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Uysal I, Tezcaner A, Evis Z. Methods to improve antibacterial properties of PEEK: A review. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:022004. [PMID: 38364280 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2a3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
As a thermoplastic and bioinert polymer, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) serves as spine implants, femoral stems, cranial implants, and joint arthroplasty implants due to its mechanical properties resembling the cortical bone, chemical stability, and radiolucency. Although there are standards and antibiotic treatments for infection control during and after surgery, the infection risk is lowered but can not be eliminated. The antibacterial properties of PEEK implants should be improved to provide better infection control. This review includes the strategies for enhancing the antibacterial properties of PEEK in four categories: immobilization of functional materials and functional groups, forming nanocomposites, changing surface topography, and coating with antibacterial material. The measuring methods of antibacterial properties of the current studies of PEEK are explained in detail under quantitative, qualitative, andin vivomethods. The mechanisms of bacterial inhibition by reactive oxygen species generation, contact killing, trap killing, and limited bacterial adhesion on hydrophobic surfaces are explained with corresponding antibacterial compounds or techniques. The prospective analysis of the current studies is done, and dual systems combining osteogenic and antibacterial agents immobilized on the surface of PEEK are found the promising solution for a better implant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Uysal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Tezcaner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zafer Evis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Kamedulski P, Wekwejt M, Zasada L, Ronowska A, Michno A, Chmielniak D, Binkowski P, Łukaszewicz JP, Kaczmarek-Szczepańska B. Evaluating Gelatin-Based Films with Graphene Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:3068. [PMID: 38063764 PMCID: PMC10708143 DOI: 10.3390/nano13233068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, gelatin-based films containing graphene nanoparticles were obtained. Nanoparticles were taken from four chosen commercial graphene nanoplatelets with different surface areas, such as 150 m2/g, 300 m2/g, 500 m2/g, and 750 m2/g, obtained in different conditions. Their morphology was observed using SEM with STEM mode; porosity, Raman spectra and elemental analysis were checked; and biological properties, such as hemolysis and cytotoxicity, were evaluated. Then, the selected biocompatible nanoparticles were used as the gelatin film modification with 10% concentration. As a result of solvent evaporation, homogeneous thin films were obtained. The surface's properties, mechanical strength, antioxidant activity, and water vapor permeation rate were examined to select the appropriate film for biomedical applications. We found that the addition of graphene nanoplatelets had a significant effect on the properties of materials, improving surface roughness, surface free energy, antioxidant activity, tensile strength, and Young's modulus. For the most favorable candidate for wound dressing applications, we chose a gelatin film containing nanoparticles with a surface area of 500 m2/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kamedulski
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Adsorption and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.K.); (P.B.); (J.P.Ł.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marcin Wekwejt
- Department of Biomaterials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-229 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Lidia Zasada
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (L.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Michno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Dorota Chmielniak
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (L.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Paweł Binkowski
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Adsorption and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.K.); (P.B.); (J.P.Ł.)
| | - Jerzy P. Łukaszewicz
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Adsorption and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (P.K.); (P.B.); (J.P.Ł.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (L.Z.); (D.C.)
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Qin W, Xing T, Tang B, Chen W. Mechanical properties and osteogenesis of CFR-PEEK composite with interface strengthening by graphene oxide for implant application. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 148:106222. [PMID: 37948919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 1 wt% of graphite oxide (GO) was used to strengthen the interface of carbon fibers (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) composites, so as to obtain sufficiently high mechanical properties and bioactive surfaces which are two fundamental requirements for orthopedic/dental implants. Concretely, aminated GO was grafted onto oxidized CF in aqueous solution in a mild and non-toxic manner, subsequently, the CF grafted by GO was used for injection molding to prepare CFR-PEEK implant. The dispersibility of CF in the composites were remarkably boosted. Mechanical tests indicated that the flexural strength, compressive strength and hardness of CFR-PEEK were increased by 51%, 46%, and 30%, respectively. Furthermore, the flexural modulus increased to 11.67 ± 0.20 GPa and the compression modulus increased to 6.12 ± 0.11 GPa, which both meet the elastic modulus of human bone (6-30 GPa). The wear resistance was slightly improved. In the in vitro cell evaluation, CFR-PEEK with interface strengthening by GO showed no cytotoxicity and exhibited significantly enhanced adhesion and proliferation of Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the surface. More importantly, osteogenesis-related protein expression in vitro and osteogenetic evaluation in vivo all disclosed greatly accelerated osteo-differentiation of BMSCs on the composites due to the additive effect of GO at the interface. Based on this scheme, the CFR-PEEK composites with the dual functions of mechanical enhancement and osteointegration promotion holds great potential as implants in orthopedic/dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Tong Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Heavy Mechanical, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030060, China.
