1
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Scandurra C, Björkström K, Caputo M, Sarcina L, Genco E, Modena F, Viola FA, Brunetti C, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Franco CD, Haeberle L, Larizza P, Mancini MT, Österbacka R, Reeves W, Scamarcio G, Wheeler M, Caironi M, Cantatore E, Torricelli F, Esposito I, Macchia E, Torsi L. Analysis of Clinical Samples of Pancreatic Cyst's Lesions with A Multi-Analyte Bioelectronic Simot Array Benchmarked Against Ultrasensitive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2308141. [PMID: 38234100 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, ranking as the third factor in cancer-related deaths, necessitates enhanced diagnostic measures through early detection. In response, SiMoT-Single-molecule with a large Transistor multiplexing array, achieving a Technology Readiness Level of 5, is proposed for a timely identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts and is benchmarked against the commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay SIMOA (Single molecule array) SP-X System. A cohort of 39 samples, comprising 33 cyst fluids and 6 blood plasma specimens, undergoes detailed examination with both technologies. The SiMoT array targets oncoproteins MUC1 and CD55, and oncogene KRAS, while the SIMOA SP-X planar technology exclusively focuses on MUC1 and CD55. Employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for multivariate data processing, the SiMoT array demonstrates effective discrimination of malignant/pre-invasive high-grade or potentially malignant low-grade pancreatic cysts from benign non-mucinous cysts. Conversely, PCA analysis applied to SIMOA assay reveals less effective differentiation ability among the three cyst classes. Notably, SiMoT unique capability of concurrently analyzing protein and genetic markers with the threshold of one single molecule in 0.1 mL positions it as a comprehensive and reliable diagnostic tool. The electronic response generated by the SiMoT array facilitates direct digital data communication, suggesting potential applications in the development of field-deployable liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Kim Björkström
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Enrico Genco
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | | | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Lena Haeberle
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Piero Larizza
- Masmec Biomed - Masmec SpA division, Modugno (BA), 70026, Italy
| | | | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - May Wheeler
- FlexEnable Technology Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FX, UK
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cantatore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
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2
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R. Hinojosa D, J. Pataki N, Rossi P, Erhardt A, Guchait S, Pallini F, McNeill C, Müller C, Caironi M, Sommer M. Solubilizing Benzodifuranone-Based Conjugated Copolymers with Single-Oxygen-Containing Branched Side Chains. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2024; 6:457-465. [PMID: 38230364 PMCID: PMC10788869 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Single-oxygen-containing branched side chains are designed and used to solubilize n-type copolymers consisting of BDF (benzodifuranone), isatin, and thiophene-based units. We present a simple synthetic approach to side chains with varying linker distances between the backbone and the branching point. The synthetic pathway is straightforward and modular and starts with commercially available reagents. The side chains give rise to excellent solubilities of BDF-thiophene copolymers of up to 90 mg/mL, while still being moderate in size (26-34 atoms large). The excellent solubility furthermore allows high molar mass materials. BDF-thiophene copolymers are characterized in terms of optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties. The electrical conductivity of chemically doped polymers is found to scale with molar mass, reaching ∼1 S/cm for the highest molar mass and longest backbone-branching point distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R. Hinojosa
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum
MAIN, TU Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Nathan J. Pataki
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milano ,Italy
| | - Pietro Rossi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133Milano ,Italy
| | - Andreas Erhardt
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shubhradip Guchait
- Institute
Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Francesca Pallini
- Department
of Materials Science, Università
di Milano-Bicocca, via
Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Christopher McNeill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers
University of Technology Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum
MAIN, TU Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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3
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Perinot A, Scuratti F, Scaccabarozzi AD, Tran K, Salazar-Rios JM, Loi MA, Salvatore G, Fabiano S, Caironi M. Solution-Processed Polymer Dielectric Interlayer for Low-Voltage, Unipolar n-Type Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:56095-56105. [PMID: 37990398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The integration of organic electronic circuits into real-life applications compels the fulfillment of a range of requirements, among which the ideal operation at a low voltage with reduced power consumption is paramount. Moreover, these performance factors should be achieved via solution-based fabrication schemes in order to comply with the promise of cost- and energy-efficient manufacturing offered by an organic, printed electronic technology. Here, we propose a solution-based route for the fabrication of low-voltage organic transistors, encompassing ideal device operation at voltages below 5 V and exhibiting n-type unipolarization. This process is widely applicable to a variety of semiconducting and dielectric materials. We achieved this through the use of a photo-cross-linked, low-k dielectric interlayer, which is used to fabricate multilayer dielectric stacks with areal capacitances of up to 40 nF/cm2 and leakage currents below 1 nA/cm2. Because of the chosen azide-based cross-linker, the dielectric promotes n-type unipolarization of the transistors and demonstrated to be compatible with different classes of semiconductors, from conjugated polymers to carbon nanotubes and low-temperature metal oxides. Our results demonstrate a general applicability of our unipolarizing dielectric, facilitating the implementation of complementary circuitry of emerging technologies with reduced power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perinot
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Scuratti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Karolina Tran
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Mario Salazar-Rios
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155─Alfa Building, 30172 Mestre Venice, Italy
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60 174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy
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4
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Carlotti M, Losi T, De Boni F, Vivaldi FM, Araya-Hermosilla E, Prato M, Pucci A, Caironi M, Mattoli V. Preparation of different conjugated polymers characterized by complementary electronic properties from an identical precursor. Polym Chem 2023; 14:4465-4473. [PMID: 38013925 PMCID: PMC10548785 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00868a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of generating regions with different electronic properties within the same organic semiconductor thin film could offer novel opportunities for designing and fabricating organic electronic devices and circuits. This study introduces a new approach based on a novel type of highly processable polymer precursor that can yield two different conjugated polymers characterized by complementary electronic properties, i.e. promoting electron or hole transport, from the same starting material. In particular, these multipotent precursors comprise functionalized dihydroanthracene units that can offer several functionalization opportunities to improve the solubility or insert specific functionalities. This strategy also allows for the preparation of high-molecular-weight conjugated polymers comprising diethynylanthracene and anthraquinone units without the need for solubilizing side chains. Thin films of the polymer precursor can be used, after solid-state transformations, to prepare single organic layers comprising regions characterized by different chemical nature and electronic properties. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the chemical and electronic properties of the precursor and the obtained conjugated polymers, showing how it is possible to harvest their characteristics for potential applications such as electrochromic surfaces and organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
