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Tripathi S, Parmar D, Fathima S, Raval S, Singh G. Coenzyme Q10, Biochanin A and Phloretin Attenuate Cr(VI)-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage by Stimulating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in the Experimental Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2427-2441. [PMID: 35953644 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has emerged as a prevailing environmental and occupational contaminant over the past few decades. However, the knowledge is sparse regarding Cr(VI)-induced neurological aberrations, and its remediation through natural bioactive compounds has not been fully explored. This study intended to probe the possible invigorative effects of nutraceuticals such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), biochanin A (BCA), and phloretin (PHL) on Cr(VI) intoxicated Swiss albino mice with special emphasis on Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 gene expressions. Mice received potassium dichromate (75 ppm) through drinking water and were simultaneously co-treated intraperitoneally with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg), BCA, and PHL (50 mg/kg) each for 30-day treatment period. The statistics highlight the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) with a concomitant reduction in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiols (TT), catalase (CAT), and cholinesterase activities in the Cr(VI)-exposed mice. The collateral assessment of DNA fragmentation, DNA breakages, and induced histological alterations was in conformity with the above findings in conjugation with the dysregulation in the Nrf2 and associated downstream HO-1 and NQO1 gene expressions. Co-treatment with the selected natural compounds reversed the above-altered parameters significantly, thereby bringing cellular homeostasis in alleviating the Cr(VI)-induced conciliated impairments. Our study demonstrated that the combination of different bioactive compounds shields the brain better against Cr(VI)-induced neurotoxicity by revoking the oxidative stress-associated manifestations. These compounds may represent a new potential combination therapy due to their ability to modulate the cellular antioxidant responses by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway against Cr(VI)-exposed population. HIGHLIGHTS: Cr(VI)-associated heavy metal exposure poses a significant threat to the environment, especially to living organisms. Cr(VI) exposure for 30 days resulted in the free radical's generation that caused neurotoxicity in the Swiss albino mice. Natural compounds such as coenzyme Q10, biochanin A, and phloretin counteracted the neurotoxic effect due to Cr(VI) exposure in scavenging of free radicals by enhancing Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 gene expressions in maintaining the cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Tripathi
- Toxicology Department, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, India
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Dharati Parmar
- Toxicology Department, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, India
| | - Shabrin Fathima
- Toxicology Department, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, India
| | - Samir Raval
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- Toxicology Department, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, India.
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Hossini H, Shafie B, Niri AD, Nazari M, Esfahlan AJ, Ahmadpour M, Nazmara Z, Ahmadimanesh M, Makhdoumi P, Mirzaei N, Hoseinzadeh E. A comprehensive review on human health effects of chromium: insights on induced toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:70686-70705. [PMID: 36042133 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of heavy metals in most industrial activities has led to it being considered as the most important environmental pollutant that may cause harm and toxicity to animals and humans. Chromium has been found in the environment in different oxidation states such as Cr0, Cr(III), and Cr(VI) and is released from a variety of anthropogenic and natural activities. At among, trivalent and hexavalent chromium are the most stable forms. Considerably, Cr(VI) is frequently more toxic than Cr(III) because of its particular solubility and high mobility. Chronic exposure and bioaccumulation of chromium, as a heavy metal, can cause toxicity and numerous pathophysiological defects, including allergic reactions, anemia, burns, and sores especially in the stomach and small intestine, damage to sperm along with the male reproductive system, and affect various biological systems. Chromium pollution can have severe consequences for water and the soil environment. This article reviews the toxicological effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and their mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooshyar Hossini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shafie
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Dehghan Niri
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Nazari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aylin Jahanban Esfahlan
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadpour
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Zohreh Nazmara
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ahmadimanesh
- Food and Drug Vice Presidency, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pouran Makhdoumi
- Student research committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nezam Mirzaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Edris Hoseinzadeh
- Incubation and Innovation center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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Dworzański W, Cholewińska E, Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J, Listos P, Ognik K. Assessment of DNA Methylation and Oxidative Changes in the Heart and Brain of Rats Receiving a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Various Forms of Chromium. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1470. [PMID: 32825649 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity is one of the most prevalent diseases of civilization in the 21st century. This may be due to an increase in the consumption of high-fat diets. For the treatment of obesity, various supplements with chromium (III) are used. Chromium has the ability to regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which may result in weight loss. Our studies compared the effects of a high-fat diet supplemented with three different forms of chromium-chromium (III) picolinate, chromium (III) -methionine, and nano-sized chromium on oxidative damage of the DNA, proteins, and lipids in the heart and brain of rats. The conducted study showed that the use of a high-fat diet results in oxidation of the DNA, proteins, and lipids in the brain and heart, and the addition of chromium additionally intensifies these processes, especially when used in the form of nanoparticles. Therefore, the results of these studies suggest that one should be careful when using chromium supplementation to counteract obesity, because it may be associated with the risk of deterioration of the functioning of the heart and brain. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine how feeding rats a high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium affects DNA methylation and oxidation reactions as well as the histology of heart and brain tissue. The rats received standard diet or high-fat diet and chromium at 0.3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in form of chromium (III) picolinate, chromium (III)-methionine, or nano-sized chromium. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), the level of global DNA methylation and the activity of selected DNA repair enzymes were determined in the blood. In the brain and heart, the content of MDA, PC, 8-OHDG, and levels of global DNA methylation were determined. The brain was subjected to histological examination. The use of a high-fat diet was found to intensify epigenetic changes and oxidation reactions in the heart and brain. It was concluded that epigenetic changes and oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA in the heart and brain of rats resulting from the use of a high-fat diet cannot be limited by supplementing the diet with chromium. It was established that the use of chromium to supplement a high-fat diet intensifies the negative epigenetic and oxidative changes in the heart and brain, especially in the case of chromium nanoparticles.
