1
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Durbin M, Balzer AH, Reynolds JR, Ratcliff EL, Stingelin N, Österholm AM. Role of Side-Chain Free Volume on the Electrochemical Behavior of Poly(propylenedioxythiophenes). Chem Mater 2024; 36:2634-2641. [PMID: 38558922 PMCID: PMC10976628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mixed ionic/electronic conducting polymers are versatile systems for, e.g., energy storage, heat management (exploiting electrochromism), and biosensing, all of which require electrochemical doping, i.e., the electrochemical oxidation or reduction of their macromolecular backbones. Electrochemical doping is achieved via electro-injection of charges (i.e., electronic carriers), stabilized via migration of counterions from a supporting electrolyte. Since the choice of the polymer side-chain functionalization influences electrolyte and/or ion sorption and desorption, it in turn affects redox properties, and, thus, electrochemically induced mixed conduction. However, our understanding of how side-chain versus backbone design can increase ion flow while retaining high electronic transport remains limited. Hence, heuristic design approaches have typically been followed. Herein, we consider the redox and swelling behavior of three poly(propylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, P(ProDOT)s, substituted with different side-chain motifs, and demonstrate that passive swelling is controlled by the surface polarity of P(ProDOT) films. In contrast, active swelling under operando conditions (i.e., under an applied bias) is dictated by the local side-chain free volume on the length scale of a monomer unit. Such insights deliver important design criteria toward durable soft electrochemical systems for diverse energy and biosensing platforms and new understanding into electrochemical conditioning ("break-in") in many conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlow
M. Durbin
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alex H. Balzer
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Erin L. Ratcliff
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0012, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anna M. Österholm
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Khirbat A, Nahor O, Marina Barbier S, Levitsky A, Martín J, Frey G, Stingelin N. Understanding Organic Photovoltaic Materials Using Simple Thermal Analysis Methodologies. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75. [PMID: 38424492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-070723-035427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Large strides have been made in designing an ever-increasing set of modern organic materials of high functionality and thus, often, of high complexity, including semiconducting polymers, organic ferroelectrics, light-emitting small molecules, and beyond. Here, we review how broadly applied thermal analysis methodologies, especially differential scanning calorimetry, can be utilized to provide unique information on the assembly and solid-state structure of this extensive class of materials, as well as the phase behavior of intrinsically intricate multicomponent systems. Indeed, highly relevant insights can be gained that are useful, e.g., for further materials-discovery activities and the establishment of reliable processing protocols, in particular if combined with X-ray diffraction techniques, spectroscopic tools, and scanning electron microscopy enabled by vapor-phase infiltration staining. We, hence, illustrate that insights far richer than simple melting point- and glass-transition identification can be obtained with differential scanning calorimetry, rendering it a critical methodology to understand complex matter, including functional macromolecules and blends. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 75 is April 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khirbat
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Oded Nahor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Artem Levitsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada a Las Tecnologías Navales e Industriales, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Gitti Frey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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McCulloch I, Stingelin N, Anthopoulos TD. In Recognition of the Instrumental Contribution of Donal Bradley to the Field of Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Adv Mater 2024:e2401720. [PMID: 38403866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Photon Science Institute, Henry Royce Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Hagfeldt A, Cornelissen J, Stingelin N. Looking back at the 10 th anniversary year of Journal of Materials Chemistry A, B and C. J Mater Chem B 2023; 12:10-12. [PMID: 38086699 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb90223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Editors-in-Chief for Journal of Materials Chemistry A, B and C look back at the 10th anniversary year and the celebratory activities that took place.
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5
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Strang A, Quirós-Cordero V, Grégoire P, Pla S, Fernández-Lázaro F, Sastre-Santos Á, Silva-Acuña C, Stavrinou PN, Stingelin N. Simple and versatile platforms for manipulating light with matter: Strong light-matter coupling in fully solution-processed optical microcavities. Adv Mater 2023:e2212056. [PMID: 37192047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present planar microcavities with strong light-matter coupling, monolithically processed fully from solution, consisting of two polymer-based distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) comprising alternating layers of a high-refractive-index titanium oxide hydrate/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrid material and a low-refractive-index fluorinated polymer. The DBRs enclose a perylene diimide derivative (b-PDI-1) film positioned at the antinode of the optical mode. Strong light-matter coupling is achieved in these structures at the target excitation of the b-PDI-1. Indeed, the energy-dispersion relation (energy versus in-plane wavevector or output angle) in reflectance and the group delay of transmitted light in the microcavities show a clear anti-crossing - an energy gap between two distinct exciton-polariton dispersion branches. The agreement between classical electrodynamic simulations of the microcavity response and our experimental data demonstrates that the entire microcavity stack can be controllably produced as designed. Promisingly, the refractive index of the inorganic/organic hybrid layers used in the microcavity DBRs can be precisely manipulated between values of 1.5 to 2.1. Hence, microcavities with a wide spectral range of optical modes might be designed and produced with straight-forward coating methodologies, enabling fine-tuning of the energy and lifetime of the microcavities's optical modes to harness strong light-matter coupling in a wide variety of solution processable active materials. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Strang
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Victoria Quirós-Cordero
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Pascal Grégoire
- Département de Physique et Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sara Pla
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, 03202, España
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, 03202, España
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, 03202, España
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Information Engineering Building, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 9 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PD, UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
- Schools of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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6
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Venkatram S, McCollum J, Stingelin N, Brettmann B. A close look at polymer degree of crystallinity vs. polymer crystalline quality. POLYM INT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Venkatram
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta U.S.A
| | - Jena McCollum
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Colorado USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta U.S.A
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta U.S.A
| | - Blair Brettmann
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta U.S.A
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta U.S.A
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7
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Barker M, Nicolini T, Yaman YA, Thuau D, Siscan O, Ramachandran S, Cloutet E, Brochon C, Richter LJ, Dautel OJ, Hadziioannou G, Stingelin N. Conjugated polymer blends for faster organic mixed conductors. Mater Horiz 2023; 10:248-256. [PMID: 36408786 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A model mixed-conducting polymer, blended with an amphiphilic block-copolymer, is shown to yield systems with drastically enhanced electro-chemical doping kinetics, leading to faster electrochemical transistors with a high transduction. Importantly, this approach is robust and reproducible, and should be readily adaptable to other mixed conductors without the need for exhaustive chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Barker
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Tommaso Nicolini
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Yasmina Al Yaman
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Damien Thuau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système UMR 5218, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Olga Siscan
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Sasikumar Ramachandran