- Centro per la Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa Lungarno Pacinotti 43/44 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via R. Rubattino 81 20134 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco De Boni
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Centro per la Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa Lungarno Pacinotti 43/44 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via R. Rubattino 81 20134 Milano Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
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5
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Genco E, Modena F, Sarcina L, Björkström K, Brunetti C, Caironi M, Caputo M, Demartis VM, Di Franco C, Frusconi G, Haeberle L, Larizza P, Mancini MT, Österbacka R, Reeves W, Scamarcio G, Scandurra C, Wheeler M, Cantatore E, Esposito I, Macchia E, Torricelli F, Viola FA, Torsi L. A Single-Molecule Bioelectronic Portable Array for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer Precursors. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2304102. [PMID: 37452695 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of 47 patients is screened for pancreatic cancer precursors with a portable 96-well bioelectronic sensing-array for single-molecule assay in cysts fluid and blood plasma, deployable at point-of-care (POC). Pancreatic cancer precursors are mucinous cysts diagnosed with a sensitivity of at most 80% by state-of-the-art cytopathological molecular analyses (e.g., KRASmut DNA). Adding the simultaneous assay of proteins related to malignant transformation (e.g., MUC1 and CD55) is deemed essential to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The bioelectronic array proposed here, based on single-molecule-with-a-large-transistor (SiMoT) technology, can assay both nucleic acids and proteins at the single-molecule limit-of-identification (LOI) (1% of false-positives and false-negatives). It comprises an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like 8 × 12-array organic-electronics disposable cartridge with an electrolyte-gated organic transistor sensor array, and a reusable reader, integrating a custom Si-IC chip, operating via software installed on a USB-connected smart device. The cartridge is complemented by a 3D-printed sensing gate cover plate. KRASmut , MUC1, and CD55 biomarkers either in plasma or cysts-fluid from 5 to 6 patients at a time, are multiplexed at single-molecule LOI in 1.5 h. The pancreatic cancer precursors are classified via a machine-learning analysis resulting in at least 96% diagnostic-sensitivity and 100% diagnostic-specificity. This preliminary study opens the way to POC liquid-biopsy-based early diagnosis of pancreatic-cancer precursors in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Genco
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - Kim Björkström
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | | | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Virginia Maria Demartis
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Frusconi
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Lena Haeberle
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Piero Larizza
- Masmec Biomed - Masmec SpA division, Modugno (BA), 70026, Italy
| | | | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR IFN, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
| | - May Wheeler
- FlexEnable Technology Ltd, Cambridge, CB4 0FX, UK
| | - Eugenio Cantatore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 20125, Italy
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6
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Sharova AS, Modena F, Luzio A, Melloni F, Cataldi P, Viola F, Lamanna L, Zorn NF, Sassi M, Ronchi C, Zaumseil J, Beverina L, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Chitosan-gated organic transistors printed on ethyl cellulose as a versatile platform for edible electronics and bioelectronics. Nanoscale 2023. [PMID: 37334549 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Edible electronics is an emerging research field targeting electronic devices that can be safely ingested and directly digested or metabolized by the human body. As such, it paves the way to a whole new family of applications, ranging from ingestible medical devices and biosensors to smart labelling for food quality monitoring and anti-counterfeiting. Being a newborn research field, many challenges need to be addressed to realize fully edible electronic components. In particular, an extended library of edible electronic materials is required, with suitable electronic properties depending on the target device and compatible with large-area printing processes, to allow scalable and cost-effective manufacturing. In this work, we propose a platform for future low-voltage edible transistors and circuits that comprises an edible chitosan gating medium and inkjet-printed inert gold electrodes, compatible with low thermal budget edible substrates, such as ethylcellulose. We report the compatibility of the platform, characterized by critical channel features as low as 10 μm, with different inkjet-printed carbon-based semiconductors, including biocompatible polymers present in the picogram range per device. A complementary organic inverter is also demonstrated with the same platform as a proof-of-principle logic gate. The presented results offer a promising approach to future low-voltage edible active circuitry, as well as a testbed for non-toxic printable semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Sharova
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Filippo Melloni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lamanna
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ronchi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
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7
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Ilic IK, Galli V, Lamanna L, Cataldi P, Pasquale L, Annese VF, Athanassiou A, Caironi M. An Edible Rechargeable Battery. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2211400. [PMID: 36919977 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Edible electronics is a growing field that aims to produce digestible devices using only food ingredients and additives, thus addressing many of the shortcomings of ingestible electronic devices. Edible electronic devices will have major implications for gastrointestinal tract monitoring, therapeutics, as well as rapid food quality monitoring. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of edible circuits and sensors, but to realize fully edible electronic devices edible power sources are required, of which there have been very few examples. Drawing inspiration from living organisms, which use redox cofactors to power biochemical machines, a rechargeable edible battery formed from materials eaten in everyday life is developed. The battery is realized by immobilizing riboflavin and quercetin, common food ingredients and dietary supplements, on activated carbon, a widespread food additive. Riboflavin is used as the anode, while quercetin is used as the cathode. By encapsulating the electrodes in beeswax, a fully edible battery is fabricated capable of supplying power to small electronic devices. The proof-of-concept battery cell operated at 0.65 V, sustaining a current of 48 µA for 12 min. The presented proof-of-concept will open the doors to new edible electronic applications, enabling safer and easier medical diagnostics, treatments, and unexplored ways to monitor food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Ilic
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Valerio Galli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lamanna
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Lea Pasquale
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Valerio F Annese
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | | | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
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8
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Abstract
Improper freezing of food causes food waste and negatively impacts the environment. In this work, we propose a device that can detect defrosting events by coupling a temperature-activated galvanic cell with an ionochromic cell, which is activated by the release of ions during current flow. Both the components of the sensor are fabricated through simple and low-energy-consuming procedures from edible materials. The galvanic cell operates with an aqueous electrolyte solution, producing current only at temperatures above the freezing point of the solution. The ionochromic cell exploits the current generated during the defrosting to release tin ions, which form complexes with natural dyes, causing the color change. Therefore, this sensor provides information about defrosting events. The temperature at which the sensor reacts can be tuned between 0 and -50 °C. The device can thus be flexibly used in the supply chain: as a sensor, it can measure the length of exposure to above-the-threshold temperatures, while as a detector, it can provide a signal that there was exposure to above-the-threshold temperatures. Such a device can ensure that frozen food is handled correctly and is safe for consumption. As a sensor, it could be used by the workers in the supply chain, while as a detector, it could be useful for end consumers, ensuring that the food was properly frozen during the whole supply chain.
