halide perovskites. Energy Environ Sci 2019; 12:2537-2547. [PMID: 34777574 PMCID: PMC8522734 DOI: 10.1039/c9ee00884e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct piezoelectric force microscopy (DPFM) is employed to examine whether or not lead halide perovskites exhibit ferroelectricity. Compared to conventional piezoelectric force microscopy, DPFM is a novel technique capable of measuring piezoelectricity directly. This fact is fundamental to be able to examine the existence of ferroelectricity in lead halide perovskites, an issue that has been under debate for several years. DPFM is used to detect the current signals, i.e. changes in the charge distribution under the influence of the scan direction and applied force of the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip in contact mode. For comparison, (i) we use DPFM on lead halide perovskites and well-known ferroelectric materials (i.e. periodically poled lithium niobate and lead zirconate titanate); and (ii) we conduct parallel experiments on MAPbI3 films of different grain sizes, film thicknesses, substrates, and textures using DPFM as well as piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). In contrast to previous work that claimed there were ferroelectric domains in MAPbI3 perovskite films, our work shows that the studied perovskite films Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 and MAPbI3 are ferroelectricity-free. The observed current profiles of lead halide perovskites possibly originate from ion migration that happens under an applied electrical bias and in strained samples under mechanical stress. This work provides a deeper understanding of the fundamental physical properties of the organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites and solves a longstanding dispute about their non-ferroelectric character: an issue of high relevance for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Qiong Wang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Kekuléstrasse 5 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Kekuléstrasse 5 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Advanced Energy Materials, Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II Piazzale Tecchio 80, Fuorigrotta Naples 80125 Italy
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21
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Francisco-López A, Charles B, Weber OJ, Alonso MI, Garriga M, Campoy-Quiles M, Weller MT, Goñi AR. Equal Footing of Thermal Expansion and Electron-Phonon Interaction in the Temperature Dependence of Lead Halide Perovskite Band Gaps. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2971-2977. [PMID: 31091105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites, which are causing a paradigm shift in photovoltaics, exhibit an atypical temperature dependence of the fundamental gap: it decreases in energy with decreasing temperature. Reports ascribe such a behavior to a strong electron-phonon renormalization of the gap, neglecting contributions from thermal expansion. However, high-pressure experiments performed on the archetypal perovskite MAPbI3 (MA stands for methylammonium) yield a negative pressure coefficient for the gap of the tetragonal room-temperature phase, which speaks against the assumption of negligible thermal expansion effects. Here we show that for MAPbI3 the temperature-induced gap renormalization due to electron-phonon interaction can only account for about 40% of the total energy shift, thus implying thermal expansion to be more if not as important as electron-phonon coupling. Furthermore, this result possesses general validity, holding also for the tetragonal or cubic phase, stable at ambient conditions, of most halide perovskite counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Francisco-López
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Bethan Charles
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Oliver J Weber
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - M Isabel Alonso
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Miquel Garriga
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Mark T Weller
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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22
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Machado P, Scigaj M, Gazquez J, Rueda E, Sánchez-Díaz A, Fina I, Gibert-Roca M, Puig T, Obradors X, Campoy-Quiles M, Coll M. Band Gap Tuning of Solution-Processed Ferroelectric Perovskite BiFe 1-x Co x O 3 Thin Films. Chem Mater 2019; 31:947-954. [PMID: 30828131 PMCID: PMC6388762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric perovskite oxides are emerging as a promising photoactive layer for photovoltaic applications because of their very high stability and their alternative ferroelectricity-related mechanism for solar energy conversion that could lead to extraordinarily high efficiencies. One of the biggest challenges so far is to reduce their band gap toward the visible region while simultaneously retaining ferroelectricity. To address these two issues, herein an elemental composition engineering of BiFeO3 is performed by substituting Fe by Co cations, as a means to tune the characteristics of the transition metal-oxygen bond. We demonstrate by solution processing the formation of epitaxial, pure phase, and stable BiFe1-x Co x O3 thin films for x ≤ 0.3 and film thickness up to 100 nm. Importantly, the band gap can be tuned from 2.7 to 2.3 eV upon cobalt substitution while simultaneously enhancing ferroelectricity. As a proof of concept, nonoptimized vertical devices have been fabricated and, reassuringly, the electrical photoresponse in the visible region of the Co-substituted phase is improved with respect to the unsubstituted oxide.