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Eric Cloutet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Cyril Brochon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Lee J Richter
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Olivier J Dautel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM. Campus CNRS-Bâtiment Balard, 1919, route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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8
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Sommerville PW, Balzer AH, Lecroy G, Guio L, Wang Y, Onorato JW, Kukhta NA, Gu X, Salleo A, Stingelin N, Luscombe CK. Influence of Side Chain Interdigitation on Strain and Charge Mobility of Planar Indacenodithiophene Copolymers. ACS Polym Au 2022; 3:59-69. [PMID: 36785836 PMCID: PMC9912480 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indacenodithiophene (IDT) copolymers are a class of conjugated polymers that have limited long-range order and high hole mobilities, which makes them promising candidates for use in deformable electronic devices. Key to their high hole mobilities is the coplanar monomer repeat units within the backbone. Poly(indacenodithiophene-benzothiadiazole) (PIDTC16-BT) and poly(indacenodithiophene-thiapyrollodione) (PIDTC16-TPDC1) are two IDT copolymers with planar backbones, but they are brittle at low molecular weight and have unsuitably high elastic moduli. Substitution of the hexadecane (C16) side chains of the IDT monomer with isocane (C20) side chains was performed to generate a new BT-containing IDT copolymer: PIDTC20-BT. Substitution of the methyl (C1) side chain on the TPD monomer for an octyl (C8) and 6-ethylundecane (C13B) afford two new TPD-containing IDT copolymers named PIDTC16-TPDC8 and PIDTC16-TPDC13B, respectively. Both PIDTC16-TPDC8 and PIDTC16-TPDC13B are relatively well deformable, have a low yield strain, and display significantly reduced elastic moduli. These mechanical properties manifest themselves because the lengthened side chains extending from the TPD-monomer inhibit precise intermolecular ordering. In PIDTC16-BT, PIDTC20-BT and PIDTC16-TPDC1 side chain ordering can occur because the side chains are only present on the IDT subunit, but this results in brittle thin films. In contrast, PIDTC16-TPDC8 and PIDTC16-TPDC13B have disordered side chains, which seems to lead to low hole mobilities. These results suggest that disrupting the interdigitation in IDT copolymers through comonomer side chain extension leads to more ductile thin films with lower elastic moduli, but decreased hole mobility because of altered local order in the respective thin films. Our work, thus, highlights the trade-off between molecular packing structure for deformable electronic materials and provides guidance for designing new conjugated polymers for stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker
J. W. Sommerville
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex H. Balzer
- 4School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and 5School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Garrett Lecroy
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Lorenzo Guio
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of
Polymer Science and Engineering, The University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Onorato
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nadzeya A. Kukhta
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of
Polymer Science and Engineering, The University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- 4School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and 5School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, North Avenue NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- 1Department
of Chemistry and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States,pi-Conjugated
Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science
and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan,
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9
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Flagg LQ, Asselta LE, D'Antona N, Nicolini T, Stingelin N, Onorato JW, Luscombe CK, Li R, Richter LJ. In Situ Studies of the Swelling by an Electrolyte in Electrochemical Doping of Ethylene Glycol-Substituted Polythiophene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:29052-29060. [PMID: 35696277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic electronic conductors (OMIECs) have the potential to enable diverse new technologies, ranging from biosensors to flexible energy storage devices and neuromorphic computing platforms. However, a study of these materials in their operating state, which convolves both passive and potential-driven solvent, cation, and anion ingress, is extremely difficult, inhibiting rational material design. In this report, we present a novel approach to the in situ studies of the electrochemical switching of a prototypical OMIEC based on oligoethylene glycol (oEG) substitution of semicrystalline regioregular polythiophene via grazing-incidence X-ray scattering. By studying the crystal lattice both dry and in contact with the electrolyte while maintaining potential control, we can directly observe the evolution of the crystalline domains and their relationship to film performance in an electrochemically gated transistor. Despite the oEG side-chain enabling bulk electrolyte uptake, we find that the crystalline regions are relatively hydrophobic, exhibiting little (less than one water per thiophene) swelling of the undoped polymer, suggesting that the amorphous regions dominate the reported passive swelling behavior. With applied potential, we observe that the π-π separation in the crystals contracts while the lamella spacing increases in a balanced fashion, resulting in a negligible change in the crystal volume. The potential-induced changes in the crystal structure do not clearly correlate to the electrical performance of the film as an organic electrochemical transistor, suggesting that the transistor performance is strongly influenced by the amorphous regions of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Q Flagg
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lauren E Asselta
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Nicholas D'Antona
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Tommaso Nicolini
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie de Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie de Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tanacha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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10
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Pouriamanesh N, Le Goupil F, Stingelin N, Hadziioannou G. Limiting Relative Permittivity "Burn-in" in Polymer Ferroelectrics via Phase Stabilization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:410-414. [PMID: 35575340 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
VDF-based polymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers, are well-known ferroelectrics of interest for numerous applications, from energy storage to electrocaloric refrigeration. However, their often complex thermal phase behavior that typically leads to a low phase-stability can drastically affect the long-term dielectric properties of this materials family. Here, we demonstrate on the example of the terpolymer P(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CFE) (molar ratio: 64/29/7) that by limiting mass transport/segmental chain motion both during solidification and in the solid state, a drastically smaller "burn-in" in relative permittivity, εr, is observed. Indeed, εr decreases little over time and saturates rapidly at 96-97% of its initial value. Mass transport thereby is limited by using highly entangled systems via the selection of a suitable polymer solution concentration and molecular weight. In addition, rapid solvent extraction assists in reducing unwanted relaxation processes. Accordingly, increased control of the phase stability of P(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CFE) is gained. Moreover, pathways are opened to reliably identify processing routes for any given VDF-based polymer, with critical information being obtained from thermal analysis and rheometry data only, enabling rapid feedback to material design, including the prediction of required molecular weights without the need for complex characterization methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Pouriamanesh
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Florian Le Goupil
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques, UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
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11
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Bachevillier S, Yuan HK, Tetzner K, Bradley DDC, Anthopoulos TD, Stavrinou PN, Stingelin N. Planar refractive index patterning through microcontact photo-thermal annealing of a printable organic/inorganic hybrid material. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:411-416. [PMID: 34668508 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate proof-of-concept refractive-index structures with large refractive-index-gradient profiles, using a micro-contact photothermal annealing (μCPA) process to pattern organic/inorganic hybrid materials comprising titanium oxide hydrate within a poly(vinyl alcohol) binder. A significant refractive index modulation of up to Δn ≈ +0.05 can be achieved with μCPA within less than a second of pulsed lamp exposure, which promises the potential for a high throughput fabrication process of photonic structures with a polymer-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bachevillier
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hua-Kang Yuan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kornelius Tetzner
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donal D C Bradley
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 300332, USA.
