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Torres-Romero JC, Villalpando JL, Lara-Riegos J, Valdés J, Azuara-Liceaga E, Euan-Canto A, López-Camarillo C, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. In silico analysis of putative metal response elements (MREs) in the zinc-responsive genes from Trichomonas vaginalis and the identification of novel palindromic MRE-like motif. Biometals 2020; 33:229-240. [PMID: 32920708 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays an important role as a co-factor to several proteins, including zinc-responsive transcription factors. Trichomonas vaginalis is able to survive in the presence of high zinc concentrations in the male urogenital tract. Several genes in T. vaginalis have been shown to respond to changes in zinc concentrations, however, the zinc-dependent mechanism remains undetermined. Recently, we identified in T. vaginalis the zinc finger protein, TvZNF1, which is an ortholog of the mammal metal transcription factor (MTF1). We searched for several of the zinc-responsive genes in T. vaginalis to determine whether if they contain metal response elements (MRE), cis-acting DNA elements that specifically bind MTF1. Six highly conserved over-represented sequence motifs (TvMREs), which share similarity with other eukaryotic MREs, were identified in the zinc-responsive genes in T. vaginalis. We also demonstrated that some of the TvMREs assemble as divalent complexes either as two closely spaced TvMREs or as two overlapping TvMREs forming a palindromic-like sequence: TGCC(N3)GGCA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to detect the zinc-dependent binding of TvZNF1 and nuclear proteins from T. vaginalis to this specific palindromic motif. Our results support a novel mechanism used by T. vaginalis for the transcriptional regulation of associated zinc-responsive genes through a MTF1/MRE-like system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Calle 43 S/N entre calle 96 y calle 40, Colonia Inalámbrica, CP 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José Luis Villalpando
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Calle 43 S/N entre calle 96 y calle 40, Colonia Inalámbrica, CP 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Euan-Canto
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Calle 43 S/N entre calle 96 y calle 40, Colonia Inalámbrica, CP 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, México City, Mexico.
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Arana-Argáez VE, Ceballos-Góngora E, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Euan-Canto A, Lara-Riegos J, Torres-Romero JC. In Vitro Activation of Macrophages by an MHC Class II-restricted Trichomonas Vaginalis TvZIP8-derived Synthetic Peptide. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:88-102. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1810703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuel Ceballos-Góngora
- Laboratorio De Farmacología, Facultad De Química, Universidad Autónoma De Yucatán, Mérida, México
- Laboratorio De Bioquímica Y Genética Molecular, Facultad De Química, Universidad Autónoma De Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | | | - Antonio Euan-Canto
- Laboratorio De Bioquímica Y Genética Molecular, Facultad De Química, Universidad Autónoma De Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- Laboratorio De Bioquímica Y Genética Molecular, Facultad De Química, Universidad Autónoma De Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Julio César Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio De Bioquímica Y Genética Molecular, Facultad De Química, Universidad Autónoma De Yucatán, Mérida, México
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Abstract
Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs generated in the health system, improving women's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Research Group on Trichomonas, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Research Group on Trichomonas, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Hsu HM, Huang YH, Aryal S, Liu HW, Chen C, Chen SH, Chu CH, Tai JH. Endomembrane Protein Trafficking Regulated by a TvCyP2 Cyclophilin in the Protozoan Parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1275. [PMID: 31988345 PMCID: PMC6985235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In Trichomonas vaginalis, the TvCyP1-catalyzed conformational switches of two glycinyl-prolyl imide bonds in Myb3 were previously shown to regulate the trafficking of Myb3 from cytoplasmic membrane compartments towards the nucleus. In this study, TvCyP2 was identified as a second cyclophilin that binds to Myb3 at the same dipeptide motifs. The enzymatic proficiency of TvCyP2, but not its binding to Myb3, was aborted by a mutation of Arg75 in the catalytic domain. TvCyP2 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum with a weak signal that extensively extends into the cytoplasm as well as to the plasma membrane according to an immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, TvCyP2 was co-enriched with TvCyP1 and Myb3 in various membrane fractions purified by differential and gradient centrifugation. TvCyP2 was found to proficiently enzymatically regulate the distribution of TvCyP1 and Myb3 among purified membrane fractions, and to localize TvCyP1 in hydrogenosomes and on plasma membranes. Protein complexes immunoprecipitated from lysates of cells overexpressing TvCyP1 and TvCyP2 were found to share some common components, like TvCyP1, TvCyP2, TvBip, Myb3, TvHSP72, and the hydrogenosomal heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Direct interaction between TvCyP1 and TvCyP2 was confirmed by a GST pull-down assay. Fusion of vesicles with hydrogenosomes was observed by transmission electron microscopy, whereas TvCyP1, TvCyP2, and Myb3 were each detected at the fusion junction by immunoelectron microscopy. These observations suggest that T. vaginalis may have evolved a novel protein trafficking pathway to deliver proteins among the endomembrane compartments, hydrogenosomes and plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Hsu