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23
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Abol-Fotouh D, Dörling B, Zapata-Arteaga O, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Gómez A, Reparaz JS, Laromaine A, Roig A, Campoy-Quiles M. Farming thermoelectric paper. Energy Environ Sci 2019; 12:716-726. [PMID: 30930961 PMCID: PMC6394882 DOI: 10.1039/c8ee03112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Waste heat to electricity conversion using thermoelectric generators is emerging as a key technology in the forthcoming energy scenario. Carbon-based composites could unleash the as yet untapped potential of thermoelectricity by combining the low cost, easy processability, and low thermal conductivity of biopolymers with the mechanical strength and good electrical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Here we use bacteria in environmentally friendly aqueous media to grow large area bacterial nanocellulose (BC) films with an embedded highly dispersed CNT network. The thick films (≈10 μm) exhibit tuneable transparency and colour, as well as low thermal and high electrical conductivity. Moreover, they are fully bendable, can conformally wrap around heat sources and are stable above 500 K, which expands the range of potential uses compared to typical conducting polymers and composites. The high porosity of the material facilitates effective n-type doping, enabling the fabrication of a thermoelectric module from farmed thermoelectric paper. Because of vertical phase separation of the CNTs in the BC composite, the grown films at the same time serve as both the active layer and separating layer, insulating each thermoelectric leg from the adjacent ones. Last but not least, the BC can be enzymatically decomposed, completely reclaiming the embedded CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa Abol-Fotouh
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
- City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City) , New Borg Al-Arab , 21934 , Egypt
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Xabier Rodríguez-Martínez
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Andrés Gómez
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - J Sebastian Reparaz
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Anna Roig
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus of the UAB , Bellaterra , 08193 , Spain . ; ;
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24
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Cichelero R, Kataja M, Campoy-Quiles M, Herranz G. Non-reciprocal diffraction in magnetoplasmonic gratings. Opt Express 2018; 26:34842-34852. [PMID: 30650901 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.034842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phase-matching conditions-used to bridge the wave vector mismatch between light and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)-have been exploited recently to enable nonreciprocal optical propagation and enhanced magneto-optic responses in magnetoplasmonic systems. Here we show that using diffraction in conjunction with plasmon excitations leads to a photonic system with a more versatile and flexible response. As a testbed, we analyzed diffracted magneto-optical effects in magnetoplasmonic gratings, where broken time-reversal symmetry induces frequency shifts in the energy and angular spectra of plasmon resonance. These result in exceptionally large responses in the diffracted magneto-optical effect. The concepts presented here can be used to develop non-reciprocal optical devices that exploit diffraction, in order to achieve tailored electromagnetic responses.