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12
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Yu L, Pavlica E, Li R, Zhong Y, Silva C, Bratina G, Müller C, Amassian A, Stingelin N. Conjugated Polymer Mesocrystals with Structural and Optoelectronic Coherence and Anisotropy in Three Dimensions. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2103002. [PMID: 34676923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting mesocrystalline bulk polymer specimens that exhibit near-intrinsic properties using channel-die pressing are demonstrated. A predominant edge-on orientation is obtained for poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) throughout 2 mm-thick/wide samples. This persistent mesocrystalline arrangement at macroscopic scales allows reliable evaluation of the electronic charge-transport anisotropy along all three crystallographic axes, with high mobilities found along the π-stacking. Indeed, charge-carrier mobilities of up to 2.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 are measured along the π-stack, which are some of the highest mobilities reported for polymers at low charge-carrier densities (drop-cast films display mobilities of maximum ≈10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). The structural coherence also leads to an unusually well-defined photoluminescence line-shape characteristic of an H-aggregate (measured from the surface perpendicular to the materials flow), rather than the typical HJ-aggregate feature usually found for P3HT. The approach is widely applicable: to electrical conductors and materials used in n-type devices, such as poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200) where the mesocrystalline structure leads to high electron transport along the polymer backbones (≈1.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). This versatility and the broad applicability of channel-die pressing signifies its promise as a straightforward, readily scalable method to fabricate bulk semiconducting polymer structures at macroscopic scales with properties typically accessible only by the tedious growth of single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Egon Pavlica
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Ruipeng Li
- NSLS II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yufei Zhong
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Gvido Bratina
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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Gutiérrez-Meza E, Malatesta R, Li H, Bargigia I, Srimath Kandada AR, Valverde-Chávez DA, Kim SM, Li H, Stingelin N, Tretiak S, Bittner ER, Silva-Acuña C. Frenkel biexcitons in hybrid HJ photophysical aggregates. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabi5197. [PMID: 34890231 PMCID: PMC8664265 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frenkel excitons are unequivocally responsible for the optical properties of organic semiconductors and are predicted to form bound exciton pairs (biexcitons). These are key intermediates, ubiquitous in many photophysical processes such as the exciton bimolecular annihilation dynamics in such systems. Because of their spectral ambiguity, there has been, to date, only scant direct evidence of bound biexcitons. By using nonlinear coherent spectroscopy, we identify here bound biexcitons in a model polymeric semiconductor. We find, unexpectedly, that excitons with interchain vibronic dispersion reveal intrachain biexciton correlations and vice versa. Moreover, using a Frenkel exciton model, we relate the biexciton binding energy to molecular parameters quantified by quantum chemistry, including the magnitude and sign of the exciton-exciton interaction the intersite hopping energies. Therefore, our work promises general insights into the many-body electronic structure in polymeric semiconductors and beyond, e.g., other excitonic systems such as organic semiconductor crystals, molecular aggregates, photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, or DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gutiérrez-Meza
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ravyn Malatesta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hongmo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ilaria Bargigia
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - David A. Valverde-Chávez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Eric R. Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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14
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Vohlídal J, Graeff CFO, Hiorns RC, Jones RG, Luscombe C, Schué F, Stingelin N, Walter MG. Glossary of terms relating to electronic, photonic and magnetic properties of polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2021). PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
These recommendations are specifically for polymers and polymer systems showing a significant response to an electromagnetic field or one of its components (electric field or magnetic field), i.e., for electromagnetic-field-responsive polymer materials. The structures, processes, phenomena and quantities relating to this interdisciplinary field of materials science and technology are herein defined. Definitions are unambiguously explained and harmonized for wide acceptance by the chemistry, physics, polymer and materials science communities. A survey of typical electromagnetic-field-responsive polymers is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Vohlídal
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences, Charles University , Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Carlos F. O. Graeff
- DF-FC , UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista , Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01, 17033-360 Bauru , Brazil
| | - Roger C. Hiorns
- Institut des Science Analytiques et Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Materiaux, CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour , Pau , France
| | | | - Christine Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymer Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology , Onna-son , Okinawa , Japan
| | - François Schué
- Organisation Moléculaire Evolution et Matériaux Fluores, UMR CNRS 5073, Laboratoire de Chimie Macromoléculaire, Université Montpellier II, Science et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon , F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 , France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre of Plastic Electronics (CPE) , Imperial College , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Michael G. Walter
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte , NC 28223 , USA
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15
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Sahu H, Li H, Chen L, Rajan AC, Kim C, Stingelin N, Ramprasad R. An Informatics Approach for Designing Conducting Polymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:53314-53322. [PMID: 34038635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Doping conjugated polymers, which are potential candidates for the next generation of organic electronics, is an effective strategy for manipulating their electrical conductivity. However, selecting a suitable polymer-dopant combination is exceptionally challenging because of the vastness of the chemical, configurational, and morphological spaces one needs to search. In this work, high-performance surrogate models, trained on available experimentally measured data, are developed to predict the p-type electrical conductivity and are used to screen a large candidate hypothetical data set of more than 800 000 polymer-dopant combinations. Promising candidates are identified for synthesis and device fabrication. Additionally, new design guidelines are extracted that verify and extend knowledge on important molecular fragments that correlate to high conductivity. Conductivity prediction models are also deployed at www.polymergenome.org for broader open-access community use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishna Sahu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongmo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Arunkumar Chitteth Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chiho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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16