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9
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Caironi M. Pathways to fast and edible printed organic electronics (Conference Presentation). Organic and Hybrid Field-Effect Transistors XXI 2022. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2632995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Pecorario S, Royakkers J, Scaccabarozzi AD, Pallini F, Beverina L, Bronstein H, Caironi M. Effects of Molecular Encapsulation on the Photophysical and Charge Transport Properties of a Naphthalene Diimide Bithiophene Copolymer. Chem Mater 2022; 34:8324-8335. [PMID: 36186667 PMCID: PMC9520976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the molecular structure of conjugated polymers is key to advancing the field of organic electronics. In this work, we synthesized a molecularly encapsulated version of the naphthalene diimide bithiophene copolymer PNDIT2, which is among the most popular high charge mobility organic semiconductors in n-type field-effect transistors and non-fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaic blends. The encapsulating macrocycles shield the bithiophene units while leaving the naphthalene diimide units available for intermolecular interactions. With respect to PNDIT2, the encapsulated counterpart displays an increased backbone planarity. Molecular encapsulation prevents preaggregation of the polymer chains in common organic solvents, while it permits π-stacking in the solid state and promotes thin film crystallinity through an intermolecular-lock mechanism. Consequently, n-type semiconducting behavior is retained in field-effect transistors, although charge mobility is lower than in PNDIT2 due to the absence of the fibrillar microstructure that originates from preaggregation in solution. Hence, molecularly encapsulating conjugated polymers represent a promising chemical strategy to tune the molecular interaction in solution and the backbone conformation and to consequently control the nanomorphology of casted films without altering the electronic structure of the core polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorario
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory—NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Jeroen Royakkers
- Sensor
Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Alberto D. Scaccabarozzi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Pallini
- Department
of Materials Science, Università
di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department
of Materials Science, Università
di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
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11
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Sarcina L, Viola F, Modena F, Picca RA, Bollella P, Di Franco C, Cioffi N, Caironi M, Österbacka R, Esposito I, Scamarcio G, Torsi L, Torricelli F, Macchia E. A large-area organic transistor with 3D-printed sensing gate for noninvasive single-molecule detection of pancreatic mucinous cyst markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5657-5669. [PMID: 35410389 PMCID: PMC9242948 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis in a premalignant (or pre-invasive) state represents the only chance for cure in neoplastic diseases such as pancreatic-biliary cancer, which are otherwise detected at later stages and can only be treated using palliative approaches, with no hope for a cure. Screening methods for the purpose of secondary prevention are not yet available for these cancers. Current diagnostic methods mostly rely on imaging techniques and conventional cytopathology, but they do not display adequate sensitivity to allow valid early diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing can be used to detect DNA markers down to the physical limit; however, this assay requires labeling and is time-consuming. The additional determination of a protein marker that is a predictor of aggressive behavior is a promising innovative approach, which holds the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the possibility to detect biomarkers in blood serum offers the advantage of a noninvasive diagnosis. In this study, both the DNA and protein markers of pancreatic mucinous cysts were analyzed in human blood serum down to the single-molecule limit using the SiMoT (single-molecule assay with a large transistor) platform. The SiMoT device proposed herein, which exploits an inkjet-printed organic semiconductor on plastic foil, comprises an innovative 3D-printed sensing gate module, consisting of a truncated cone that protrudes from a plastic substrate and is compatible with standard ELISA wells. This 3D gate concept adds tremendous control over the biosensing system stability, along with minimal consumption of the capturing molecules and body fluid samples. The 3D sensing gate modules were extensively characterized from both a material and electrical perspective, successfully proving their suitability as detection interfaces for biosensing applications. KRAS and MUC1 target molecules were successfully analyzed in diluted human blood serum with the 3D sensing gate functionalized with b-KRAS and anti-MUC1, achieving a limit of detection of 10 zM and 40 zM, respectively. These limits of detection correspond to (1 ± 1) KRAS and (2 ± 1) MUC1 molecules in the 100 μL serum sample volume. This study provides a promising application of the 3D SiMoT platform, potentially facilitating the timely, noninvasive, and reliable identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Infomazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland.
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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12
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Pecorario S, Scaccabarozzi AD, Fazzi D, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vurro V, Maserati L, Jiang M, Losi T, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Casari CS, Caironi M. Stable and Solution-Processable Cumulenic sp-Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2110468. [PMID: 35178779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed, large-area, and flexible electronics largely relies on the excellent electronic properties of sp2 -hybridized carbon molecules, either in the form of π-conjugated small molecules and polymers or graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon with sp-hybridization, the foundation of the elusive allotrope carbyne, offers vast opportunities for functionalized molecules in the form of linear carbon atomic wires (CAWs), with intriguing and even superior predicted electronic properties. While CAWs represent a vibrant field of research, to date, they have only been applied sparingly to molecular devices. The recent observation of the field-effect in microcrystalline cumulenes suggests their potential applications in solution-processed thin-film transistors but concerns surrounding the stability and electronic performance have precluded developments in this direction. In the present study, ideal field-effect characteristics are demonstrated for solution-processed thin films of tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the shortest semiconducting CAW. Films are deposited through a scalable, large-area, meniscus-coating technique, providing transistors with hole mobilities in excess of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 , as well as promising operational stability under dark conditions. These results offer a solid foundation for the exploitation of a vast class of molecular semiconductors for organic electronics based on sp-hybridized carbon systems and create a previously unexplored paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorario
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | | | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maserati
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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13
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Pininti AR, Ball JM, Albaqami MD, Petrozza A, Caironi M. Time-Dependent Field Effect in Three-Dimensional Lead-Halide Perovskite Semiconductor Thin Films. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2021; 4:10603-10609. [PMID: 34723138 PMCID: PMC8552216 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in three-dimensional metal-halide perovskite semiconductors is due to a complex combination of ionic and electronic contributions, and its study is particularly relevant in light of their successful applications in photovoltaics as well as other opto- and microelectronic applications. Interestingly, the observation of field effect at room temperature in transistors based on solution-processed, polycrystalline, three-dimensional perovskite thin films has been elusive. In this work, we study the time-dependent electrical characteristics of field-effect transistors based on the model methylammonium lead iodide semiconductor and observe the drastic variations in output current, and therefore of apparent charge carrier mobility, as a function of the applied gate pulse duration. We infer this behavior to the accumulation of ions at the grain boundaries, which hamper the transport of carriers across the FET channel. This study reveals the dynamic nature of the field effect in solution-processed metal-halide perovskites and offers an investigation methodology useful to characterize charge carrier transport in such emerging semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Reddy Pininti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - James M. Ball
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Munirah D. Albaqami
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
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14
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Viola FA, Barsotti J, Melloni F, Lanzani G, Kim YH, Mattoli V, Caironi M. A sub-150-nanometre-thick and ultraconformable solution-processed all-organic transistor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5842. [PMID: 34615870 PMCID: PMC8494881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of electronics have paved the way to the development of new applications, such as tattoo electronics, where the employment of ultraconformable devices is required, typically achievable with a significant reduction in their total thickness. Organic materials can be considered enablers, owing to the possibility of depositing films with thicknesses at the nanometric scale, even from solution. However, available processes do not allow obtaining devices with thicknesses below hundreds of nanometres, thus setting a limit. Here, we show an all-organic field effect transistor that is less than 150 nm thick and that is fabricated through a fully solution-based approach. Such unprecedented thickness permits the device to conformally adhere onto nonplanar surfaces, such as human skin, and to be bent to a radius lower than 1 μm, thereby overcoming another limitation for field-effect transistors and representing a fundamental advancement in the field of ultrathin and tattoo electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Jonathan Barsotti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Melloni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry & ERI, Gyeongsang National University, Jin-ju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 50125, Pontedera, PI, Italy.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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15
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Sharova AS, Caironi M. Sweet Electronics: Honey-Gated Complementary Organic Transistors and Circuits Operating in Air. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103183. [PMID: 34418204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable harnessing of natural resources is key moving toward a new-generation electronics, which features a unique combination of electronic functionality, low cost, and absence of environmental and health hazards. Within this framework, edible electronics, of which transistors and circuits are a fundamental component, is an emerging field, exploiting edible materials that can be safely ingested, and subsequently digested after performing their function. Dielectrics are a critical functional element of transistors, often constituting their major volume. Yet, to date, there are only scarce examples of electrolytic food-based materials able to provide low-voltage operation of transistors at ambient conditions. In this context, a cost-effective and edible substance, honey, is proposed to be used as an electrolytic gate viscous dielectric in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Both n- and p-type honey-gated OFETs (HGOFETs) are demonstrated, with distinctive features such as low voltage (<1 V) operation, long-term shelf life and operation stability in air, and compatibility with large-area fabrication processes, such as inkjet printing on edible tattoo-paper. Such complementary devices enable robust honey-based integrated logic circuits, here exemplified by inverting logic gates and ring oscillators. A marked device responsivity to humidity provides promising opportunities for sensing applications, specifically, for moisture control of dried or dehydrated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Sharova
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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16
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Caironi M. A solution for two-dimensional hole gases. Nat Mater 2021; 20:1311-1312. [PMID: 34489566 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.
