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Sito H, Tan SC. Genetic polymorphisms as potential pharmacogenetic biomarkers for platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:102. [PMID: 38217759 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) is a widely used treatment for various solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its efficacy is often compromised by the emergence of drug resistance in patients. There is growing evidence that genetic variations may influence the susceptibility of NSCLC patients to develop resistance to PBC. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying platinum drug resistance and highlight the important role that genetic polymorphisms play in this process. This paper discussed the genetic variants that regulate DNA repair, cellular movement, drug transport, metabolic processing, and immune response, with a focus on their effects on response to PBC. The potential applications of these genetic polymorphisms as predictive indicators in clinical practice are explored, as are the challenges associated with their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sito
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Huang X, Li J, Pang X, Zhu J, Pan J, Li Y, Tang J. Gene polymorphism and prediction of toxicity to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with gynecologic cancer. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2519-2529. [PMID: 38013655 PMCID: PMC10719482 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at various loci and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients with gynecologic cancer receiving platinum-based chemotherapy (PPCT) remains unexplored. This research aimed to investigate the correlation between SNPs at several loci (e.g., GSTP1 rs1695, MTHFR rs1801133, XPC rs2228001, TP53 rs1042522, and ERCC1 rs3212986) and ADRs in patients with gynecologic cancer receiving PPCT. A total of 244 patients with gynecologic cancer who received first-line PPCT were included in this retrospective study. Blood fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect genotypes. Logistic regression, Pearson's Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used to explore the correlations between these SNPs and the occurrence of ADRs. The logistic regression results showed that different genotypes of the five genes had no statistical significance in the overall grade greater than or equal to 3 ADRs. The results of Pearson's Chi-square test showed the same results. On specific adverse reactions, we found that the rs1042522 GG genotype significantly increased the risk of grade greater than or equal to 3 leucopenia compared with the CG and the CC genotypes (p = 0.002). The rs1695 AG genotype showed higher correlation for grade greater than or equal to 3 neutropenia (p = 0.020). The rs2228001 CC genotype also had a higher risk for grade greater than or equal to 3 neutropenia (p = 0.003). This study found that whereas the overall grade greater than or equal to 3 adverse reactions in patients with gynecologic cancer receiving PPCT were not associated with SNPs, specific SNPs (rs1042522 GG, rs1695 AG, and rs2228001 CC) were linked to higher risks of leucopenia and neutropenia, indicating their potential as predictors of hematotoxicity in PPCT-treated patients with gynecologic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junmin Li
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoying Pang
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaqian Pan
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yueyan Li
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of PharmacyObstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Alves AA, Laurinho K, Franco FC, de Araujo Nascimento F, Nunes HF, de Melo E Silva D. The Incidence of the XRCC1 rs25487 and PON1 rs662 Polymorphisms in a Population from Central Brazil: Patterns in an Area with a High Level of Agricultural Activity. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1675-1703. [PMID: 36725786 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, high levels of agricultural activity are reflected in the consumption of enormous amounts of pesticides. The production of grain in Brazil has been estimated at 289.8 million tons in the 2022 harvest, an expansion of 14.7% compared with 2021. These advances are likely associated with a progressive increase in the occupational exposure of a population to pesticides. The Paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) is involved in liver detoxification; the rs662 variant of this gene modifies the activity of the enzyme. The repair of pesticide-induced genetic damage depends on the protein produced by the X-Ray Repair Cross-Complementing Group 1 gene (XRCC). Its function is impaired due to an rs25487 variant. The present study describes the frequencies of the rs662 and rs25487 and their haplotypes in a sample population from Goiás, Brazil. It compares the frequencies with other populations worldwide to verify the variation in the distribution of these SNPs, with 494 unrelated individuals in the state of Goiás. The A allele of the rs25487 variant had a frequency of 26% in the Goiás population, and the modified rs662 G allele had a frequency of 42.8%. Four haplotypes were recorded for the rs25487 (G > A) and rs662 (A > G) markers, with a frequency of 11.9% being recorded for the A-G haplotype (both modified alleles), 30.8% for the G-G haplotype, 14.3% for the A-A haplotype, and 42.8% for the G-A haplotype (both wild-type alleles). We demonstrated the distribution of important SNPs associated with pesticide exposure in an area with a high agricultural activity level, Central Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arruda Alves
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Késsia Laurinho
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Craveiro Franco
- Animal Virology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Pathology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Araujo Nascimento
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Hugo Freire Nunes
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biodiversity, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Go, Brazil.
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Campus Samambaia, Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Estrada do Campus, s/n, Goiania, GO, CEP: 74690900, Brazil.