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25
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Tang Z, Ma Z, Sánchez-Díaz A, Ullbrich S, Liu Y, Siegmund B, Mischok A, Leo K, Campoy-Quiles M, Li W, Vandewal K. Polymer:Fullerene Bimolecular Crystals for Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Photodetectors. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1702184. [PMID: 28675522 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic photodetection is a powerful tool in disciplines such as medical diagnosis, industrial process monitoring, or agriculture. However, its application in novel fields, including wearable and biointegrated electronics, is hampered by the use of bulky dispersive optics. Here, solution-processed organic donor-acceptor blends are employed in a resonant optical cavity device architecture for wavelength-tunable photodetection. While conventional photodetectors respond to above-gap excitation, the cavity device exploits weak subgap absorption of intermolecular charge-transfer states of the intercalating poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bimolecular crystal. This enables a highly wavelength selective, near-infrared photoresponse with a spectral resolution down to 14 nm, as well as dark currents and detectivities comparable with commercial inorganic photodetectors. Based on this concept, a miniaturized spectrophotometer, comprising an array of narrowband cavity photodetectors, is fabricated by using a blade-coated PBTTT:PCBM thin film with a thickness gradient. As an application example, a measurement of the transmittance spectrum of water by this device is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tang
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Zaifei Ma
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Antonio Sánchez-Díaz
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Sascha Ullbrich
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Yuan Liu
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Bernhard Siegmund
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Andreas Mischok
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10090, P. R. China
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01187, Germany
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26
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Casals B, Cichelero R, García Fernández P, Junquera J, Pesquera D, Campoy-Quiles M, Infante IC, Sánchez F, Fontcuberta J, Herranz G. Giant Optical Polarization Rotation Induced by Spin-Orbit Coupling in Polarons. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:026401. [PMID: 27447517 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.026401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have uncovered a giant gyrotropic magneto-optical response for doped ferromagnetic manganite La_{2/3}Ca_{1/3}MnO_{3} around the near room-temperature paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition. At odds with current wisdom, where this response is usually assumed to be fundamentally fixed by the electronic band structure, we point to the presence of small polarons as the driving force for this unexpected phenomenon. We explain the observed properties by the intricate interplay of mobility, Jahn-Teller effect, and spin-orbit coupling of small polarons. As magnetic polarons are ubiquitously inherent to many strongly correlated systems, our results provide an original, general pathway towards the generation of magnetic-responsive gigantic gyrotropic responses that may open novel avenues for magnetoelectric coupling beyond the conventional modulation of magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Casals
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafael Cichelero
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo García Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Junquera
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria Campus Internacional, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - David Pesquera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ingrid C Infante
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Florencio Sánchez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Fontcuberta
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gervasi Herranz
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Vezie MS, Few S, Meager I, Pieridou G, Dörling B, Ashraf RS, Goñi AR, Bronstein H, McCulloch I, Hayes SC, Campoy-Quiles M, Nelson J. Exploring the origin of high optical absorption in conjugated polymers. Nat Mater 2016; 15:746-53. [PMID: 27183327 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The specific optical absorption of an organic semiconductor is critical to the performance of organic optoelectronic devices. For example, higher light-harvesting efficiency can lead to higher photocurrent in solar cells that are limited by sub-optimal electrical transport. Here, we compare over 40 conjugated polymers, and find that many different chemical structures share an apparent maximum in their extinction coefficients. However, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-thienothiophene copolymer shows remarkably high optical absorption at relatively low photon energies. By investigating its backbone structure and conformation with measurements and quantum chemical calculations, we find that the high optical absorption can be explained by the high persistence length of the polymer. Accordingly, we demonstrate high absorption in other polymers with high theoretical persistence length. Visible light harvesting may be enhanced in other conjugated polymers through judicious design of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Vezie
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sheridan Few
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain Meager
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Galatia Pieridou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raja Shahid Ashraf