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17
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Caironi M. Printable Doped Polymer Semiconductors and Micro Thermoelectric Generators. Proceedings of the nanoGe Fall Meeting 2021 2021. [DOI: 10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2021.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caironi
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova
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18
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Guduru SSK, Bucella SG, Bonfadini S, Vishnubhatla KC, Caironi M, Criante L. Semi-transparent 3D microelectrodes buried in fused silica for photonics applications. Opt Express 2021; 29:27149-27159. [PMID: 34615136 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the realization of semi-transparent 3D microelectrodes fully embedded in a fused silica substrate by a combination of femtosecond laser microfabrication and inkjet printing. We also demonstrate the application of such electrodes in a proof-of-concept lab-on-chip device configuration, which acts as a liquid crystal molecular polarization rotator using on-chip electric fields. This work constitutes a first of its kind synergy between two widely used microfabrication techniques, femtosecond laser and inkjet, demonstrating a very efficient integration of optical, electrical and microfluidic components in a unique platform and thus enabling fast prototyping of 3D structured electro-optic lab-on-chips.
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19
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Molazemhosseini A, Viola FA, Berger FJ, Zorn NF, Zaumseil J, Caironi M. A Rapidly Stabilizing Water-Gated Field-Effect Transistor Based on Printed Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Biosensing Applications. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2021; 3:3106-3113. [PMID: 34485915 PMCID: PMC8411763 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are expected to revolutionize disease management through provision of low-cost diagnostic platforms for molecular and pathogenic detection with high sensitivity and short response time. In this context, there has been an ever-increasing interest in using electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors (EG-FETs) for biosensing applications owing to their expanding potential of being employed for label-free detection of a broad range of biomarkers with high selectivity and sensitivity while operating at sub-volt working potentials. Although organic semiconductors have been widely utilized as the channel in EG-FETs, primarily due to their compatibility with cost-effective low-temperature solution-processing fabrication techniques, alternative carbon-based platforms have the potential to provide similar advantages with improved electronic performances. Here, we propose the use of inkjet-printed polymer-wrapped monochiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) for the channel of EG-FETs in an aqueous environment. In particular, we show that our EG-CNTFETs require only an hour of stabilization before producing a highly stable response suitable for biosensing, with a drastic time reduction with respect to the most exploited organic semiconductor for biosensors. As a proof-of-principle, we successfully employed our water-gated device to detect the well-known biotin-streptavidin binding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Molazemhosseini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universitaẗ Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universitaẗ Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universitaẗ Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Perinot A, Giorgio M, Mattoli V, Natali D, Caironi M. Organic Electronics Picks Up the Pace: Mask-Less, Solution Processed Organic Transistors Operating at 160 MHz. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2001098. [PMID: 33643784 PMCID: PMC7887599 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic printed electronics has proven its potential as an essential enabler for applications related to healthcare, entertainment, energy, and distributed intelligent objects. The possibility of exploiting solution-based and direct-writing production schemes further boosts the benefits offered by such technology, facilitating the implementation of cheap, conformable, bio-compatible electronic applications. The result shown in this work challenges the widespread assumption that such class of electronic devices is relegated to low-frequency operation, owing to the limited charge mobility of the materials and to the low spatial resolution achievable with conventional printing techniques. Here, it is shown that solution-processed and direct-written organic field-effect transistors can be carefully designed and fabricated so to achieve a maximum transition frequency of 160 MHz, unlocking an operational range that was not available before for organics. Such range was believed to be only accessible with more performing classes of semiconductor materials and/or more expensive fabrication schemes. The present achievement opens a route for cost- and energy-efficient manufacturability of flexible and conformable electronics with wireless-communication capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perinot
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilan20133Italy
| | - Michele Giorgio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilan20133Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro‐BioRoboticsIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaPontedera56025Italy
| | - Dario Natali
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilan20133Italy
- Department of ElectronicsInformation and BioengineeringPolitecnico di MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilan20133Italy
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21
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Maserati L, Prato M, Pecorario S, Passarella B, Perinot A, Thomas AA, Melloni F, Natali D, Caironi M. Photo-electrical properties of 2D quantum confined metal-organic chalcogenide nanocrystal films. Nanoscale 2021; 13:233-241. [PMID: 33331389 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum wells are electronic structures where charge carriers are confined along stacked inorganic planes, separated by insulating organic moieties. 2D quantum-confined hybrid materials are of great interest from a solid-state physics standpoint because of the rich many-body phenomena they host, their tunability and easy synthesis, allowing the creation of material libraries. In addition, from a technological point of view, 2D hybrids are promising candidates for efficient, tunable, low-cost materials impacting a broad range of optoelectronic devices. Different approaches and materials have, therefore, been investigated, with the notable example of 2D metal halide hybrid perovskites. Despite the remarkable properties of such materials, the presence of toxic elements like lead is not desirable in applications and their ionic lattices may represent a limiting factor for stability under operating conditions. Therefore, non-ionic 2D materials made with non-toxic elements are preferable. In order to expand the library of possible hybrid quantum well materials, herein, we consider an alternative platform based on non-toxic, self-assembled, metal-organic chalcogenides. While the optical properties have been recently explored and some unique excitonic characters highlighted, photo-generation of carriers and their transport in these lamellar inorganic/organic nanostructures and critical optoelectronic aspects remain totally unexplored. We hereby report the first investigation on the electrical properties of the air-stable [AgSePh]∞ 2D coordination polymer in the form of nanocrystal (NC) films readily synthesized in situ and at low temperature, compatible with flexible plastic substrates. The wavelength-dependent photo-response of the NC films suggests the possible use of this material as a near-UV photodetector. We therefore built a lateral photo-detector, achieving a sensitivity of 0.8 A W-1 at 370 nm, thanks to a photoconduction mechanism, and a cut-off frequency of ∼400 Hz, and validated its reliability as an air-stable UV detector on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Maserati
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Bodlos WR, Mattiello S, Perinot A, Gigli L, Demitri N, Beverina L, Caironi M, Resel R. Cold Crystallization of the Organic n-Type Small Molecule Semiconductor 2-Decyl-7-phenyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene S, S, S', S'-Tetraoxide. Cryst Growth Des 2021; 21:325-332. [PMID: 33442331 PMCID: PMC7792511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric n-type Ph-BTBT-C10 derivative 2-decyl-7-phenyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene S,S,S',S'-tetraoxide is structurally investigated in the thin film regime. After film preparation by spin coating and physical vapor deposition, a rather disordered structure is observed, with a strong change of its internal degree of order upon heating. At 95 °C, a transition into a layered structure of upright standing molecules without any in-plane order appears, and at 135 °C, crystallization takes place. This phase information is combined with surface morphological studies and charge carrier mobility measurements to describe the structure and thin film transistor applicability of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Rao Bodlos
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department
of Materials Science, Università
di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Perinot
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone
Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department
of Materials Science, Università
di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Chen H, Chiasera A, Armellini C, Speranza G, Varas S, Sayginer O, Alfano A, Cassinelli M, Caironi M, Suriano R, Zaghloul M, Tagliaferri A, Ferrari M, Pietralunga SM. Near-IR transparent conductive amorphous tungsten oxide thin layers by non-reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. EPJ Web Conf 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125505003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Key assets for transparent electric contacts in optoelectronic applications are high conductivity and large transparency over extended spectral range. Indium-Tin-Oxide and Aluminium-doped-Zinc-oxide are commercial examples, with their electrical conductivity resembling those of metals, despite, their transparency being limited up to 1.5µm. This work introduces smooth and compact amorphous thin films of n-type semiconducting WO3-x prepared by RF-sputtering followed by annealing in dry air, as optical layers of tailorable dielectric properties. We evaluate Figure of Merit, combining electrical conductivity and optical transparency, and rate the performances as a transparent conductive layer.