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Chen S, Haehnle B, Van der Laan X, Kuehne AJC, Botiz I, Stavrinou PN, Stingelin N. Understanding hierarchical spheres-in-grating assembly for bio-inspired colouration. Mater Horiz 2021; 8:2230-2237. [PMID: 34846427 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00358e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vivid iridescent response from particular butterflies is as an excellent example of how micro-engineered hierarchical architectures that combine physical structures and pigmentary inclusions create unique colouration. To date, however, detailed knowledge is missing to replicate such sophisticated structures in a robust, reliable manner. Here, we deliver spheres-in-grating assemblies with colouration effects as found in nature, exploiting embossed polymer gratings and self-assembled light-absorbing micro-spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Chen
- Department of Materials and Centre of Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian nr. 42, Cluj-Napoca 400271, Romania
| | - Marlow M. Durbin
- School of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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18
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Nicolini T, Surgailis J, Savva A, Scaccabarozzi AD, Nakar R, Thuau D, Wantz G, Richter LJ, Dautel O, Hadziioannou G, Stingelin N. A Low-Swelling Polymeric Mixed Conductor Operating in Aqueous Electrolytes. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2005723. [PMID: 33251656 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed conductors find use in batteries, bioelectronics technologies, neuromorphic computing, and sensing. While great progress has been achieved, polymer-based mixed conductors frequently experience significant volumetric changes during ion uptake/rejection, i.e., during doping/de-doping and charging/discharging. Although ion dynamics may be enhanced in expanded networks, these volumetric changes can have undesirable consequences, e.g., negatively affecting hole/electron conduction and severely shortening device lifetime. Here, the authors present a new material poly[3-(6-hydroxy)hexylthiophene] (P3HHT) that is able to transport ions and electrons/holes, as tested in electrochemical absorption spectroscopy and organic electrochemical transistors, and that exhibits low swelling, attributed to the hydroxylated alkyl side-chain functionalization. P3HHT displays a thickness change upon passive swelling of only +2.5%, compared to +90% observed for the ubiquitous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate, and +10 to +15% for polymers such as poly(2-(3,3'-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (p[g2T-TT]). Applying a bias pulse during swelling, this discrepancy becomes even more pronounced, with the thickness of P3HHT films changing by <10% while that of p(g2T-TT) structures increases by +75 to +80%. Importantly, the initial P3HHT film thickness is essentially restored after de-doping while p(g2T-TT) remains substantially swollen. The authors, thus, expand the materials-design toolbox for the creation of low-swelling soft mixed conductors with tailored properties and applications in bioelectronics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Nicolini
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Institut de Sciences Moléculaires UMR 5255, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33607, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Nakar
- Charles Gerhardt Institute of Montpellier, UR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Montpellier, 34296, France
| | - Damien Thuau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système UMR 5218, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système UMR 5218, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Olivier Dautel
- Charles Gerhardt Institute of Montpellier, UR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Montpellier, 34296, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, 33615, France
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
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19
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Marina S, Kaufmann NP, Karki A, Gutiérrez-Meza E, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vollbrecht J, Solano E, Walker B, Bannock JH, de Mello J, Silva C, Nguyen TQ, Cangialosi D, Stingelin N, Martín J. The Importance of Quantifying the Composition of the Amorphous Intermixed Phase in Organic Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2005241. [PMID: 33089554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The relation of phase morphology and solid-state microstructure with organic photovoltaic (OPV) device performance has intensely been investigated over the last twenty years. While it has been established that a combination of donor:acceptor intermixing and presence of relatively phase-pure donor and acceptor domains is needed to get an optimum compromise between charge generation and charge transport/charge extraction, a quantitative picture of how much intermixing is needed is still lacking. This is mainly due to the difficulty in quantitatively analyzing the intermixed phase, which generally is amorphous. Here, fast scanning calorimetry, which allows measurement of device-relevant thin films (<200 nm thickness), is exploited to deduce the precise composition of the intermixed phase in bulk-heterojunction structures. The power of fast scanning calorimetry is illustrated by considering two polymer:fullerene model systems. Somewhat surprisingly, it is found that a relatively small fraction (<15 wt%) of an acceptor in the intermixed amorphous phase leads to efficient charge generation. In contrast, charge transport can only be sustained in blends with a significant amount of the acceptor in the intermixed phase (in this case: ≈58 wt%). This example shows that fast scanning calorimetry is an important tool for establishing a complete compositional characterization of organic bulk heterojunctions. Hence, it will be critical in advancing quantitative morphology-function models that allow for the rational design of these devices, and in delivering insights in, for example, solar cell degradation mechanisms via phase separation, especially for more complex high-performing systems such as nonfullerene acceptor:polymer bulk heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | | | - Akchheta Karki
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gutiérrez-Meza
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Joachim Vollbrecht
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Eduardo Solano
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, NCD-SWEET Beamline, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290, Spain
| | - Barnaby Walker
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James H Bannock
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John de Mello
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques-LCPO, UMR5629 Universitéde Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, 33615, France
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Esteiro, Ferrol, 15471, Spain
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Abstract
Abstract
As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
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Sommerville PJW, Li Y, Dong BX, Zhang Y, Onorato JW, Tatum WK, Balzer AH, Stingelin N, Patel SN, Nealey PF, Luscombe CK. Elucidating the Influence of Side-Chain Circular Distribution on the Crack Onset Strain and Hole Mobility of Near-Amorphous Indacenodithiophene Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yongcao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wesley K. Tatum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex H. Balzer
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 303332, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 303332, United States
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 303332, United States
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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22
