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S Raposo D, A Zufall R, Caruso A, Titelboim D, Abramovich S, Hassenrück C, Kucera M, Morard R. Invasion success of a Lessepsian symbiont-bearing foraminifera linked to high dispersal ability, preadaptation and suppression of sexual reproduction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12578. [PMID: 37537233 PMCID: PMC10400638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the most successful Lessepsian invaders is the symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera Amphistegina lobifera. In its newly conquered habitat, this prolific calcifier and ecosystem engineer is exposed to environmental conditions that exceed the range of its native habitat. To disentangle which processes facilitated the invasion success of A. lobifera into the Mediterranean Sea we analyzed a ~ 1400 bp sequence fragment covering the SSU and ITS gene markers to compare the populations from its native regions and along the invasion gradient. The genetic variability was studied at four levels: intra-genomic, population, regional and geographical. We observed that the invasion is not associated with genetic differentiation, but the invasive populations show a distinct suppression of intra-genomic variability among the multiple copies of the rRNA gene. A reduced genetic diversity compared to the Indopacific is observed already in the Red Sea populations and their high dispersal potential into the Mediterranean appears consistent with a bridgehead effect resulting from the postglacial expansion from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea. We conclude that the genetic structure of the invasive populations reflects two processes: high dispersal ability of the Red Sea source population pre-adapted to Mediterranean conditions and a likely suppression of sexual reproduction in the invader. This discovery provides a new perspective on the cost of invasion in marine protists: The success of the invasive A. lobifera in the Mediterranean Sea comes at the cost of abandonment of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora S Raposo
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, MARUM, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Rebecca A Zufall
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Antonio Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Danna Titelboim
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sigal Abramovich
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Christiane Hassenrück
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, MARUM, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Michal Kucera
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, MARUM, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Raphaël Morard
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, MARUM, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Li Y, Chen J, Wang S, Jiang K, Zhou J, Zhu R, Gao C, Bu W, Xue H. Out of East Asia: Early Warning of the Possible Invasion of the Important Bean Pest Stalk-Eyed Seed Bug Chauliops fallax (Heteroptera: Malcidae: Chauliopinae). Insects 2023; 14:insects14050433. [PMID: 37233061 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The short stay at the beginning of the invasion process is a critical time for invasive species identification and preventing invasive species from developing a wider distribution and significant economic impact. The stalk-eyed seed bug Chauliops fallax is an important agricultural pest of soybean and was first reported to occur outside East Asia. Here, we reported the native evolutionary history, recent invasion history, and potential invasion threats of C. fallax for the first time based on population genetic methods and ecological niche modelling. The results showed that four native East Asian genetic groups (EA, WE, TL, and XZ) were well supported, showing an east-west differentiation pattern consistent with the geographical characteristics of three-step landforms in China. Two main haplotypes existed: Hap1 might have experienced a rapid northwards expansion process after the LGM period, and Hap5 reflected local adaptation to the environment in southeastern China. The Kashmir sample was found to come from the recent invasion of populations in the coastal areas of southern China. Ecological niche modelling results suggested that North America has a high risk of invasion, which might pose a serious threat to local soybean production. In addition, with future global warming, the suitable habitat in Asia will move towards the higher latitude region and gradually deviate from the soybean planting area, which indicates the threat of C. fallax to soybean production in Asia will decrease in the future. The results could provide new insights into the monitoring and management of this agricultural pest in the early invasion stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Li
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Juhong Chen
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiayue Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Runqi Zhu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiqing Gao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huaijun Xue
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Jego L, Li R, Roudine S, Ma CS, Le Lann C, Ma G, van Baaren J. Parasitoid ecology along geographic gradients: lessons for climate change studies. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2023; 57:101036. [PMID: 37061184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One method to study the impact of climate change on host-parasitoid relationships is to compare populations along geographical gradients in latitude, altitude, or longitude. Indeed, temperatures, which vary along geographic gradients, directly shape the life traits of parasitoids and indirectly shift their populations through trophic interactions with hosts and plants. We explored the pros and cons of using these comparisons along gradients. We highlighted that the longitudinal gradients, although understudied, are well correlated to winter warming and summer heat waves and we draw attention to the impact of the increase in extreme events, which will probably be the determining parameters of the effect of climate change on host-parasitoid relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Jego
- UMR-CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Ruining Li
- UMR-CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, China
| | - Sacha Roudine
- UMR-CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China; School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, China
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- UMR-CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR-CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
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Alfaro-tapia A, Alvarez-baca JK, Tougeron K, van Baaren J, Lavandero B, Le Lann C. Composition and structure of winter aphid–parasitoid food webs along a latitudinal gradient in Chile. Oecologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sun L, Li J, Chen J, Chen W, Yue Z, Shi J, Huang H, You M, You S. An ensemble learning approach to map the genetic connectivity of the parasitoid Stethynium empoasca (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and identify the key influencing environmental and landscape factors. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.943299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of landscape patterns and environmental factors on the population structure and genetic diversity of organisms is well-documented. However, this effect is still unclear in the case of Mymaridae parasitoids. Despite recent advances in machine learning methods for landscape genetics, ensemble learning still needs further investigation. Here, we evaluated the performance of different boosting algorithms and analyzed the effects of landscape and environmental factors on the genetic variations in the tea green leafhopper parasitoid Stethynium empoasca (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). The S. empoasca populations showed a distinct pattern of isolation by distance. The minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual precipitation, the coverage of evergreen/deciduous needleleaf trees per 1 km2, and the minimum precipitation of the warmest quarter were identified as the dominant factors affecting the genetic divergence of S. empoasca populations. Notably, compared to previous machine learning studies, our model showed an unprecedented accuracy (r = 0.87) for the prediction of genetic differentiation. These findings not only demonstrated how the landscape shaped S. empoasca genetics but also provided an essential basis for developing conservation strategies for this biocontrol agent. In a broader sense, this study demonstrated the importance and efficiency of ensemble learning in landscape genetics.