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24
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Liu J, van der Zee B, Alessandri R, Sami S, Dong J, Nugraha MI, Barker AJ, Rousseva S, Qiu L, Qiu X, Klasen N, Chiechi RC, Baran D, Caironi M, Anthopoulos TD, Portale G, Havenith RWA, Marrink SJ, Hummelen JC, Koster LJA. N-type organic thermoelectrics: demonstration of ZT > 0.3. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5694. [PMID: 33173050 PMCID: PMC7655812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘phonon-glass electron-crystal’ concept has triggered most of the progress that has been achieved in inorganic thermoelectrics in the past two decades. Organic thermoelectric materials, unlike their inorganic counterparts, exhibit molecular diversity, flexible mechanical properties and easy fabrication, and are mostly ‘phonon glasses’. However, the thermoelectric performances of these organic materials are largely limited by low molecular order and they are therefore far from being ‘electron crystals’. Here, we report a molecularly n-doped fullerene derivative with meticulous design of the side chain that approaches an organic ‘PGEC’ thermoelectric material. This thermoelectric material exhibits an excellent electrical conductivity of >10 S cm−1 and an ultralow thermal conductivity of <0.1 Wm−1K−1, leading to the best figure of merit ZT = 0.34 (at 120 °C) among all reported single-host n-type organic thermoelectric materials. The key factor to achieving the record performance is to use ‘arm-shaped’ double-triethylene-glycol-type side chains, which not only offer excellent doping efficiency (~60%) but also induce a disorder-to-order transition upon thermal annealing. This study illustrates the vast potential of organic semiconductors as thermoelectric materials. Achieved high thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) in organic thermoelectric materials remains a challenge due to their low packing order and poor host/dopant miscibility. Here, the authors report side chain-engineered n-doped fullerene derivatives with record ZT >0.3 for organic thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas van der Zee
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Selim Sami
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamad I Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex J Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Sylvia Rousseva
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Klasen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Derya Baran
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Viola FA, Brigante B, Colpani P, Dell'Erba G, Mattoli V, Natali D, Caironi M. A 13.56 MHz Rectifier Based on Fully Inkjet Printed Organic Diodes. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002329. [PMID: 32648300 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing diffusion of portable and wearable technologies results in a growing interest in electronic devices having features such as flexibility, lightness-in-weight, transparency, and wireless operation. Organic electronics is proposed as a potential candidate to fulfill such needs, in particular targeting pervasive radio-frequency (RF) applications. Still, limitations in terms of device performances at RF, particularly severe when large-area and scalable fabrication techniques are employed, have largely precluded the achievement of such an appealing scenario. In this work, the rectification of an electromagnetic wave at 13.56 MHz with a fully inkjet printed polymer diode is demonstrated. The rectifier, a key enabling component of future pervasive wireless systems, is fabricated through scalable large-area methods on plastic. To provide a proof-of-principle demonstration of its future applicability, its adoption in powering a printed integrated polymer circuit is presented. The possibility of harvesting electrical power from RF waves and delivering it to a cheap flexible substrate through a simple printed circuitry paves the way to a plethora of appealing distributed electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio A Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Biagio Brigante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Colpani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giorgio Dell'Erba
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 50125, Italy
| | - Dario Natali
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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26
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Shin YH, Komber H, Caiola D, Cassinelli M, Sun H, Stegerer D, Schreiter M, Horatz K, Lissel F, Jiao X, McNeill CR, Cimò S, Bertarelli C, Fabiano S, Caironi M, Sommer M. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of a Glycolated Naphthalene Diimide Bithiophene Copolymer for Application in Low-Level n-Doped Organic Thermoelectrics. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-hun Shin
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Davide Caiola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Cassinelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marcel Schreiter
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kilian Horatz
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Simone Cimò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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27
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Borchert JW, Zschieschang U, Letzkus F, Giorgio M, Weitz RT, Caironi M, Burghartz JN, Ludwigs S, Klauk H. Flexible low-voltage high-frequency organic thin-film transistors. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz5156. [PMID: 32671209 PMCID: PMC7314562 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary driver for the development of organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) over the past few decades has been the prospect of electronics applications on unconventional substrates requiring low-temperature processing. A key requirement for many such applications is high-frequency switching or amplification at the low operating voltages provided by lithium-ion batteries (~3 V). To date, however, most organic-TFT technologies show limited dynamic performance unless high operating voltages are applied to mitigate high contact resistances and large parasitic capacitances. Here, we present flexible low-voltage organic TFTs with record static and dynamic performance, including contact resistance as small as 10 Ω·cm, on/off current ratios as large as 1010, subthreshold swing as small as 59 mV/decade, signal delays below 80 ns in inverters and ring oscillators, and transit frequencies as high as 21 MHz, all while using an inverted coplanar TFT structure that can be readily adapted to industry-standard lithographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Borchert
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Zschieschang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Letzkus
- Institut für Mikroelektronik Stuttgart (IMS CHIPS), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michele Giorgio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi Milano, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Thomas Weitz
- Physics of Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi Milano, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Scaccabarozzi A, Milani A, Peggiani S, Pecorario S, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Caironi M, Casari CS. A Field-Effect Transistor Based on Cumulenic sp-Carbon Atomic Wires. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1970-1974. [PMID: 32067464 PMCID: PMC7065831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbyne and linear carbon structures based on sp-hybridization are attractive targets as the ultimate one-dimensional system (i.e., one-atom in diameter) featuring wide tunability of optical and electronic properties. Two possible structures exist for sp-carbon atomic wires: (a) the polyynes with alternated single-triple bonds and (b) the cumulenes with contiguous double bonds. Theoretical studies predict semiconducting behavior for polyynes, while cumulenes are expected to be metallic. Very limited experimental work, however, has been directed toward investigating the electronic properties of these structures, mostly at the single-molecule or monolayer level. However, sp-carbon atomic wires hold great potential for solution-processed thin-film electronics, an avenue not exploited to date. Herein, we report the first field-effect transistor (FET) fabricated employing cumulenic sp-carbon atomic wires as a semiconductor material. Our proof-of-concept FET device is easily fabricated by solution drop casting and paves the way for exploiting sp-carbon atomic wires as active electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto
D. Scaccabarozzi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sonia Peggiani
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Pecorario
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- E-mail:
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29
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Zorn N, Scuratti F, Berger FJ, Perinot A, Heimfarth D, Caironi M, Zaumseil J. Probing Mobile Charge Carriers in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Networks by Charge Modulation Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2020; 14:2412-2423. [PMID: 31999430 PMCID: PMC7045696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed networks of semiconducting, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted considerable attention as materials for next-generation electronic devices and circuits. However, the impact of the SWCNT network composition on charge transport on a microscopic level remains an open and complex question. Here, we use charge-modulated absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy to probe exclusively the mobile charge carriers in monochiral (6,5) and mixed SWCNT network field-effect transistors. Ground-state bleaching and charge-induced trion absorption features as well as exciton quenching are observed depending on applied voltage and modulation frequency. Through correlation of the modulated mobile carrier density and the optical response of the nanotubes, we find that charge transport in mixed SWCNT networks depends strongly on the diameter and thus bandgap of the individual species. Mobile charges are preferentially transported by small bandgap SWCNTs especially at low gate voltages, whereas large bandgap species only start to participate at higher carrier concentrations. Our results demonstrate the excellent suitability of modulation spectroscopy to investigate charge transport in nanotube network transistors and highlight the importance of SWCNT network composition for their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas
F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Scuratti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Perinot
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel Heimfarth