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Chen M, Ren M, Shi Y, Liu X, Wei H. State-of-the-art polyetheretherketone three-dimensional printing and multifunctional modification for dental implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1271629. [PMID: 37929192 PMCID: PMC10621213 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer with an elastic modulus close to that of the jawbone. PEEK has the potential to become a new dental implant material for special patients due to its radiolucency, chemical stability, color similarity to teeth, and low allergy rate. However, the aromatic main chain and lack of surface charge and chemical functional groups make PEEK hydrophobic and biologically inert, which hinders subsequent protein adsorption and osteoblast adhesion and differentiation. This will be detrimental to the deposition and mineralization of apatite on the surface of PEEK and limit its clinical application. Researchers have explored different modification methods to effectively improve the biomechanical, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, antioxidative, osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic, and soft tissue adhesion properties. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in material property advantages, three-dimensional printing synthesis, and functional modification of PEEK in the fields of implant dentistry and provides solutions for existing difficulties. We confirm the broad prospects of PEEK as a dental implant material to promote the clinical conversion of PEEK-based dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Chen
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mei Ren
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingqi Shi
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- Hospital of Stomatogy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Wei
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kumar SR, Hu CC, Vi TTT, Chen DW, Lue SJ. Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugated on Graphene Oxide-Containing Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone Substrate for Effective Antibacterial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1407. [PMID: 37760704 PMCID: PMC10525520 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the antimicrobial peptide nisin was successfully conjugated onto the surface of sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK), which was decorated with graphene oxide (GO) to investigate its biofilm resistance and antibacterial properties. The PEEK was activated with sulfuric acid, resulting in a porous structure. The GO deposition fully covered the porous SPEEK specimen. The nisin conjugation was accomplished using the crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) through a dip-coating method. The surface micrographs of the SPEEK-GO-nisin sample indicated that nisin formed discrete islets on the flat GO surface, allowing both the GO and nisin to perform a bactericidal effect. The developed materials were tested for bactericidal efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The SPEEK-GO-nisin sample had the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 27 mm, which was larger than those of the SPEEK-nisin (19 mm) and SPEEK-GO (10 mm) samples. Conversely, no inhibitory zone was observed for the PEEK and SPEEK samples. The surface micrographs of the bacteria-loaded SPEEK-GO-nisin sample demonstrated no bacterial adhesion and no biofilm formation. The SPEEK-nisin and SPEEK-GO samples showed some bacterial attachment, whereas the pure PEEK and SPEEK samples had abundant bacterial colonies and thick biofilm formation. These results confirmed the good biofilm resistance and antibacterial efficacy of the SPEEK-GO-nisin sample, which is promising for implantable orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (S.R.K.); (T.T.T.V.)
| | - Chih-Chien Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan;
| | - Truong Thi Tuong Vi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (S.R.K.); (T.T.T.V.)