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- SPERC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophia C Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institute of Material Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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28
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Dörling B, Ryan JD, Craddock JD, Sorrentino A, El Basaty A, Gomez A, Garriga M, Pereiro E, Anthony JE, Weisenberger MC, Goñi AR, Müller C, Campoy-Quiles M. Photoinduced p- to n-type Switching in Thermoelectric Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites. Adv Mater 2016; 28:2782-9. [PMID: 26853701 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UV-induced switching from p- to n-type character is demonstrated during deposition of carbon-nanotube-conjugated polymer composites. This opens the possibility to photopattern n-type regions within an otherwise p-type film, which has a potential for complementary circuitry or, as shown here, thermoelectric generators made from a single solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Dörling
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Jason D Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - John D Craddock
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | | | - Ahmed El Basaty
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Industrial Education, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrés Gomez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Miquel Garriga
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - John E Anthony
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | | | - Alejandro R Goñi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
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29
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Leguy AMA, Azarhoosh P, Alonso MI, Campoy-Quiles M, Weber OJ, Yao J, Bryant D, Weller MT, Nelson J, Walsh A, van Schilfgaarde M, Barnes PRF. Experimental and theoretical optical properties of methylammonium lead halide perovskites. Nanoscale 2016; 8:6317-27. [PMID: 26477295 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05435d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The optical constants of methylammonium lead halide single crystals CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, Cl) are interpreted with high level ab initio calculations using the relativistic quasiparticle self-consistent GW approximation (QSGW). Good agreement between the optical constants derived from QSGW and those obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry enables the assignment of the spectral features to their respective inter-band transitions. We show that the transition from the highest valence band (VB) to the lowest conduction band (CB) is responsible for almost all the optical response of MAPbI3 between 1.2 and 5.5 eV (with minor contributions from the second highest VB and the second lowest CB). The calculations indicate that the orientation of [CH3NH3](+) cations has a significant influence on the position of the bandgap suggesting that collective orientation of the organic moieties could result in significant local variations of the optical properties. The optical constants and energy band diagram of CH3NH3PbI3 are then used to simulate the contributions from different optical transitions to a typical transient absorption spectrum (TAS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Isabel Alonso
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193, Spain
| | | | | | - Jizhong Yao
- Physics department, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Bryant
- Chemistry department, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK and SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Baglan Bay Innovation and Knowledge Centre, Central Avenue, Baglan, SA12 7AX, UK
| | - Mark T Weller
- Chemistry department, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Physics department, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK. and SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Baglan Bay Innovation and Knowledge Centre, Central Avenue, Baglan, SA12 7AX, UK
| | - Aron Walsh
- Chemistry department, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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30
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Leguy AMA, Goñi AR, Frost JM, Skelton J, Brivio F, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Weber OJ, Pallipurath A, Alonso MI, Campoy-Quiles M, Weller MT, Nelson J, Walsh A, Barnes PRF. Dynamic disorder, phonon lifetimes, and the assignment of modes to the vibrational spectra of methylammonium lead halide perovskites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27051-27066. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Raman and THz spectra of CH3NH3PbX3 interpreted with a catalogue of computed vibrations and their influence on heat and electrical transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro R. Goñi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus UAB
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
- ICREA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M. Isabel Alonso
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus UAB
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus UAB
- 08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | | | - Jenny Nelson
- Physics department
- Imperial College London
- UK
- SPECIFIC
- College of Engineering
| | - Aron Walsh
- Chemistry department
- University of Bath
- UK
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31