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Scuratti F, Bonacchini GE, Bossio C, Salazar-Rios JM, Talsma W, Loi MA, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Real-Time Monitoring of Cellular Cultures with Electrolyte-Gated Carbon Nanotube Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:37966-37972. [PMID: 31532607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors constitute a fundamental tool in biotechnology, and their relevance has greatly increased in recent years as a result of a surging demand for reduced animal testing and for high-throughput and cost-effective in vitro screening platforms dedicated to environmental and biomedical diagnostics, drug development, and toxicology. In this context, electrochemical/electronic cell-based biosensors represent a promising class of devices that enable long-term and real-time monitoring of cell physiology in a noninvasive and label-free fashion, with a remarkable potential for process automation and parallelization. Common limitations of this class of devices at large include the need for substrate surface modification strategies to ensure cell adhesion and immobilization, limited compatibility with complementary optical cell-probing techniques, and the need for frequency-dependent measurements, which rely on elaborated equivalent electrical circuit models for data analysis and interpretation. We hereby demonstrate the monitoring of cell adhesion and detachment through the time-dependent variations in the quasi-static characteristic current curves of a highly stable electrolyte-gated transistor, based on an optically transparent network of printable polymer-wrapped semiconducting carbon-nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scuratti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Giorgio E Bonacchini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Jorge M Salazar-Rios
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wytse Talsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
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31
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Adamczak D, Komber H, Illy A, Scaccabarozzi AD, Caironi M, Sommer M. Indacenodithiophene Homopolymers via Direct Arylation: Direct Polycondensation versus Polymer Analogous Reaction Pathways. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Adamczak
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Illy
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alberto D. Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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32
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Sanzone A, Cimò S, Mattiello S, Ruffo R, Facchinetti I, Bonacchini GE, Caironi M, Sassi M, Sommer M, Beverina L. Front Cover: Preparation of Naphthalene Dianhydride Bithiophene Copolymers by Direct Arylation Polycondensation and the Latent Pigment Approach (ChemPlusChem 9/2019). Chempluschem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Simone Cimò
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruffo
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Irene Facchinetti
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Giorgio E. Bonacchini
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi Via Pascoli, 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi Via Pascoli, 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut for ChemistryChemnitz University of Technology Strasse der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
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33
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Sanzone A, Cimò S, Mattiello S, Ruffo R, Facchinetti I, Bonacchini GE, Caironi M, Sassi M, Sommer M, Beverina L. Preparation of Naphthalene Dianhydride Bithiophene Copolymers by Direct Arylation Polycondensation and the Latent Pigment Approach. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1176. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Simone Cimò
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruffo
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Irene Facchinetti
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Giorgio E. Bonacchini
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi Via Pascoli, 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi Via Pascoli, 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut for ChemistryChemnitz University of Technology Strasse der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
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34
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Luzio A, Nübling F, Martin J, Fazzi D, Selter P, Gann E, McNeill CR, Brinkmann M, Hansen MR, Stingelin N, Sommer M, Caironi M. Microstructural control suppresses thermal activation of electron transport at room temperature in polymer transistors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3365. [PMID: 31358747 PMCID: PMC6662673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of inverted thermal activation of charge mobility in polymer field-effect transistors have excited the interest in transport regimes not limited by thermal barriers. However, rationalization of the limiting factors to access such regimes is still lacking. An improved understanding in this area is critical for development of new materials, establishing processing guidelines, and broadening of the range of applications. Here we show that precise processing of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene-based electron transporting copolymer results in single crystal-like and voltage-independent mobility with vanishing activation energy above 280 K. Key factors are uniaxial chain alignment and thermal annealing at temperatures within the melting endotherm of films. Experimental and computational evidences converge toward a picture of electrons being delocalized within crystalline domains of increased size. Residual energy barriers introduced by disordered regions are bypassed in the direction of molecular alignment by a more efficient interconnection of the ordered domains following the annealing process. Though solution-processed conjugated polymers with inverted temperature activated transport have been reported, the origin of this behaviour is unclear. Here, the authors realize temperature-independent electron transport above 280 K in a donor-acceptor copolymer through microstructural engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San, Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Department Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Luxemburger Str. 116, D - 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Univeristy, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clatyon, VIC, 3168, Australia.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | | | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, Cedex 2 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - Michael Sommer
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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35
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Sanzone A, Cimò S, Mattiello S, Ruffo R, Facchinetti I, Bonacchini GE, Caironi M, Sassi M, Sommer M, Beverina L. Preparation of Naphthalene Dianhydride Bithiophene Copolymers by Direct Arylation Polycondensation and the Latent Pigment Approach. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1346-1352. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Simone Cimò
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruffo
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Irene Facchinetti
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Giorgio E. Bonacchini
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi Via Pascoli, 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi Via Pascoli, 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut for ChemistryChemnitz University of Technology Strasse der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials ScienceUniversity of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20127 Milano Italy
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36
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Perinot A, Caironi M. Accessing MHz Operation at 2 V with Field-Effect Transistors Based on Printed Polymers on Plastic. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1801566. [PMID: 30828529 PMCID: PMC6382309 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic printed electronics are suitable for the development of wearable, lightweight, distributed applications in combination with cost-effective production processes. Nonetheless, some necessary features for several envisioned disruptive mass-produced products are still lacking: among these radio-frequency (RF) communication capability, which requires high operational speed combined with low supply voltage in electronic devices processed on cheap plastic foils. Here, it is demonstrated that high-frequency, low-voltage, polymer field-effect transistors can be fabricated on plastic with the sole use of a combination of scalable printing and digital laser-based techniques. These devices reach an operational frequency in excess of 1 MHz at the challengingly low bias voltage of 2 V, and exceed 14 MHz operation at 7 V. In addition, when integrated into a rectifying circuit, they can provide a DC voltage at an input frequency of 13.56 MHz, opening the way for the implementation of RF devices and tags with cost-effective production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perinot
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Giovanni Pascoli 70/320133MilanItaly
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Giovanni Pascoli 70/320133MilanItaly
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37
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Matsidik R, Giorgio M, Luzio A, Caironi M, Komber H, Sommer M. A Defect-Free Naphthalene Diimide Bithiazole Copolymer via Regioselective Direct Arylation Polycondensation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michele Giorgio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica; Informazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
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38
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Cesarini M, Brigante B, Caironi M, Natali D. Reproducible, High Performance Fully Printed Photodiodes on Flexible Substrates through the Use of a Polyethylenimine Interlayer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:32380-32386. [PMID: 30179442 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates with a statistical analysis the issue of performance reproducibility and optimization in fully inkjet-printed organic photodetectors on flexible substrates. The most crucial process step to obtain reproducible, well performing devices with a high process yield turns out to be the printing of the thin polyethylenimine interlayer used as a surface modifier for the bottom electrode. Controlling solution composition and deposition parameters for this layer, a 57 nA cm-2 mean reverse dark current was achieved, with an outstanding standard deviation as low as 15 nA cm-2, with dramatic improvements in process yield (from less than 20% to over 90%). Device performance in terms of dark currents, EQE (from 50% up to 90% at 525 nm, depending on process), and rectification (ratio between forward current and reverse current over 104 and reaching 105 in the best cases) is among the best for fully printed detectors. Furthermore, the importance of relative humidity control in the deposition environment during the interlayer printing on device characteristics is reported, indicating the processing conditions optimal for scaling to mass manufacturing. The overall interlayer optimization approach was applied to a process using widely adopted materials in the organic optoelectronics field, and thus retains relevance on a broad range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cesarini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Biagio Brigante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Dario Natali