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Dave W. Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 204, Taiwan
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (S.R.K.); (T.T.T.V.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 204, Taiwan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environment Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
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Su J, Wu Q, Xing X, Li D, Ou Y, He K, Lin H, Qiu Y, Rausch-Fan X, Chen J. Effect of sulfonation time on physicochemical, osteogenic, antibacterial properties and biocompatibility of carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:105979. [PMID: 37467553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) has been increasingly used in orthopedics dentistry due to its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, the biological inertness and poor antibacterial activity limit its clinical applications. This paper focused on the performances of CFR-PEEK with porous morphology that were exposed to different sulfonation periods (1, 3, 5, and 10 min, corresponding to CP-S1, CP-S3, CP-S5, and CP-S10, respectively). Residual sulfuric acid was removed by acetone rinsing, NaOH immersion, and hydrothermal treatment before in vitro and in vivo studies. The results showed some significant difference in the physicochemical properties, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) map of sulfur atoms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of valences of sulfur ions, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hydrophilicity, hardness, and elastic modulus among CP-S3, CP-S5, and CP-S10. However, CP-S5 and CP-S10 were more effective in promoting the proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation of seeded bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and growth inhibition of S. aureus and P. gingivalis compared with other groups. Furthermore, the CP-S5 and CP-S10 samples achieved better cranial bone repair than the non-sulfonation group in a rat model. Therefore, it can be inferred that both 5 and 10 min are viable sulfonation durations for 30% CFR-PEEK. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing CFR-PEEK for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Qingshi Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xiaojie Xing
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Dexiong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Yanjing Ou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Kaixun He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Hanyu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Yubei Qiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jiang Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
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Padinjarathil H, Vilasini V, Balasubramanian R, Drago C, Dattilo S, Ramani P. Sulfonated Polyether Ketone Membranes Embedded with Nalidixic Acid-An Emerging Controlled Drug Releaser. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3631. [PMID: 37688257 PMCID: PMC10490094 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective administration of medication has advanced over decades, but the medical community still faces significant demand. Burst release and inadequate assimilation are major drawbacks that affect wound healing efficiency, leading to therapy failure. The widespread application of polymers in biomedical research is significant. The polyether ether ketone (PEEK) family is known for its biocompatibility, inertness, and semi-crystalline thermoplastic properties. In our present studies, we have chosen a member of this family, polyether ketone (PEK), to explore its role as a drug carrier. The PEK backbone was subjected to sulfonation to increase its hydrophilicity. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the sulfonation process based on the time, degree of sulfonation, and temperature. The PEK polymer was sulfonated using sulfuric acid at 150 °C for 6 h; back titration was performed to quantify the degree of sulfonation, with 69% representing the maximum sulfonation. SPEK and nalidixic sodium salt were dissolved in dichloroacetic acid to create a thin membrane. The physiological and morphological properties were assessed for the SPEK membrane. The studies on drug release in distilled water and a simulated body fluid over the course of 24 h revealed a controlled, gradual increase in the release rate, correlating with a mathematical model and demonstrating the zero-order nature of the drug release. Hemolysis on the SPEK membrane revealed lower toxicity. The SPEK membrane's biocompatibility was established using in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the Vero (IC50: 137.85 g/mL) cell lines. These results confirm that the SPEK membranes are suitable for sustained drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Padinjarathil
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Vidya Vilasini
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Balasubramanian
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Carmelo Drago
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sandro Dattilo
- Institute for Polymer, Composite and Biomaterials, CNR, via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Prasanna Ramani
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies (CoE–AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