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Mostaid MS, Aziz MA, Maisha JA, Islam MS, Maruf AA. A review of pharmacogenetic studies in the Bangladeshi population. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023:dmdi-2022-0194. [PMID: 36854045 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics (PGx)-guided prescribing is an evidence-based precision medicine strategy. Although the past two decades have reported significant advancements in both the quality and quantity of PGx research studies, they are seldom done in developing countries like Bangladesh. This review identified and summarized PGx studies conducted in the Bangladeshi population by searching PubMed and Google Scholar. Additionally, a quality evaluation of the identified studies was also carried out. Eleven PGx studies were identified that looked at the effects of genetic variants on blood thinners (CYP2C9, VKORC1, and ITGB3), cancer drugs (TPMT, MTHFR, DPYD, ERCC1, GSTP1, XPC, XRCC1, TP53, XPD, and ABCC4), statins (COQ2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A5), and prednisolone (ABCB1, CYP3A5, and NR3C1) in the Bangladeshi population. Most studies were of low to moderate quality. Although the identified studies demonstrated the potential for PGx testing, the limited PGx literature in the Bangladeshi population poses a significant challenge in the widespread implementation of PGx testing in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaki Mostaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Jeba Atkia Maisha
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Maruf
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Han F, Tian H, Jin B, Chen G. Influence of GSTP1 Polymorphism on the Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Advanced NSCLC Receiving First-Line Bevacizumab-Based Regimen: A Real-World Retrospective Study. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2021; 15:11795549211059146. [PMID: 34924779 PMCID: PMC8679038 DOI: 10.1177/11795549211059146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was to investigate the influence of GSTP1 gene polymorphism on the
clinical outcomes of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) receiving first-line bevacizumab plus chemotherapy regimen. Methods: A total of 128 patients with advanced NSCLC who were administered with
bevacizumab-based first-line regimens were recruited in this study.
Available blood specimen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of
the patients were obtained for the analysis of polymorphism and GSTP1 gene
mRNA expression, respectively. The association between genotype status and
clinical outcomes and other variates was analyzed and presented. Results: The prevalence of rs1695 were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
(P = .978). Patients with GG and AG genotypes were
merged in a pattern of dominant inheritance to seek for the potentially
clinical significance. Analysis of efficacy exhibited that the objective
response rate (ORR) of patients with AA genotype and AG/GG genotypes were
62.1% (54/87) and 51.2% (21/41) (P = 0.245). Prognosis
demonstrated that the median progression-free survival (PFS) of patients
with AA genotype and AG/GG genotypes were 9.5 and 5.6 months, respectively
(P = .007). Furthermore, the median overall survival
(OS) of the two genotypes were 22.0 and 16.6 months, respectively
(P = .003). In addition, adjusted in multivariate Cox
analysis for OS, AG/GG genotype was an independent factor for OS.
Interestingly, mRNA analysis suggested that the mRNA expression of GSTP1 in
PBMC of the patients with AG/GG genotypes of rs1695 polymorphism was
significantly higher than those of patients with AA genotype
(P < .001). Conclusion: GSTP1 polymorphism rs1695 could be used for the prognostic evaluation of
patients with advanced NSCLC receiving bevacizumab combined chemotherapy
regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Hanji Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Baoli Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
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Zhi DB, Wang ZY, Xie T, Tu WW. Influence of GSTP-1 Polymorphism on the Prognosis of Patients with High-Grade Glioma Who Received Temozolomide Plus Radiotherapy Adjuvant Treatment. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:10173-10183. [PMID: 35221710 PMCID: PMC8866991 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s328810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione S-Transferase P 1 (GSTP-1) gene plays an important physiological role in the body. The present study was conducted to identify the clinical implication of GSTP-1 gene polymorphism on the prognosis of patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) who received temozolomide plus radiotherapy adjuvant treatment. Methods This study recruited a total of 186 patients with HGG who were treated with temozolomide plus radiotherapy adjuvant regimen (retrospectively). Baseline clinical characteristics were obtained and the prognostic data of the patients were collected. Peripheral blood specimen of patients was preserved for genotyping of GSTP-1 polymorphism during hospitalization. Correlation analysis was carried out accordingly. Additionally, fresh peripheral blood specimens that were available for mRNA expression analysis were collected for the mRNA expression analysis. Results The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the 186 patients with HGG who received temozolomide plus radiotherapy regimen was 8.5 months (95% CI: 5.95–11.05) and 15.5 months (95% CI: 11.49–19.51), respectively. The prevalence of 313A>G among 186 patients with glioma was AA genotype: 126 cases (67.7%), AG genotype: 54 cases (29.1%), GG genotype: 6 cases (3.2%), minor allele frequency of 313A>G was 0.18. Association analysis suggested that the median PFS of patients with AA and AG/GG genotypes was 11.2 and 5.0 months, respectively (χ2=11.17, P=0.001). Furthermore, the median OS of patients with AA and AG/GG genotypes was 18.9 and 10.5 months, respectively (χ2=12.684, P<0.001). Besides, when adjusted for PFS in multivariate Cox regression analysis, AG/GG genotype was an independent factor for PFS (HR=0.48, P=0.006). The mRNA expression results indicated that mRNA expression of GSTP-1 in patients with AG/GG genotypes of 313A>G was significantly higher than that of patients with AA genotype (P<0.001). Conclusion GSTP-1 polymorphism 313A>G might be used as a potential biomarker to predict the prognosis of patients with HGG who received temozolomide plus radiotherapy adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Bao Zhi