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3 , 20133 Milano , Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria , Politecnico di Milano , P.za L. da Vinci, 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
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39
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Nava D, Shin Y, Massetti M, Jiao X, Biskup T, Jagadeesh MS, Calloni A, Duò L, Lanzani G, McNeill CR, Sommer M, Caironi M. Drastic Improvement of Air Stability in an n-Type Doped Naphthalene-Diimide Polymer by Thionation. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2018; 1:4626-4634. [PMID: 30288490 PMCID: PMC6166998 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic thermoelectrics are attractive for the fabrication of flexible and cost-effective thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for waste heat recovery, in particular by exploiting large-area printing of polymer conductors. Efficient TEGs require both p- and n-type conductors: so far, the air instability of polymer n-type conductors, which typically lose orders of magnitude in electrical conductivity (σ) even for short exposure time to air, has impeded processing under ambient conditions. Here we tackle this problem in a relevant class of electron transporting, naphthalene-diimide copolymers, by substituting the imide oxygen with sulfur. n-type doping of the thionated copolymer gives rise to a higher σ with respect to the non-thionated one, and most importantly, owing to a reduced energy level of the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital, σ is substantially stable over 16 h of air exposure. This result highlights the effectiveness of chemical tuning to improve air stability of n-type solution-processable polymer conductors and shows a path toward ambient large-area manufacturing of efficient polymer TEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Nava
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Younghun Shin
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Matteo Massetti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian
Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Madan S. Jagadeesh
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Calloni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
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40
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Khim D, Luzio A, Bonacchini GE, Pace G, Lee MJ, Noh YY, Caironi M. Uniaxial Alignment of Conjugated Polymer Films for High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1705463. [PMID: 29582485 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer semiconductors have been experiencing a remarkable improvement in electronic and optoelectronic properties, which are largely related to the recent development of a vast library of high-performance, donor-acceptor copolymers showing alternation of chemical moieties with different electronic affinities along their backbones. Such steady improvement is making conjugated polymers even more appealing for large-area and flexible electronic applications, from distributed and portable electronics to healthcare devices, where cost-effective manufacturing, light weight, and ease of integration represent key benefits. Recently, a strong boost to charge carrier mobility in polymer-based field-effect transistors, consistently achieving the range from 1.0 to 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 for both holes and electrons, has been given by uniaxial backbone alignment of polymers in thin films, inducing strong transport anisotropy and favoring enhanced transport properties along the alignment direction. Herein, an overview on this topic is provided with a focus on the processing-structure-property relationships that enable the controlled and uniform alignment of polymer films over large areas with scalable processes. The key aspects are specific molecular structures, such as planarized backbones with a reduced degree of conformational disorder, solution formulation with controlled aggregation, and deposition techniques inducing suitable directional flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoon Khim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pace
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Mi-Jung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
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41
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Gann E, Caironi M, Noh YY, Kim YH, McNeill CR. Diffractive X-ray Waveguiding Reveals Orthogonal Crystalline Stratification in Conjugated Polymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Gann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 26, Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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42
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Bonacchini GE, Bossio C, Greco F, Mattoli V, Kim YH, Lanzani G, Caironi M. Tattoo-Paper Transfer as a Versatile Platform for All-Printed Organic Edible Electronics. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1706091. [PMID: 29460421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural or bioinspired materials to develop edible electronic devices is a potentially disruptive technology that can boost point-of-care testing. The technology exploits devices that can be safely ingested, along with pills or even food, and operated from within the gastrointestinal tract. Ingestible electronics can potentially target a significant number of biomedical applications, both as therapeutic and diagnostic tool, and this technology may also impact the food industry, by providing ingestible or food-compatible electronic tags that can "smart" track goods and monitor their quality along the distribution chain. Temporary tattoo-paper is hereby proposed as a simple and versatile platform for the integration of electronics onto food and pharmaceutical capsules. In particular, the fabrication of all-printed organic field-effect transistors on untreated commercial tattoo-paper, and their subsequent transfer and operation on edible substrates with a complex nonplanar geometry is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio E Bonacchini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
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43
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Caranzi L, Pace G, Sassi M, Beverina L, Caironi M. Transparent and Highly Responsive Phototransistors Based on a Solution-Processed, Nanometers-Thick Active Layer, Embedding a High-Mobility Electron-Transporting Polymer and a Hole-Trapping Molecule. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:28785-28794. [PMID: 28753023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials are suitable for light sensing devices showing unique features such as low cost, large area, and flexibility. Moreover, transparent photodetectors are interesting for smart interfaces, windows, and display-integrated electronics. The ease of depositing ultrathin organic films with simple techniques enables low light absorbing active layers, resulting in the realization of transparent devices. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to obtain high efficiency organic photodetectors and phototransistors based on transparent active layers with a visible transmittance higher than 90%. The photoactive layer is composed of two phases, each a few nanometers thick. First, an acceptor polymer, which is a good electron-transporting material, on top of which a small molecule donor material is deposited, forming noncontinuous domains. The small molecule phase acts as a trap for holes, thus inducing a high photoconductive gain, resulting in a high photoresponsivity. The organic transparent detectors proposed here can reach very high external quantum efficiency and responsivity values, which in the case of the phototransistors can be as high as ∼74000% and 340 A W-1 at 570 nm respectively, despite an absorber total thickness below 10 nm. Moreover, frequency dependent 2D photocurrent mapping allows discrimination between the contribution of a fast but inefficient and highly spatially localized photoinduced injection mechanism at the electrodes, and the onset of a slower and spatially extended photoconductive process, leading to high responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caranzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pace
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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44
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Matsidik R, Luzio A, Askin Ö, Fazzi D, Sepe A, Steiner U, Komber H, Caironi M, Sommer M. Highly Planarized Naphthalene Diimide-Bifuran Copolymers with Unexpected Charge Transport Performance. Chem Mater 2017; 29:5473-5483. [PMID: 28890605 PMCID: PMC5584907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and charge transport performance of novel copolymers PNDIFu2 made from alternating naphthalene diimide (NDI) and bifuran (Fu2) units are reported. Usage of potentially biomass-derived Fu2 as alternating repeat unit enables flattened polymer backbones due to reduced steric interactions between the imide oxygens and Fu2 units, as seen by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and UV-vis spectroscopy. Aggregation of PNDIFu2 in solution is enhanced if compared to the analogous NDI-bithiophene (T2) copolymers PNDIT2, occurring in all solvents and temperatures probed. PNDIFu2 features a smaller π-π stacking distance of 0.35 nm compared to 0.39 nm seen for PNDIT2. Alignment of aggregates in films is achieved by using off-center spin coating, whereby PNDIFu2 exhibits a stronger dichroic ratio and transport anisotropy in field-effect transistors (FET) compared to PNDIT2, with an overall good electron mobility of 0.21 cm2/(V s). Despite an enhanced backbone planarity, the smaller π-π stacking and the enhanced charge transport anisotropy, the electron mobility of PNDIFu2 is about three times lower compared to PNDIT2. Density functional theory calculations suggest that charge transport in PNDIFu2 is limited by enhanced polaron localization compared to PNDIT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Universität
Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str.