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Levitsky A, Matrone GM, Khirbat A, Bargigia I, Chu X, Nahor O, Segal‐Peretz T, Moulé AJ, Richter LJ, Silva C, Stingelin N, Frey GL. Toward Fast Screening of Organic Solar Cell Blends. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000960. [PMID: 32775168 PMCID: PMC7404169 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing library of materials systems developed for organic solar-cells, including highly promising non-fullerene acceptors and new, high-efficiency donor polymers, demands the development of methodologies that i) allow fast screening of a large number of donor:acceptor combinations prior to device fabrication and ii) permit rapid elucidation of how processing affects the final morphology/microstructure of the device active layers. Efficient, fast screening will ensure that important materials combinations are not missed; it will accelerate the technological development of this alternative solar-cell platform toward larger-area production; and it will permit understanding of the structural changes that may occur in the active layer over time. Using the relatively high-efficiency poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3'''-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2'';5'',2'''-quaterthiophen-5,5'''-diyl)] (PCE11):phenyl-C61-butyric acid-methyl-ester acceptor (PCBM) blend systems, it is demonstrated that by means of straight-forward thermal analysis, vapor-phase-infiltration imaging, and transient-absorption spectroscopy, various blend compositions and processing methodologies can be rapidly screened, information on promising combinations can be obtained, reliability issues with respect to reproducibility of thin-film formation can be identified, and insights into how processing aids, such as nucleating agents, affect structure formation, can be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Levitsky
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Giovanni Maria Matrone
- Department of Materials and Centre of Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Aditi Khirbat
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Ilaria Bargigia
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Xiaolei Chu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Oded Nahor
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Tamar Segal‐Peretz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Adam J. Moulé
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Lee J. Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD20899USA
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of PhysicsGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Gitti L. Frey
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringTechnion—Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
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23
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Luzio A, Nübling F, Martin J, Fazzi D, Selter P, Gann E, McNeill CR, Brinkmann M, Hansen MR, Stingelin N, Sommer M, Caironi M. Microstructural control suppresses thermal activation of electron transport at room temperature in polymer transistors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3365. [PMID: 31358747 PMCID: PMC6662673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of inverted thermal activation of charge mobility in polymer field-effect transistors have excited the interest in transport regimes not limited by thermal barriers. However, rationalization of the limiting factors to access such regimes is still lacking. An improved understanding in this area is critical for development of new materials, establishing processing guidelines, and broadening of the range of applications. Here we show that precise processing of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene-based electron transporting copolymer results in single crystal-like and voltage-independent mobility with vanishing activation energy above 280 K. Key factors are uniaxial chain alignment and thermal annealing at temperatures within the melting endotherm of films. Experimental and computational evidences converge toward a picture of electrons being delocalized within crystalline domains of increased size. Residual energy barriers introduced by disordered regions are bypassed in the direction of molecular alignment by a more efficient interconnection of the ordered domains following the annealing process. Though solution-processed conjugated polymers with inverted temperature activated transport have been reported, the origin of this behaviour is unclear. Here, the authors realize temperature-independent electron transport above 280 K in a donor-acceptor copolymer through microstructural engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San, Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Department Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Luxemburger Str. 116, D - 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Univeristy, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clatyon, VIC, 3168, Australia.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | | | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, Cedex 2 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - Michael Sommer
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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24
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Slomkowski S, Fellows CM, Hiorns RC, Jones RG, Kubisa P, Luscombe CK, Nakano T, Russell GT, dos Santos CG, Scholz C, Stingelin N, Walter MG. List of keywords for polymer science (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper provides a list of the most important terms from all areas of polymer science including polymer chemistry, polymer physics, polymer technology and polymer properties. These have been assembled into a representative list of terms that serves as an IUPAC recommended list of keywords for polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Slomkowski
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112 , 90-363 Lodz , Poland
| | - Christopher M. Fellows
- University of New England , School of Science and Technology , Armidale, NSW 2351 , Australia
| | - Roger C. Hiorns
- CNRS/Univ Pau and Pays Adour, Institut des Science Analytiques et Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Materiaux , UMR 5254 , 64000 Pau , France
| | - Richard G. Jones
- Functional Materials Group, School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Canterbury CT2 7NH , UK
| | - Przemyslaw Kubisa
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112 , 90-363 Lodz , Poland
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- University of Washington , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seattle, WA 98195 , USA
| | - Tamaki Nakano
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Gregory T. Russell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | | | - Carmen Scholz
- University of Alabama in Huntsville , Department of Chemistry , Huntsville, AL 35899 , USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Atlanta, GA 30332 , USA
| | - Michael G. Walter
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte , Department of Chemistry , 9201 University City, Blvd , Charlotte, NC 28223 , USA
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25
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Kim JJ, Bachevillier S, Arellano DLG, Cherniawski BP, Burnett EK, Stingelin N, Ayela C, Usluer Ö, Mannsfeld SCB, Wantz G, Briseno AL. Correlating Crystal Thickness, Surface Morphology, and Charge Transport in Pristine and Doped Rubrene Single Crystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:26745-26751. [PMID: 29999309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between charge transport and surface morphology is investigated by utilizing rubrene single crystals of varying thicknesses. In the case of pristine crystals, the surface conductivities decrease exponentially as the crystal thickness increases until ∼4 μm, beyond which the surface conductivity saturates. Investigation of the surface morphology using optical and atomic force microscopy reveals that thicker crystals have a higher number of molecular steps, increasing the overall surface roughness compared with thin crystals. The density of molecular steps as a surface trap is further quantified with the subthreshold slope of rubrene air-gap transistors. This thickness-dependent surface conductivity is rationalized by a shift from in-plane to out-of-plane transport governed by surface roughness. The surface transport is disrupted by roughening of the crystal surface and becomes limited by the slower vertical crystallographic axis on molecular step edges. Separately, we investigate surface-doping of rubrene crystals by using fluoroalkyltrichrolosilane and observe a different mechanism for charge transport which is independent of surface roughness. This work demonstrates that the correlation between crystal thickness, surface morphology, and charge transport must be taken into account when measuring organic single crystals. Considering the fact that these molecular steps are universally observed on organic/inorganic and single/polycrystals, we believe that our findings can be widely applied to improve charge transport understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Joon Kim
- Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | | | - D Leonardo Gonzalez Arellano
- Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Benjamin P Cherniawski
- Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Edmund K Burnett
- Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymeres Organiques (LCPO) , University of Bordeaux , 33615 Pessac Cedex , France
| | - Cédric Ayela
- IMS Laboratory , University of Bordeaux , F-33400 Talence , France
| | - Özlem Usluer
- Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering , Necmettin Erbakan University , 42140 Konya , Turkey
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , Dresden University of Technology , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- IMS Laboratory , University of Bordeaux , F-33400 Talence , France
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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26
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Abstract
The performance of polymeric semiconductors is profoundly affected by the thermodynamic state of its crystalline and amorphous fractions and how they affect the optoelectronic properties. While intense research has been conducted on the crystalline features, fundamental understanding of the amorphous fraction(s) is still lacking. Here, we employ fast scanning calorimetry to provide insights on the glass transition of the archetypal conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). According to the conceptual definition of the glass transition temperature (Tg), that is, the temperature marking the crossover from the melt in metastable equilibrium to the nonequilibrium glass, an enthalpy relaxation should be observed by calorimetry when the glass is aged below Tg. Thus, we are able to identify the enthalpy relaxations of mobile and rigid amorphous fractions (MAF and RAF, respectively) of P3HT and to determine their respective Tg. Our work moreover highlights that the RAF should be included in structural models when establishing structure/property interrelationships of polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Materials, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
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27
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Abstract
The one-pot syntheses of two pentadeca-(15)-block methacrylate-based amphiphilic copolymers, specifically a bipolymer (AB)7A and a quintopolymer (ABCDE)3, are being reported using a fast and easy to scale up procedure that does not require any intermediate purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R. Carroll
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
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28
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Reichenberger M, Kroh D, Matrone GMM, Schötz K, Pröller S, Filonik O, Thordardottir ME, Herzig EM, Bässler H, Stingelin N, Köhler A. Controlling aggregate formation in conjugated polymers by spin-coating below the critical temperature of the disorder-order transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kroh
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Giovanni M. M. Matrone
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Stephan Pröller
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Oliver Filonik
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Margret E. Thordardottir
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Eva M. Herzig
- Dynamics and Structure Formation; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
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29
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Dixon AG, Visvanathan R, Clark NA, Stingelin N, Kopidakis N, Shaheen SE. Molecular weight dependence of carrier mobility and recombination rate in neat P3HT films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Dixon
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of DenverColorado80208
| | | | - Noel A. Clark
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulder Colorado80309
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Kopidakis
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole BlvdGolden Colorado80401
| | - Sean E. Shaheen
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulder Colorado80309
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulder Colorado80309
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of ColoradoBoulder Colorado80309
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30
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Yang S, Liu Z, Cai Z, Dyson MJ, Stingelin N, Chen W, Ju H, Zhang G, Zhang D. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymer Entailing Triethylene Glycols as Side Chains with High Thin-Film Charge Mobility without Post-Treatments. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2017; 4:1700048. [PMID: 28852623 PMCID: PMC5566237 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Side chain engineering of conjugated donor-acceptor polymers is a new way to manipulate their optoelectronic properties. Two new diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-terthiophene-based conjugated polymers PDPP3T-1 and PDPP3T-2, with both hydrophilic triethylene glycol (TEG) and hydrophobic alkyl chains, are reported. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of TEG chains has a significant effect on the interchain packing and thin-film morphology with noticeable effect on charge transport. Polymer chains of PDPP3T-1 in which TEG chains are uniformly distributed can self-assemble spontaneously into a more ordered thin film. As a result, the thin film of PDPP3T-1 exhibits high saturated hole mobility up to 2.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 without any post-treatment. This is superior to those of PDPP3T with just alkyl chains and PDPP3T-2. Moreover, the respective field effect transistors made of PDPP3T-1 can be utilized for sensing ethanol vapor with high sensitivity (down to 100 ppb) and good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si‐Fen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Tong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Xu Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Matthew J. Dyson
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW72AZUK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW72AZUK
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 Cass AvenueLemontIL60439USA
- Institute for Molecular EngineeringThe University of Chicago5640 South Ellis AvenueChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Hua‐Jun Ju
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Guan‐Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - De‐Qing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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31
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Pacheco-Moreno CM, Schreck M, Scaccabarozzi AD, Bourgun P, Wantz G, Stevens MM, Dautel OJ, Stingelin N. The Importance of Materials Design to Make Ions Flow: Toward Novel Materials Platforms for Bioelectronics Applications. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1604446. [PMID: 27869344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical design criteria for materials for bioelectronics applications using a series of copolymer derivatives based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) are established. Directed chemical design via side-chain functionalization with polar groups allows manipulation of ion transport and ion-to-electron transduction. Insights gained will permit increased use of the plethora of materials employed in the organic electronics area for application in the bioelectronics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia M Pacheco-Moreno
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Murielle Schreck
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Philippe Bourgun
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, ENSCM AM2N8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olivier J Dautel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, ENSCM AM2N8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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32
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Fei Z, Han Y, Martin J, Scholes FH, Al-Hashimi M, AlQaradawi SY, Stingelin N, Anthopoulos TD, Heeney M. Conjugated Copolymers of Vinylene Flanked Naphthalene Diimide. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fiona H. Scholes
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Siham Y. AlQaradawi
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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33