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Wei Z, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Weng X. Polyetheretherketone development in bone tissue engineering and orthopedic surgery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1207277. [PMID: 37456732 PMCID: PMC10345210 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1207277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely used in the medical field as an implant material, especially in bone tissue engineering and orthopedic surgery, in recent years. This material exhibits superior stability at high temperatures and is biosecured without harmful reactions. However, the chemical and biological inertness of PEEK still limits its applications. Recently, many approaches have been applied to improve its performance, including the modulation of physical morphology, chemical composition and antimicrobial agents, which advanced the osteointegration as well as antibacterial properties of PEEK materials. Based on the evolution of PEEK biomedical devices, many studies on the use of PEEK implants in spine surgery, joint surgery and trauma repair have been performed in the past few years, in most of which PEEK implants show better outcomes than traditional metal implants. This paper summarizes recent studies on the modification and application of biomedical PEEK materials, which provides further research directions for PEEK implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqi Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Dondani JR, Iyer J, Tran SD. Surface Treatments of PEEK for Osseointegration to Bone. Biomolecules 2023; 13:464. [PMID: 36979399 PMCID: PMC10046336 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers, in general, and Poly (Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK) have emerged as potential alternatives to conventional osseous implant biomaterials. Due to its distinct advantages over metallic implants, PEEK has been gaining increasing attention as a prime candidate for orthopaedic and dental implants. However, PEEK has a highly hydrophobic and bioinert surface that attenuates the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and leads to implant failure. Several improvements have been made to the osseointegration potential of PEEK, which can be classified into three main categories: (1) surface functionalization with bioactive agents by physical or chemical means; (2) incorporation of bioactive materials either as surface coatings or as composites; and (3) construction of three-dimensionally porous structures on its surfaces. The physical treatments, such as plasma treatments of various elements, accelerated neutron beams, or conventional techniques like sandblasting and laser or ultraviolet radiation, change the micro-geometry of the implant surface. The chemical treatments change the surface composition of PEEK and should be titrated at the time of exposure. The implant surface can be incorporated with a bioactive material that should be selected following the desired use, loading condition, and antimicrobial load around the implant. For optimal results, a combination of the methods above is utilized to compensate for the limitations of individual methods. This review summarizes these methods and their combinations for optimizing the surface of PEEK for utilization as an implanted biomaterial.
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Williams AG, Moore E, Thomas A, Johnson JA. Graphene-Based Materials in Dental Applications: Antibacterial, Biocompatible, and Bone Regenerative Properties. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:8803283. [PMID: 36819211 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8803283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials have been shown to have advantageous properties in biomedical and dental applications due to their high mechanical, physiochemical, antibacterial, and stem cell differentiating properties. Although graphene-based materials have displayed appropriate biocompatible properties when used in implant materials for orthopedic applications, little research has been performed to specifically test the biocompatibility of graphene for dental applications. The oral environment, compared to the body, varies greatly and must be considered when evaluating biocompatibility requirements for dental applications. This review will discuss in vitro and in vivo studies that assess graphene's cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and cell differentiation ability to evaluate the overall biocompatibility of graphene-based materials for dental applications. Particle shape, size, and concentration were found to be major factors that affected overall biocompatibility of graphene.
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Eskandari F, Abbaszadegan A, Gholami A, Ghahramani Y. The antimicrobial efficacy of graphene oxide, double antibiotic paste, and their combination against Enterococcus faecalis in the root canal treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:20. [PMID: 36639767 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inter-appointment medication of the root canals with appropriate intracanal medicaments has been advocated to improve root canal disinfection. Graphene oxide (GO) has shown promising antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, besides the capability of carrying antibiotics. The current study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of double antibiotic paste (DAP) and GO per se and in combination (GO-DAP) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). METHODS A total of 108 extracted human mandibular premolars were contaminated with three-week-old E. faecalis and subjected to a primary microbial assessment. The samples were categorized into 15 groups concerning the intracanal medicament (DAP, GO, GO-DAP, and control) and contact time (1, 7, and 14 days). Then, the root canals were medicated, incubated, and resubjected to a secondary antimicrobial evaluation. The colony-forming units (CFU) were counted to calculate the antimicrobial efficacy. The data were analyzed via the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). RESULTS GO-DAP was the only medicament that completely eradicated E. faecalis in 1 day. The percentage reduction of CFU/ml in the GO-DAP and DAP groups was higher than that in the GO group at all allocated contact times. Furthermore, a significant decrease of the CFU/ml was seen in the GO and DAP groups after 7 and 14 days of being medicated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Since GO-DAP improved root canal disinfection, this novel material can be introduced as a promising intracanal medicament against E. faecalis even in the short run.