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Coll M, Gomez A, Mas-Marza E, Almora O, Garcia-Belmonte G, Campoy-Quiles M, Bisquert J. Polarization Switching and Light-Enhanced Piezoelectricity in Lead Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1408-1413. [PMID: 26263143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the ferroelectric properties of photovoltaic methylammonium lead halide CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite using piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) and macroscopic polarization methods. The electric polarization is clearly observed by amplitude and phase hysteresis loops. However, the polarization loop decreases as the frequency is lowered, persisting for a short time only, in the one second regime, indicating that CH3NH3PbI3 does not exhibit permanent polarization at room temperature. This result is confirmed by macroscopic polarization measurement based on a standard capacitive method. We have observed a strong increase of piezoelectric response under illumination, consistent with the previously reported giant photoinduced dielectric constant at low frequencies. We speculate that an intrinsic charge transfer photoinduced dipole in the perovskite cage may lie at the origin of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Coll
- †Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrés Gomez
- †Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Mas-Marza
- ‡Photovoltaics and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Departament de Física, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Osbel Almora
- ‡Photovoltaics and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Departament de Física, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Germà Garcia-Belmonte
- ‡Photovoltaics and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Departament de Física, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- †Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- ‡Photovoltaics and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Departament de Física, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
- §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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Martín J, Campoy-Quiles M, Nogales A, Garriga M, Alonso MI, Goñi AR, Martín-González M. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanowires in porous alumina: internal structure under confinement. Soft Matter 2014; 10:3335-3346. [PMID: 24637713 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the structure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) subjected to nanoscale confinement in two dimensions (2D) as imposed by the rigid walls of nanopore anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. P3HT nanowires with aspect ratios (length-to-diameter) above 1000 and diameters ranging between 15 nm and 350 nm are produced in the pores of the AAO templates via two processing routes. These are, namely, drying a solution or cooling from the melt. Our study focuses on the effects of nanoconfinement on the semicrystalline nature of the nanowires, the orientation of crystals, and the evolution of the structures that P3HT might develop under confinement, which we investigate by combining imaging (SEM), spectroscopic (FTIR, photoluminescence) and structural characterization (WAXS, DSC) techniques. Solution-processed P3HT nanowires are essentially amorphous and porous, whereas melt-processed nanowires are semicrystalline, and present a more compact morphology and smoother surfaces. In the latter case, the orientation of crystals was found to strongly depend on the pore diameter. In large diameter nanowires (250 nm and 120 nm), crystals are oriented laying the π-π stacking direction parallel to the nanowire axis. In contrast, in small diameter nanowires, the π-π stacking direction is mainly perpendicular to the nanowires, as crystals are likely to nucleate at pore walls. The structural evolution of P3HT upon heating into weakly (250 nm in diameter) and strongly (15 nm in diameter) confining pores has been studied. A complex set of structures is observed, i.e., crystals, a solid layered mesophase, a nematic/smectic mesophase, and the isotropic melt. Interestingly, a rare crystal polymorph (form II) is also observed under strong confinement conditions together with the usual lamellar crystal form I. Furthermore, we show that nanoconfinement stabilizes form II: such crystals are still present at 210 °C while in the bulk they get converted to form I crystals at around 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (IMM-CSIC), Calle de Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
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Müller C, Andersson LM, Peña-Rodríguez O, Garriga M, Inganäs O, Campoy-Quiles M. Determination of Thermal Transition Depth Profiles in Polymer Semiconductor Films with Ellipsometry. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400871u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Esfera UAB,
Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L. Mattias Andersson
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ovidio Peña-Rodríguez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Esfera UAB,
Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Miquel Garriga
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Esfera UAB,
Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Esfera UAB,
Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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Cabanillas-Gonzalez J, Schmidt M, Peña-Rodríguez O, Alonso MI, Goñi AR, Campoy-Quiles M. Effect of structure and interlayer diffusion in organic position sensitive photodetectors based on complementary wedge donor/acceptor layers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013; 13:5148-5153. [PMID: 23901544 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed organic photodetectors based on two complementary wedge layers made of CuPc and C60 and observed a strong spatial dependence of the spectral response on the position of the incident light spot. Photocurrent measurements are correlated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), micro-Raman and ellipsometry maps in order to provide insights into the local donor/acceptor concentration, layer thickness and nature of the donor-acceptor interface along the direction of the thickness gradient. Deviations in spatial dependence between experimental photocurrent values and those predicted with a model assuming a sharp and well defined organic-organic interface are discussed in terms of inter-diffusion layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cabanillas-Gonzalez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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35