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Harkin DJ, Broch K, Schreck M, Ceymann H, Stoy A, Yong CK, Nikolka M, McCulloch I, Stingelin N, Lambert C, Sirringhaus H. Decoupling Charge Transport and Electroluminescence in a High Mobility Polymer Semiconductor. Adv Mater 2016; 28:6378-6385. [PMID: 27166597 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence enhancement of a high-mobility polymer semiconductor is achieved via energy transfer to a higher fluorescence quantum yield squaraine dye molecule on 50 ps timescales. In organic light-emitting diodes, an order of magnitude enhancement of the external quantum efficiency is observed without reduction in the charge-carrier mobility resulting in radiances of up to 5 W str(-1) m(-2) at 800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harkin
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Katharina Broch
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Maximilian Schreck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ceymann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stoy
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chaw-Keong Yong
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Zhang W, Han Y, Zhu X, Fei Z, Feng Y, Treat ND, Faber H, Stingelin N, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD, Heeney M. A Novel Alkylated Indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene-Based Polymer for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors. Adv Mater 2016; 28:3922-3927. [PMID: 26514111 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel rigid donor monomer, indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT), containing linear alkyl chains, is reported. Its copolymer with benzothiadiazole is an excellent p-type semiconductor, affording a mobility of 6.6 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) in top-gated field-effect transistors with pentafluorobenzenethiol-modified Au electrodes. Electrode treatment with solution-deposited copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) has a beneficial hole-injection/electron-blocking effect, further enhancing the mobility to 8.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiuxiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, P. R. China
| | - Neil D Treat
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hendrik Faber
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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35
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Abdelsamie M, Treat ND, Zhao K, McDowell C, Burgers MA, Li R, Smilgies DM, Stingelin N, Bazan GC, Amassian A. Toward Additive-Free Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells: Roles of the Donor Crystallization Pathway and Dynamics. Adv Mater 2015; 27:7285-7292. [PMID: 26418621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ease with which small-molecule donors crystallize during solution processing is directly linked to the need for solvent additives. Donor molecules that get trapped in disordered (H1) or liquid crystalline (T1) mesophases require additive processing to promote crystallization, phase separation, and efficient light harvesting. A donor material (X2) that crystallizes directly from solution yields additive-free solar cells with an efficiency of 7.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Abdelsamie
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil D Treat
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kui Zhao
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Caitlin McDowell
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Mark A Burgers
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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36
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Ma J, Meng J, Simonet M, Stingelin N, Peijs T, Sukhorukov GB. Biodegradable fibre scaffolds incorporating water-soluble drugs and proteins. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26:205. [PMID: 26155976 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new type of biodegradable drug-loaded fibre scaffold has been successfully produced for the benefit of water-soluble drugs and proteins. Model drug loaded calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microparticles incorporated into poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) fibres were manufactured by co-precipitation of CaCO3 and the drug molecules, followed by electrospinning of a suspension of such drug-loaded microparticles in a PLGA solution. Rhodamine 6G and bovine serum albumin were used as model drugs for our release study, representing small bioactive molecules and protein, respectively. A bead and string structure of fibres was achieved. The drug release was investigated with different drug loadings and in different pH release mediums. Results showed that a slow and sustained drug release was achieved in 40 days and the CaCO3 microparticles used as the second barrier restrained the initial burst release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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37
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Abstract
Guest editors Christopher J. Bettinger and Natalie Stingelin introduce this Journal of Materials Chemistry B & C joint themed issue on organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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38
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Song Y, Hellmann C, Stingelin N, Scholes GD. The separation of vibrational coherence from ground- and excited-electronic states in P3HT film. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212410. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christoph Hellmann
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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39
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Buchaca-Domingo E, Vandewal K, Fei Z, Watkins SE, Scholes FH, Bannock JH, de Mello JC, Richter LJ, DeLongchamp DM, Amassian A, Heeney M, Salleo A, Stingelin N. Direct Correlation of Charge Transfer Absorption with Molecular Donor:Acceptor Interfacial Area via Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5256-9. [PMID: 25856143 DOI: 10.1021/ja512410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that the charge transfer (CT) absorption signal in bulk-heterojunction solar cell blends, measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy, is directly proportional to the density of molecular donor:acceptor interfaces. Since the optical transitions from the ground state to the interfacial CT state are weakly allowed at photon energies below the optical gap of both the donor and acceptor, we can exploit the use of this sensitive linear absorption spectroscopy for such quantification. Moreover, we determine the absolute molar extinction coefficient of the CT transition for an archetypical polymer:fullerene interface. The latter is ∼100 times lower than the extinction coefficient of the donor chromophore involved, allowing us to experimentally estimate the transition dipole moment as 0.3 D and the electronic coupling between the ground and CT states to be on the order of 30 meV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Buchaca-Domingo
- †Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,‡Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Koen Vandewal
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,∥Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhuping Fei
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | | | - James H Bannock
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - John C de Mello
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lee J Richter
- ∇National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- ∇National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- ‡Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Heeney
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Alberto Salleo
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- †Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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40