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Luquet M, Tritto O, Cortesero AM, Jaloux B, Anton S. Early Olfactory Environment Influences Antennal Sensitivity and Choice of the Host-Plant Complex in a Parasitoid Wasp. Insects 2019; 10:E127. [PMID: 31058845 DOI: 10.3390/insects10050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early experience of olfactory stimuli associated with their host-plant complex (HPC) is an important driver of parasitoid foraging choices, notably leading to host fidelity. Mechanisms involved, such as peripheral or central modulation, and the impact of a complex olfactory environment are unknown. Using olfactometer assays, we compared HPC preference of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) females originating from two different HPCs, either with the other HPC in close vicinity (complex environment) or without (simple environment). We also investigated antennal responses to volatiles differentially emitted by the two respective HPCs. In a simple environment, HPC of origin had an influence on olfactory choice, but the preferences observed were asymmetric according to parasitoid origin. Electroantennographic recordings revealed significant sensitivity differences for some of the tested individual volatiles, which are emitted differentially by the two HPCs. Besides, presence of an alternative HPC during early stages modified subsequent parasitoid preferences. We discuss how increased olfactory complexity could influence parasitoid host foraging and biological control in diversified cropping systems.
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Hopper JV, McCue KF, Pratt PD, Duchesne P, Grosholz ED, Hufbauer RA. Into the weeds: Matching importation history to genetic consequences and pathways in two widely used biological control agents. Evol Appl 2019; 12:773-790. [PMID: 30976309 PMCID: PMC6439500 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The intentional introduction of exotic species through classical biological control programs provides unique opportunities to examine the consequences of population movement and ecological processes for the genetic diversity and population structure of introduced species. The weevils Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) have been introduced globally to control the invasive floating aquatic weed, Eichhornia crassipes, with variable outcomes. Here, we use the importation history and data from polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine the effects of introduction processes on population genetic diversity and structure. We report the first confirmation of hybridization between these species, which could have important consequences for the biological control program. For both species, there were more rare alleles in weevils from the native range than in weevils from the introduced range. N. eichhorniae also had higher allelic richness in the native range than in the introduced range. Neither the number of individuals initially introduced nor the number of introduction steps appeared to consistently affect genetic diversity. We found evidence of genetic drift, inbreeding, and admixture in several populations as well as significant population structure. Analyses estimated two populations and 11 sub-clusters for N. bruchi and four populations and 23 sub-clusters for N. eichhorniae, indicating divergence of populations during and after introduction. Genetic differentiation and allocation of introduced populations to source populations generally supported the documented importation history and clarified pathways in cases where multiple introductions occurred. In populations with multiple introductions, genetic admixture may have buffered against the negative effects of serial bottlenecks on genetic diversity. The genetic data combined with the introduction history from this biological control study system provide insight on the accuracy of predicting introduction pathways from genetic data and the consequences of these pathways for the genetic variation and structure of introduced species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V. Hopper
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Kent F. McCue
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research UnitUSDA/ARSAlbanyCalifornia
| | - Paul D. Pratt
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research UnitUSDA/ARSAlbanyCalifornia
| | - Pierre Duchesne
- Département de BiologieUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Edwin D. Grosholz
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Ruth A. Hufbauer
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
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Ballesteros GI, Gadau J, Legeai F, Gonzalez-Gonzalez A, Lavandero B, Simon JC, Figueroa CC. Expression differences in Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) females reared on different aphid host species. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3640. [PMID: 28852588 PMCID: PMC5572533 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that allow generalist parasitoids to exploit many, often very distinct hosts are practically unknown. The wasp Aphidius ervi, a generalist koinobiont parasitoid of aphids, was introduced from Europe into Chile in the late 1970s to control agriculturally important aphid species. A recent study showed significant differences in host preference and host acceptance (infectivity) depending on the host A. ervi were reared on. In contrast, no genetic differentiation between A. ervi populations parasitizing different aphid species and aphids of the same species reared on different host plants was found in Chile. Additionally, the same study did not find any fitness effects in A. ervi if offspring were reared on a different host as their mothers. Here, we determined the effect of aphid host species (Sitobion