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Di Domenico M, Benevenuto SGDM, Tomasini PP, Yariwake VY, de Oliveira Alves N, Rahmeier FL, da Cruz Fernandes M, Moura DJ, Nascimento Saldiva PH, Veras MM. Concentrated ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) exposure induce brain damage in pre and postnatal exposed mice. Neurotoxicology 2020; 79:127-141. [PMID: 32450181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a public health concern that has been associated with adverse effects on the development and functions of the central nervous system (CNS). However, studies on the effects of exposure to pollutants on the CNS across the entire developmental period still remain scarce. In this study, we investigated the impacts of prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from São Paulo city, on the brain structure and behavior of juvenile male mice. BALB/c mice were exposed to PM2.5 concentrated ambient particles (CAP) at a daily concentration of 600 μg/m³ during the gestational [gestational day (GD) 1.5-18.5] and the postnatal periods [postnatal day (PND) 22-90] to filtered air (FA) in both periods (FA/FA), to CAP only in the postnatal period (FA/CAP), to CAP only in the gestational period (CAP/FA), and to CAP in both periods (CAP/CAP). Behavioral tests were performed when animals were at PND 30 and PND 90. Glial activation, brain volume, cortical neuron number, serotonergic and GABAergic receptors, as well as oxidative stress, were measured. Mice at PND 90 presented greater behavioral changes in the form of greater locomotor activity in the FA-CAP and CAP-CAP groups. In general, these same groups explored objects longer and the CAP-FA group presented anxiolytic behavior. There was no difference in total brain volume among groups, but a lower corpus callosum (CC) volume was observed in the CAP-FA group. Also, the CAP-CAP group presented an increase in microglia in the cortex and an increased in astrocytes in the cortex, CC, and C1A and dentate gyrus of hippocampus regions. Gene expression analysis showed a decrease in BDNF in the hippocampus of CAP-CAP group. Treatment of immortalized glial cells with non-cytotoxic doses of ambient PM2.5 increased micronuclei frequencies, indicating genomic instability. These findings highlight the potential for negative neurodevelopmental outcomes induced by exposure to moderate levels of PM2.5 in Sao Paulo city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlise Di Domenico
- Department of Pathology, LIM05-HCFMUSP, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Paula Pellenz Tomasini
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Department of Pathology, LIM05-HCFMUSP, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilmara de Oliveira Alves
- Department of Pathology, LIM05-HCFMUSP, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine Luciano Rahmeier
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dinara Jaqueline Moura
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, LIM05-HCFMUSP, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Department of Pathology, LIM05-HCFMUSP, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Giménez-Asensio MJ, González-Alzaga B, Aguilar-Garduño C, Lorca-Marín JA, Alguacil J, Gómez-Becerra I, Gómez-Ariza JL, García-Barrera T, Hernandez AF, López-Flores I, Rohlman DS, Romero-Molina D, Ruiz-Pérez I, Lacasaña M. Childhood chromium exposure and neuropsychological development in children living in two polluted areas in southern Spain. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:1550-1560. [PMID: 31277024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association between exposure to chromium and neuropsychological development among children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 393 children aged 6-11 years old randomly selected from State-funded schools in two provinces in Southern Spain (Almeria and Huelva), in 2010 and 2012. Chromium levels in urine and hair samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an octopole reaction system. Neuropsychological development was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and three computerized tests from the Behavioural Assessment and Research System (BARS): Reaction Time Test (RTT), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Selective Attention Test (SAT). Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders, including heavy metals, were applied to examine the association between chromium levels and neuropsychological outcomes. A 10-fold increase in urine chromium levels was associated with a decrease of 5.99 points on the WISC-IV Full-Scale IQ (95% CI: 11.98 to -0.02). Likewise, a 10-fold increase in urine chromium levels in boys was associated with a decrease of 0.03 points in the percentage of omissions (95% CI: 0.0 to 0.05) in the SAT, with an increase of 68.35 points in latency (95% CI: 6.60 to 130.12) in the RTT, and with an increase in the number of trials with latencies > 1000 ms (β = 37.92; 95% CI: 2.73 to 73.12) in the RTT. An inverse significant association was detected between chromium levels in hair and latency in the SAT in boys (β = -50.53; 95% CI: 86.86 to -14.22) and girls (β = -55.95; 95% CI: 78.93 to -32.97). Excluding trials with latencies >1000 ms in the RTT increased latency scores by 29.36 points in boys (95% CI: 0.17 to 58.57), and 39.91 points in girls (95% CI: 21.25 to 58.59). This study is the first to show the detrimental effects of postnatal chromium exposure on neuropsychological development in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Caparros-Gonzalez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | | | - J Andrés Lorca-Marín
- Department of Clinical, Experimental and Social Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Natural Resources, Health, and Environment Research Centre (RENSMA), University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Juan Alguacil