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Scarongella M, De Jonghe-Risse J, Buchaca-Domingo E, Causa' M, Fei Z, Heeney M, Moser JE, Stingelin N, Banerji N. A close look at charge generation in polymer:fullerene blends with microstructure control. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2908-18. [PMID: 25650696 DOI: 10.1021/ja510032x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We reveal some of the key mechanisms during charge generation in polymer:fullerene blends exploiting our well-defined understanding of the microstructures obtained in pBTTT:PCBM systems via processing with fatty acid methyl ester additives. Based on ultrafast transient absorption, electro-absorption, and fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopy, we find that exciton diffusion through relatively phase-pure polymer or fullerene domains limits the rate of electron and hole transfer, while prompt charge separation occurs in regions where the polymer and fullerene are molecularly intermixed (such as the co-crystal phase where fullerenes intercalate between polymer chains in pBTTT:PCBM). We moreover confirm the importance of neat domains, which are essential to prevent geminate recombination of bound electron-hole pairs. Most interestingly, using an electro-absorption (Stark effect) signature, we directly visualize the migration of holes from intermixed to neat regions, which occurs on the subpicosecond time scale. This ultrafast transport is likely sustained by high local mobility (possibly along chains extending from the co-crystal phase to neat regions) and by an energy cascade driving the holes toward the neat domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Scarongella
- Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , SB ISIC GR-MO, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Nielsen CB, Ashraf RS, Treat ND, Schroeder BC, Donaghey JE, White AJP, Stingelin N, McCulloch I. 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole-5,6-dicarboxylic imide--a versatile building block for additive- and annealing-free processing of organic solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 8%. Adv Mater 2015; 27:948-53. [PMID: 25511684 PMCID: PMC4365755 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new photoactive polymer comprising benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-d']trithiophene and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-5,6-dicarboxylic imide is reported. The synthetic design allows for alkyl chains to be introduced on both electron-rich and electron-deficient components, which in turn allows for rapid optimization of the alkyl chain substitution pattern. Consequently, the optimized polymer shows a maximum efficiency of 8.3% in organic photovoltaic devices processed in a commercially viable fashion without solvent additives, annealing, or device engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Raja Shahid Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Neil D Treat
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bob C Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jenny E Donaghey
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Sieval AB, Treat ND, Rozema D, Hummelen JC, Stingelin N. Diels–Alders adducts of C60 and esters of 3-(1-indenyl)-propionic acid: alternatives for [60]PCBM in polymer:fullerene solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8126-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new, easily synthesized fullerene derivatives are introduced that give significantly higher device efficiency (PCE) than [60]PCBM in the standard P3HT:fullerene solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D. Treat
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | | | - Jan C. Hummelen
- Solenne BV
- 9747AN Groningen
- The Netherlands
- Strating Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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43
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Hellmann C, Treat ND, Scaccabarozzi AD, Razzell Hollis J, Fleischli FD, Bannock JH, de Mello J, Michels JJ, Kim JS, Stingelin N. Solution processing of polymer semiconductor: Insulator blends-Tailored optical properties through liquid-liquid phase separation control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hellmann
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Neil D. Treat
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Alberto D. Scaccabarozzi
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Razzell Hollis
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Franziska D. Fleischli
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - James H. Bannock
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - John de Mello
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Jasper J. Michels
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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44
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Shaw J, Zhong H, Yau CP, Casey A, Buchaca-Domingo E, Stingelin N, Sparrowe D, Mitchell W, Heeney M. Alternating Copolymers Incorporating Dithienogemolodithiophene for Field-Effect Transistor Applications. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5021038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Sparrowe
- Merck Chemicals
Ltd., Chilworth Technical Centre, University Parkway, Southampton SO16 7QD, United Kingdom
| | - William Mitchell
- Merck Chemicals
Ltd., Chilworth Technical Centre, University Parkway, Southampton SO16 7QD, United Kingdom
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45
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Brambilla L, Tommasini M, Botiz I, Rahimi K, Agumba JO, Stingelin N, Zerbi G. Regio-Regular Oligo and Poly(3-hexyl thiophene): Precise Structural Markers from the Vibrational Spectra of Oligomer Single Crystals. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501614c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Nanobiophotonics
and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Faculty of Physics and Interdisciplinary
Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian Street 42, Cluj Napoca 400271, Romania
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI-Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - John O. Agumba
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Strasse 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Giuseppe Zerbi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano Italy
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46
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Taroni PJ, Hoces I, Stingelin N, Heeney M, Bilotti E. Thermoelectric Materials: A Brief Historical Survey from Metal Junctions and Inorganic Semiconductors to Organic Polymers. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Botiz I, Freyberg P, Leordean C, Gabudean AM, Astilean S, Yang ACM, Stingelin N. Enhancing the photoluminescence emission of conjugated MEH-PPV by light processing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:4974-4979. [PMID: 24611888 DOI: 10.1021/am4060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show here that treatment of thin films of conjugated polymers by illumination with light leads to an increase of the intensity of their photoluminescence by up to 42%. The corresponding enhancement of absorbance was much less pronounced. We explain this significant enhancement of photoluminescence by a planarization of the conjugated polymer chains induced by photoexcitations even below the glass transition temperature, possibly due to an increased conjugation length. Interestingly, the photoluminescence remains at the enhanced level for more than 71 h after treatment of the films by illumination with light, likely due to the fact that below the glass transition temperature no restoring force could return the conjugated chains into their initial conformational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Botiz
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies , Albertstraße 19, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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48
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Marsh HS, Reid OG, Barnes G, Heeney M, Stingelin N, Rumbles G. Control of polythiophene film microstructure and charge carrier dynamics through crystallization temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S. Marsh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado at Boulder; Colorado 80309
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401
| | - George Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; South Kensington SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; South Kensington SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; United Kingdom
| | - Garry Rumbles
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado at Boulder; Colorado 80309
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49
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Simonet M, Stingelin N, Wismans JGF, Oomens CWJ, Driessen-Mol A, Baaijens FPT. Tailoring the void space and mechanical properties in electrospun scaffolds towards physiological ranges. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:305-313. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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50
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