avenae versus Acyrthosiphon pisum reared on two different host plants alfalfa and pea) on the transcriptome of adult A. ervi females. We found a large number of differentially expressed genes (between host species: head: 2,765; body: 1,216; within the same aphid host species reared on different host plants: alfalfa versus pea: head 593; body 222). As expected, the transcriptomes from parasitoids reared on the same host species (pea aphid) but originating from different host plants (pea versus alfalfa) were more similar to each other than the transcriptomes of parasitoids reared on a different aphid host and host plant (head: 648 and 1,524 transcripts; body: 566 and 428 transcripts). We found several differentially expressed odorant binding proteins and olfactory receptor proteins in particular, when we compared parasitoids from different host species. Additionally, we found differentially expressed genes involved in neuronal growth and development as well as signaling pathways. These results point towards a significant rewiring of the transcriptome of A. ervi depending on aphid-plant complex where parasitoids develop, even if different biotypes of a certain aphid host species (A. pisum) are reared on the same host plant. This difference seems to persist even after the different wasp populations were reared on the same aphid host in the laboratory for more than 50 generations. This indicates that either the imprinting process is very persistent or there is enough genetic/allelic variation between A. ervi populations. The role of distinct molecular mechanisms is discussed in terms of the formation of host fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Ballesteros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- GenScale, INRIA Centre Rennes, Rennes, France.,Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, INRA, Le Rheu, France
| | - Angelica Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Christian C Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Villegas CM, Žikić V, Stanković SS, Ortiz-Martínez SA, Peñalver-Cruz A, Lavandero B. Morphological variation of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) associated with different aphid hosts. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3559. [PMID: 28713658 PMCID: PMC5508808 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitoids are frequently used in biological control due to the fact that they are considered host specific and highly efficient at attacking their hosts. As they spend a significant part of their life cycle within their hosts, feeding habits and life history of their host can promote specialization via host-race formation (sequential radiation). The specialized host races from different hosts can vary morphologically, behaviorally and genetically. However, these variations are sometimes inconspicuous and require more powerful tools in order to detect variation such as geometric morphometrics analysis. Methods We examined Aphidius ervi, an important introduced biological control agent in Chile associated with a great number of aphid species, which are exploiting different plant hosts and habitats. Several combinations (biotypes) of parasitoids with various aphid/host plant combinations were analyzed in order to obtain measures of forewing shape and size. To show the differences among defined biotypes, we chose 13 specific landmarks on each individual parasitoid wing. The analysis of allometric variation calculated in wing shape and size over centroid size (CS), revealed the allometric changes among biotypes collected from different hosts. To show all differences in shape of forewings, we made seven biotype pairs using an outline-based geometric morphometrics comparison. Results The biotype A. pis_pea (Acyrthosiphon pisum on pea) was the extreme wing size in this study compared to the other analyzed biotypes. Aphid hosts have a significant influence in the morphological differentiation of the parasitoid forewing, splitting biotypes in two groups. The first group consisted of biotypes connected with Acyrthosiphon pisum on legumes, while the second group is composed of biotypes connected with aphids attacking cereals, with the exception of the R. pad_wheat (Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat) biotype. There was no significant effect of plant species on parasitoid wing size and shape. Discussion Although previous studies have suggested that the genotype of parasitoids is of greater significance for the morphological variations of size and shape of wings, this study indicates that the aphid host on which A. ervi develops is the main factor to alter the structure of parasitoid forewings. Bigger aphid hosts implied longer and broader forewings of A. ervi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya M Villegas
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Vladimir Žikić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Saša S Stanković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Sebastián A Ortiz-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ainara Peñalver-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Weis JJ, Ode PJ, Heimpel GE. Balancing selection maintains sex determining alleles in multiple‐locus complementary sex determination. Evolution 2017; 71:1246-1257. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome J. Weis
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523
| | - George E. Heimpel
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108
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Leclair M, Pons I, Mahéo F, Morlière S, Simon J, Outreman Y. Diversity in symbiont consortia in the pea aphid complex is associated with large phenotypic variation in the insect host. Evol Ecol 2016; 30:925-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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