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Guerrero A, Dörling B, Ripolles-Sanchis T, Aghamohammadi M, Barrena E, Campoy-Quiles M, Garcia-Belmonte G. Interplay between fullerene surface coverage and contact selectivity of cathode interfaces in organic solar cells. ACS Nano 2013; 7:4637-46. [PMID: 23611512 DOI: 10.1021/nn4014593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces play a determining role in establishing the degree of carrier selectivity at outer contacts in organic solar cells. Considering that the bulk heterojunction consists of a blend of electron donor and acceptor materials, the specific relative surface coverage at the electrode interfaces has an impact on the carrier selectivity. This work unravels how fullerene surface coverage at cathode contacts lies behind the carrier selectivity of the electrodes. A variety of techniques such as variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and capacitance-voltage measurements have been used to determine the degree of fullerene surface coverage in a set of PCPDTBT-based solar cells processed with different additives. A full screening from highly fullerene-rich to polymer-rich phases attaching the cathode interface has enabled the overall correlation between surface morphology (relative coverage) and device performance (operating parameters). The general validity of the measurements is further discussed in three additional donor/acceptor systems: PCPDTBT, P3HT, PCDTBT, and PTB7 blended with fullerene derivatives. It is demonstrated that a fullerene-rich interface at the cathode is a prerequisite to enhance contact selectivity and consequently power conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guerrero
- Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Departament de Física, Universitat Jaume I, ES-12071 Castelló, Spain
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Abstract
We have studied the evolution of dipole-dipole all-plasmonic Fano resonances (FRs) in symmetric multilayered nanoshells as a function of their geometrical parameters. We demonstrate that symmetry breaking is not mandatory for controlling the Fano resonance in such multilayer structures. By carefully selecting the geometrical parameters, the position of the FR can be tuned between 600 and 950 nm and its intensity can be increased up to four fold with respect to the non-optimized structures. Generation of FRs in such symmetric nanostructures presents clear advantages over their asymmetric counterparts, as they are easier to fabricate and can be used in a wider range of technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidio Peña-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Kirchartz T, Agostinelli T, Campoy-Quiles M, Gong W, Nelson J. Understanding the Thickness-Dependent Performance of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: The Influence of Mobility, Lifetime, and Space Charge. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3470-3475. [PMID: 26290974 DOI: 10.1021/jz301639y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the reasons for the dependence of photovoltaic performance on the absorber thickness of organic solar cells using experiments and drift-diffusion simulations. The main trend in photocurrent and fill factor versus thickness is determined by mobility and lifetime of the charge carriers. In addition, space charge becomes more and more important the thicker the device is because it creates field free regions with low collection efficiency. The two main sources of space-charge effects are doping and asymmetric mobilities. We show that for our experimental results on Si-PCPDTBT:PC71BM (poly[(4,40-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:20,30-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-5,50-diyl]:[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester) solar cells, the influence of doping is most likely the dominant influence on the space charge and has an important effect on the thickness dependence of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kirchartz
- †Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Agostinelli
- †Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wei Gong
- †Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- §Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education and Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jenny Nelson
- †Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Burgués-Ceballos I, Campoy-Quiles M, Francesch L, Lacharmoise PD. Fast annealing and patterning of polymer solar cells by means of vapor printing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Nassyrov D, Müller C, Roigé A, Burgués-Ceballos I, Oriol Ossó J, Amabilino DB, Garriga M, Isabel Alonso M, Goñi AR, Campoy-Quiles M. Vapour printing: patterning of the optical and electrical properties of organic semiconductors in one simple step. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vohra V, Campoy-Quiles M, Garriga M, Murata H. Organic solar cells based on nanoporous P3HT obtained from self-assembled P3HT:PS templates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32639f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Russo M, Campoy-Quiles M, Lacharmoise P, Ferenczi TAM, Garriga M, Caseri WR, Stingelin N. One-pot synthesis of polymer/inorganic hybrids: toward readily accessible, low-loss, and highly tunable refractive index materials and patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Agostinelli T, Ferenczi TAM, Pires E, Foster S, Maurano A, Müller C, Ballantyne A, Hampton M, Lilliu S, Campoy-Quiles M, Azimi H, Morana M, Bradley DDC, Durrant J, Macdonald JE, Stingelin N, Nelson J. The role of alkane dithiols in controlling polymer crystallization in small band gap polymer:Fullerene solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Agostinelli T, Ferenczi TAM, Pires E, Foster S, Maurano A, Müller C, Ballantyne A, Hampton M, Lilliu S, Campoy-Quiles M, Azimi H, Morana M, Bradley DDC, Durrant J, Macdonald JE, Stingelin N, Nelson J. The role of alkane dithiols in controlling polymer crystallization in small band gap polymer:Fullerene solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Müller C, Bergqvist J, Vandewal K, Tvingstedt K, Anselmo AS, Magnusson R, Alonso MI, Moons E, Arwin H, Campoy-Quiles M, Inganäs O. Phase behaviour of liquid-crystalline polymer/fullerene organic photovoltaic blends: thermal stability and miscibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Baklar MA, Koch F, Kumar A, Domingo EB, Campoy-Quiles M, Feldman K, Yu L, Wobkenberg P, Ball J, Wilson RM, McCulloch I, Kreouzis T, Heeney M, Anthopoulos T, Smith P, Stingelin N. Solid-state processing of organic semiconductors. Adv Mater 2010; 22:3942-3947. [PMID: 20845373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Baklar