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Özge Askin
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung (MPI-KOFO), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sepe
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz
Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Universität
Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str.
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT
Freiburger
Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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45
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Africa PC, de Falco C, Maddalena F, Caironi M, Natali D. Simultaneous Extraction of Density of States Width, Carrier Mobility and Injection Barriers in Organic Semiconductors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3803. [PMID: 28630493 PMCID: PMC5476661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The predictive accuracy of state-of-the-art continuum models for charge transport in organic semiconductors is highly dependent on the accurate tuning of a set of parameters whose values cannot be effectively estimated either by direct measurements or by first principles. Fitting the complete set of model parameters at once to experimental data requires to set up extremely complex multi-objective optimization problems whose solution is, on the one hand, overwhelmingly computationally expensive and, on the other, it provides no guarantee of the physical soundness of the value obtained for each individual parameter. In the present study we present a step-by-step procedure that enables to determine the most relevant model parameters, namely the density of states width, the carrier mobility and the injection barrier height, by fitting experimental data from a sequence of relatively simple and inexpensive measurements to suitably devised numerical simulations. At each step of the proposed procedure only one parameter value is sought for, thus highly simplifying the numerical fitting and enhancing its robustness, reliability and accuracy. As a case study we consider a prototypical n-type organic polymer. A very satisfactory fitting of experimental measurements is obtained, and physically meaningful values for the aforementioned parameters are extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Claudio Africa
- MOX Modeling and Scientific Computing, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo de Falco
- MOX Modeling and Scientific Computing, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Maddalena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Natali
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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46
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Beretta D, Barker AJ, Maqueira-Albo I, Calloni A, Bussetti G, Dell'Erba G, Luzio A, Duò L, Petrozza A, Lanzani G, Caironi M. Thermoelectric Properties of Highly Conductive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate Printed Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:18151-18160. [PMID: 28466635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic conductors are being evaluated for potential use in waste heat recovery through lightweight and flexible thermoelectric generators manufactured using cost-effective printing processes. Assessment of the potentiality of organic materials in real devices still requires a deeper understanding of the physics behind their thermoelectric properties, which can pave the way toward further development of the field. This article reports a detailed thermoelectric study of a set of highly conducting inkjet-printed films of commercially available poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate formulations characterized by in-plane electrical conductivity, spanning the interval 10-500 S/cm. The power factor is maximized for the formulation showing an intermediate electrical conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient is studied in the framework of Mott's relation, assuming a (semi-)classical definition of the transport function. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy at the Fermi level clearly indicates that the shape of the density of states alone is not sufficient to explain the observed Seebeck coefficient, suggesting that carrier mobility is important in determining both the electrical conductivity and thermopower. Finally, the cross-plane thermal conductivity is reliably extracted thanks to a scaling approach that can be easily performed using typical pump-probe spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Beretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Alex J Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Isis Maqueira-Albo
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Alberto Calloni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Gianlorenzo Bussetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Giorgio Dell'Erba
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
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47
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Tao C, Van Der Velden J, Cabau L, Montcada NF, Neutzner S, Srimath Kandada AR, Marras S, Brambilla L, Tommasini M, Xu W, Sorrentino R, Perinot A, Caironi M, Bertarelli C, Palomares E, Petrozza A. Fully Solution-Processed n-i-p-Like Perovskite Solar Cells with Planar Junction: How the Charge Extracting Layer Determines the Open-Circuit Voltage. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1604493. [PMID: 28112839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fully solution-processed direct perovskite solar cells with a planar junction are realized by incorporating a cross-linked [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric styryl dendron ester layer as an electron extracting layer. Power conversion efficiencies close to 19% and an open-circuit voltage exceeding 1.1 V with negligible hysteresis are delivered. A perovskite film with superb optoelectronic qualities is grown, which reduces carrier recombination losses and hence increases V oc .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tao
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeroen Van Der Velden
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lydia Cabau
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona, E-43007, Spain
| | - Nuria F Montcada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona, E-43007, Spain
| | - Stefanie Neutzner
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Marras
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Weidong Xu
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, National Jiangsu Syngerstic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Roberto Sorrentino
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Perinot
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Palomares
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica "G. Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, E-08010, Spain
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
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48
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Nketia-Yawson B, Kang SJ, Tabi GD, Perinot A, Caironi M, Facchetti A, Noh YY. Ultrahigh Mobility in Solution-Processed Solid-State Electrolyte-Gated Transistors. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1605685. [PMID: 28198570 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new concept of a high-capacitance polymeric dielectric based on high-k polymer and ion gel blends is reported. This solid-state electrolyte gate insulator enables remarkable field-effect mobilities exceeding 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 for common polymer and other semiconductor families at VG ≤ 2 V owing to high areal capacitance (>4 µF cm-2 ) from combined polarization of CF interface dipoles and electrical-double-layer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nketia-Yawson
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ju Kang
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Grace Dansoa Tabi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Perinot
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, P.za L. da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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49
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Porrazzo R, Luzio A, Bellani S, Bonacchini GE, Noh YY, Kim YH, Lanzani G, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Water-Gated n-Type Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Complementary Integrated Circuits Operating in an Aqueous Environment. ACS Omega 2017; 2:1-10. [PMID: 28180187 PMCID: PMC5286459 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The first demonstration of an n-type water-gated organic field-effect transistor (WGOFET) is here reported, along with simple water-gated complementary integrated circuits, in the form of inverting logic gates. For the n-type WGOFET active layer, high-electron-affinity organic semiconductors, including naphthalene diimide co-polymers and a soluble fullerene derivative, have been compared, with the latter enabling a high electric double layer capacitance in the range of 1 μF cm-2 in full accumulation and a mobility-capacitance product of 7 × 10-3 μF/V s. Short-term stability measurements indicate promising cycling robustness, despite operating the device in an environment typically considered harsh, especially for electron-transporting organic molecules. This work paves the way toward advanced circuitry design for signal conditioning and actuation in an aqueous environment and opens new perspectives in the implementation of active bio-organic interfaces for biosensing and neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Porrazzo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department
of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk
University, 30 pildong-ro
1-gil, jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University
and Research Institute of for Green Energy Convergence Technology
(RIGET), Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Beretta D, Massetti M, Lanzani G, Caironi M. Thermoelectric characterization of flexible micro-thermoelectric generators. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:015103. [PMID: 28147642 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new experimental setup for the characterization of flexible micro-thermoelectric generators is reported. The system can measure the power generated and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of devices under mechanical stresses and deformations, in atmospheric environment and under vacuum, in the temperature interval 293 K-423 K, as a function of the load resistance and of the mechanical pressure, with an uncertainty on the temperature difference of ±0.02 K. The system has been tested on commercial rigid devices and on a custom-made, flexible, proof-of-concept, organic-inorganic hybrid generator made of eight thermocouples. Repeatability on the power generated and conversion efficiency within 5% and 3%, respectively, was demonstrated, and accuracy of the measurement was granted by minimization of all the potential sources of heat flux losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - M Massetti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - G Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
| | - M Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano (MI), Italy
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