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sarita Aryal
- Structural Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Wei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chinpan Chen
- Structural Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Chu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Hsiang Tai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
A comprehensive review of iron metabolism in parasitic protists and its potential use as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology
- Faculty of Science - BIOCEV
- Charles University
- Vestec u Prahy
- Czech Republic
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology
- Faculty of Science - BIOCEV
- Charles University
- Vestec u Prahy
- Czech Republic
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Netzahualcoyotzi BA, Puente-rivera J, Arreola R, Romero JCT, Benitez MM, Carmona RL, Reyes JAM, de Jesús Olivares Trejo J, Sánchez MEA. Cadmium-dependent expression of a new metallothionein identified in Trichomonas vaginalis. Biometals 2019; 32:887-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mendoza-Oliveros T, Arana-Argáez V, Alvaréz-Sánchez LC, Lara-Riegos J, Alvaréz-Sánchez ME, Torres-Romero JC. Immune Response of BALB/c Mice toward Putative Calcium Transporter Recombinant Protein of Trichomonas vaginalis. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:33-38. [PMID: 30840797 PMCID: PMC6409216 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, which actually does not exist a vaccine for control or prevention. Thus, the identification of new and potent immunogens in T. vaginalis, which can contribute to the development of a vaccine against this parasite, is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of a recombinant Transient Receptor Potential-like channel of T. vaginalis (TvTRPV), as a promising immunogen in BALB/c mice. First, TvTRPV was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli BL21 cells and purified by nickel affinity. Next, BALB/c mice were immunized and the antibody levels in mice serum and cytokines from the supernatant of macrophages and from co-culture systems were evaluated. Recombinant TvTRPV triggered high levels of specific total IgG in sera from the immunized mice. Also, a statistically significant increase of cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α after stimulation with the corresponding antigens in vitro, was identified. Moreover, co-cultures using CD4+ T cells from immunized mice were able to identify higher levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ. These results were useful to validate the immunogenicity of TvTRPV in BALB/c mice, where IL-10-IFN-γ-secreting cells could play a role in infection control, supporting the potential of TvTRPV as a promising target for vaccine against T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahali Mendoza-Oliveros
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97069, México
| | - Victor Arana-Argáez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97069, México
| | - Leidi C Alvaréz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97069, México
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97069, México
| | | | - Julio C Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97069, México
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Argáez-Correa W, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Arana-Argáez VE, Ramírez-Camacho MA, Novelo-Castilla JS, Coral-Martínez TI, Torres-Romero JC. The Role of Iron Status in the Early Progression of Metronidazole Resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis Under Microaerophilic Conditions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:309-315. [PMID: 30047563 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis. Metronidazole has high treatment success rate among trichomoniasis patients. However, metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis has been reported, contributing in an increasing number of refractory cases. The mechanism of metronidazole resistance in this parasite is still unclear. In the vaginal environment, where the microaerophilic conditions prevail but the iron concentration is constantly fluctuating, the metronidazole resistance profile of T. vaginalis could be altered. In this study, we developed metronidazole-resistant strains of T. vaginalis and evaluate if iron availability is important to the action of the drug. The modulation of iron levels and iron chelation affected the actions of metronidazole both in susceptible and resistant strains. Interestingly, the early resistant strains exhibited minor iron content. The results of transcription analysis in the early resistant strains showed dysregulation in the expression of genes that codified proteins involved in iron transporter, iron-sulfur cluster assemblage, and oxidative stress response, which could not be observed in the late resistant and susceptible strains. Our results indicate that iron content plays an important role in the metronidazole action in T. vaginalis and likely to be related to iron-sulfur proteins involved in metronidazole activation and oxidative stress via Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Argáez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 97069, Yucatán, México
| | - María E Alvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México City, 03100, México
| | - Victor E Arana-Argáez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 97069, Yucatán, México
| | - Mario A Ramírez-Camacho
- Centro de Información de Medicamentos, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 97069, Yucatán, México
| | - Jazmín S Novelo-Castilla
- Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Atómica, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 97069, Yucatán, México
| | - Tania I Coral-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 97069, Yucatán, México
| | - Julio C Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 97069, Yucatán, México
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