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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46
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Ballantyne AM, Ferenczi TAM, Campoy-Quiles M, Clarke TM, Maurano A, Wong KH, Zhang W, Stingelin-Stutzmann N, Kim JS, Bradley DDC, Durrant JR, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Nelson J, Tierney S, Duffy W, Mueller C, Smith P. Understanding the Influence of Morphology on Poly(3-hexylselenothiophene):PCBM Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Yap BK, Xia R, Campoy-Quiles M, Stavrinou PN, Bradley DDC. Simultaneous optimization of charge-carrier mobility and optical gain in semiconducting polymer films. Nat Mater 2008; 7:376-80. [PMID: 18408724 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The combination of efficient light emission and high charge-carrier mobility has thus far proved elusive for polymer semiconductors, with high mobility typically achieved by cofacial pi-electron system to pi-electron system interactions that quench exciton luminescence. We report a new strategy, comprising the introduction of a limited number of more effective hopping sites between otherwise relatively isolated, and thus highly luminescent, polyfluorene chains. Our approach results in polymer films with large mobility (mu approximately 3-6 x 10(-2) cm2 V-1 s-1) and simultaneously excellent light-emission characteristics. These materials are expected to be of interest for light-emitting transistors, light-emitting diode sources for optical communications and may offer renewed hope for electrically pumped laser action. In the last context, optically pumped distributed feedback lasers comprising one-dimensional etched silica grating structures coated with polymer have state-of-the-art excitation thresholds (as low as 30 W cm(-2) (0.1 nJ per pulse or 0.3 microJ cm-2) for 10 Hz, 12 ns, 390 nm excitation) and slope efficiencies (up to 11%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Kar Yap
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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48
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Campoy-Quiles M, Nelson J, Etchegoin PG, Bradley DDC, Zhokhavets V, Gobsch G, Vaughan H, Monkman A, Ingänas O, Persson NK, Arwin H, Garriga M, Alonso MI, Herrmann G, Becker M, Scholdei W, Jahja M, Bubeck C. On the determination of anisotropy in polymer thin films: A comparative study of optical techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200777835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Campoy-Quiles M, Ferenczi T, Agostinelli T, Etchegoin PG, Kim Y, Anthopoulos TD, Stavrinou PN, Bradley DDC, Nelson J. Morphology evolution via self-organization and lateral and vertical diffusion in polymer:fullerene solar cell blends. Nat Mater 2008; 7:158-64. [PMID: 18204451 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Control of blend morphology at the microscopic scale is critical for optimizing the power conversion efficiency of plastic solar cells based on blends of conjugated polymer with fullerene derivatives. In the case of bulk heterojunctions of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a soluble fullerene derivative ([6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM), both blend morphology and photovoltaic device performance are influenced by various treatments, including choice of solvent, rate of drying, thermal annealing and vapour annealing. Although the protocols differ significantly, the maximum power conversion efficiency values reported for the various techniques are comparable (4-5%). In this paper, we demonstrate that these techniques all lead to a common arrangement of the components, which consists of a vertically and laterally phase-separated blend of crystalline P3HT and PCBM. We propose a morphology evolution that consists of an initial crystallization of P3HT chains, followed by diffusion of PCBM molecules to nucleation sites, at which aggregates of PCBM then grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, UK.
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50
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Campoy-Quiles M, Sims M, Etchegoin PG, Bradley DDC. Thickness-Dependent Thermal Transition Temperatures in Thin Conjugated Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0605752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Campoy-Quiles
- Ultrafast Photonics Collaboration, Carbon Based Electronics Consortium and Experimental Solid State Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2BZ, U.K., and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - M. Sims
- Ultrafast Photonics Collaboration, Carbon Based Electronics Consortium and Experimental Solid State Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2BZ, U.K., and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - P. G. Etchegoin
- Ultrafast Photonics Collaboration, Carbon Based Electronics Consortium and Experimental Solid State Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2BZ, U.K., and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - D. D. C. Bradley
- Ultrafast Photonics Collaboration, Carbon Based Electronics Consortium and Experimental Solid State Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2BZ, U.K., and The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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