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Ma T, Zhang J, Sun S, Meng W, Zhang Y, Wu J. Current treatment methods to improve the bioactivity and bonding strength of PEEK for dental application: A systematic review. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Di Pietro L, Palmieri V, Papi M, Lattanzi W. Translating Material Science into Bone Regenerative Medicine Applications: State-of-The Art Methods and Protocols. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9493. [PMID: 36012749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, bone regenerative research has experienced exponential growth thanks to the discovery of new nanomaterials and improved manufacturing technologies that have emerged in the biomedical field. This revolution demands standardization of methods employed for biomaterials characterization in order to achieve comparable, interoperable, and reproducible results. The exploited methods for characterization span from biophysics and biochemical techniques, including microscopy and spectroscopy, functional assays for biological properties, and molecular profiling. This review aims to provide scholars with a rapid handbook collecting multidisciplinary methods for bone substitute R&D and validation, getting sources from an up-to-date and comprehensive examination of the scientific landscape.
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Zhang S, Long J, Chen L, Zhang J, Fan Y, Shi J, Huang Y. Treatment methods toward improving the anti-infection ability of poly(etheretherketone) implants for medical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112769. [PMID: 35994991 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to its favorable chemical stability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) is a promising material for repairing bone and dental hard tissue defects. However, there are critical disadvantages: PEEK is biologically and chemically inert, which influences osseointegration of implants and bonding strength of prostheses, and its mechanical properties still cannot meet the requirements for some medical applications. Furthermore, bacterial infections and inflammatory reactions often accompany bone defects caused by trauma or inflammation or teeth loss caused by periodontitis. Previous studies mainly focused on enhancing PEEK's bioactivity and mechanical performance, but PEEK also lacks effective anti-infection ability. Thus, it is necessary to improve its anti-infection ability, and this is considered in this paper from two aspects. The first is to inhibit the attachment and growth of bacteria on the material, and the second is to endow the material with immunoregulatory ability, which means mobilizing the host immune system to protect tissue from inflammation. In this review, we analyze and discuss the existing treatment methods to improve the antibacterial and immunomodulatory abilities of PEEK addressing their limitations, relevant future challenges, and required research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jiazhen Long
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Yunjian Fan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Yuanjin Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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Sun C, Kang J, Yang C, Zheng J, Su Y, Dong E, Liu Y, Yao S, Shi C, Pang H, He J, Wang L, Liu C, Peng J, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li D, Cl, Lw, CShi, Ll, Jp, Yj, CSun, CSun, Yl, Sy, Ed, Cshi, CSun, Dl, CSun, Jk, Cy, Jz, Ys, Yl, Sy, Ed, Hp, CSun, Jh, Wl. Additive manufactured polyether-ether-ketone implants for orthopaedic applications: a narrative review. Biomater Transl 2022; 3:116-133. [PMID: 36105567 PMCID: PMC9465989 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is believed to be the next-generation biomedical material for orthopaedic implants that may replace metal materials because of its good biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties and radiolucency. Currently, some PEEK implants have been used successfully for many years. However, there is no customised PEEK orthopaedic implant made by additive manufacturing licensed for the market, although clinical trials have been increasingly reported. In this review article, design criteria, including geometric matching, functional restoration, strength safety, early fixation, long-term stability and manufacturing capability, are summarised, focusing on the clinical requirements. An integrated framework of design and manufacturing processes to create customised PEEK implants is presented, and several typical clinical applications such as cranioplasty patches, rib prostheses, mandibular prostheses, scapula prostheses and femoral prostheses are described. The main technical challenge faced by PEEK orthopaedic implants lies in the poor bonding with bone and soft tissue due to its biological inertness, which may be solved by adding bioactive fillers and manufacturing porous architecture. The lack of technical standards is also one of the major factors preventing additive-manufactured customised PEEK orthopaedic implants from clinical translation, and it is good to see that the abundance of standards in the field of additive-manufactured medical devices is helping them enter the clinical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | - Chuncheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jibao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yanwen Su
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Enchun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Changquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huanhao Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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