- Department of Surgical Care Unit, Xuhui District Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: De-Bao Zhi Tel +86 18616568331 Email
| | - Zhi-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuhui District Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Surgical Care Unit, Xuhui District Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Tu
- Department of Surgical Care Unit, Xuhui District Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200031, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Huang Y, Chen H, Wu P, Deng Z, Deng G, Zheng Y, Li G, Yuan L, Xu Y. The correlation between polymorphisms in the XPC gene and glioma susceptibility in a Chinese pediatric population. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:1896-1904. [PMID: 34430438 PMCID: PMC8349950 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coding genes play a key role in tumorigenesis, genetic disorders, and drug resistance. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein is a key DNA damage recognition factor that is required for maintaining the genomic stability. However, the correlation between XPC polymorphisms and glioma susceptibility is still unclear. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between XPC polymorphisms and pediatric glioma susceptibility. METHODS A total of 399 participants (171 glioma patients and 228 controls) were enrolled to evaluate the correlation between XPC polymorphism and pediatric glioma susceptibility. The count data of two groups was analyzed by chi-squared (χ2) test. Moreover, logistic regression was used to assess the strength of XPC polymorphisms associated with glioma susceptibility. RESULTS We identified that XPC rs1870134 G>C reduced pediatric glioma susceptibility. Compared to participants with rs1870134 GG/GC genotypes, those with rs1870134 CC genotype had a significantly lower risk for glioma [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01 to 0.78, P=0.028]. Patients with 4-5 genotypes have higher risk of glioma than those with 0-3 genotypes (AOR =1.59, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.43, P=0.031). The stratified analysis showed that the risky effects of rs2228000 CT/TT genotypes and rs2229090 GC/CC genotypes were more predominant among children aged ≥60 months, astrocytic tumors, and clinical stage I. CONCLUSIONS We found for the first time that XPC polymorphisms had a statistically significant correlation with pediatric glioma susceptibility in a Chinese population. The XPC rs2228000 CT/TT and rs2229090 GC/CC genotypes could both increase the risk of pediatric glioma in subgroups with females, astrocytic tumors, and clinical stage I. The XPC polymorphism has potential to be a useful adjunct method to screen pediatric glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuorong Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihuan Huang
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Chen
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Deng
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaoyan Deng
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqin Zheng
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyuan Li
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang C, Guo Y, Li Y, Kang J, Sun X, Wu H, Feng J, Xu Y. The association between the ERCC1/2 polymorphisms and radiotherapy efficacy in 87 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:3126-3136. [PMID: 34164203 PMCID: PMC8182509 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background This study sought to investigate the association between the ERCC1/2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the efficacy of radiotherapy and prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We examined 6 SNPs in the ERCC1 and ERCC2 genes in 87 consecutive patients with NSCLC who were treated with definitive radiotherapy. The objective remission rates (ORR), overall survival (OS), and progressive-free survival (PFS) were assessed. A Cox regression analysis was conducted to analyze the independent factors related to death and recurrence. Result Patients with the G allele had better OS than patients with the A allele, and there was a statistical difference between the two groups (30.9 vs. 16.2 months; P=0.003). Patients with the AA genotype had significantly worse OS than patients with the AG or GG genotypes (6.8 vs. 19.8 vs. 30.9 months, respectively; P=0.000). The median PFS of the G allele was 18.9 months, which was significantly better than that of the A allele (P=0.040). The median PFS of patients with the GG genotype, the AG genotype, and the AA genotype was 18.9, 11.3, and 5.1 months, respectively; the difference among the three groups was statistically significant (P=0.019). Patients with the G allele also had better PFS than those with the A allele (18.9 vs. 11.3 months, P=0.040). The multivariate cox proportional hazard analysis showed that the ERCC1 gene rs11615 was an independent survival indicator [HR: 1.623, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.018–2.591, P=0.042] but not an independent recurrence indicator (HR: 1.497, 95% CI: 0.932–2.404, P=0.095). Conclusions The ERCC1 rs11615 SNP may be a potential biomarker for predicting survival prognosis in Chinese NSCLC patients who have undergone definitive radiotherapy. Patients with the G allele had better OS than those with the A allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxue Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yefei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojiang Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Laboratory Research Centre, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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