- Natural Resources, Health, and Environment Research Centre (RENSMA), University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José L Gómez-Ariza
- Professor José Carlos Vílchez Martín, Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Natural Resources, Health, and Environment Research Centre (RENSMA), University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Professor José Carlos Vílchez Martín, Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Natural Resources, Health, and Environment Research Centre (RENSMA), University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernandez
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Flores
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Diane S Rohlman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Desiree Romero-Molina
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Pérez
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Jiang L, Vincent JB, Bailey MM. [Cr 3O(O 2CCH 2CH 3) 6(H 2O) 3]NO 3·H 2O (Cr3) Toxicity Potential in Bacterial and Mammalian Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:342-350. [PMID: 28879636 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromium(III) has generally been considered to be essential for proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and, despite recent evidence to the contrary, chromium(III)-containing compounds remain one of the most popular commercial dietary supplements. Cr3, or [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]NO3·H2O, is a trivalent chromium compound that is a promising chromium nutritional supplement. Studies with Cr3 have indicated that it is non-toxic in developmental and short- and long-term exposure studies in rodents, but the safety of this compound to chromosomes and cells has not been explored. The current study evaluates the mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and clastogenicity of Cr3 in bacterial and mammalian cells and compares these results with similar studies using the bestselling Cr(III) nutritional supplement, chromium picolinate (CrPic). The mutagenicity of CrPic and Cr3 was tested in Escherichia coli FX-11 and Salmonella typhimurium (TA 98 and TA 100). Cytotoxicity was measured as a decrease in plating efficiency relative to controls after treatment with Cr3 and CrPic for 24 h in CHO K1 cells. Clastogenicity was measured by counting the number of metaphases damaged and of the total number chromosomal aberrations in CHO K1 cells. Mutagenesis assays in E. coli and S. typhimurium were negative. All treatments of Cr3 produced ≥ 84% plating efficiency except 80 μg/cm2, which reduced the plating efficiency to 62%. Cr3 at any treatment level did not produce a significant increase in the number of cells with abnormal metaphases, while treatments using ≥ 40 μg/cm2 of CrPic elevated the number significantly. These data suggest that Cr3 is significantly less mutagenic in bacteria cells and less clastogenic in CHO K1 cells, while CrPic is clastogenic in CHO K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Melissa M Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS, USA.
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Royer AC, Russell K, Belmore K, Vincent JB. Formation of oxo-centered trinuclear chromium carboxylate complexes and hydrolysis of Cr3 as established by paramagnetic 2H NMR spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 131:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McAdory D, Rhodes NR, Briggins F, Bailey MM, Di Bona KR, Goodwin C, Vincent JB, Rasco JF. Potential of chromium(III) picolinate for reproductive or developmental toxicity following exposure of male CD-1 mice prior to mating. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1666-72. [PMID: 21369713 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromium(III) picolinate, [Cr(pic)(3)], is a commonly used nutritional supplement in humans, which has also been approved for use in animals. Health concerns have arisen over the use of [Cr(pic)(3)]. At high [Cr(pic)(3)] doses, developmental toxicity tests in female mice have shown a higher litter incidence of split cervical arch in exposed fetuses, but this was not consistently reproducible. In the current study, male CD-1 mice were used to further assess the potential for reproductive or developmental toxicity. Four weeks prior to mating, the males were fed a diet providing 200 mg/kg/day [Cr(pic)(3)] for comparison with untreated controls. Females were not treated. Each male was mated with two females, which were sacrificed on gestation day 17, and their litters were examined for adverse effects. Mating and fertility indices were not significantly altered by treatment. Male exposure to [Cr(pic)(3)] also had no effect on prenatal mortality, fetal weight, or gross or skeletal morphology. These results suggest that paternal dietary exposure to chromium(III) picolinate has little potential for adverse reproductive effects, even at exposure levels considerably higher than expected human exposures from nutritional supplements (1 mg of Cr per day or less).
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAna McAdory
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
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Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Agca CA, Sahin N, Guvenc M, Krejpcio Z, Staniek H, Hayirli A. The effects of chromium complex and level on glucose metabolism and memory acquisition in rats fed high-fat diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1018-30. [PMID: 21120707 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conditions in which glucose metabolism is impaired due to insulin resistance are associated with memory impairment. It was hypothesized that supplemental chromium (Cr) may alleviate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and consequently improve memory acquisition, depending upon its source and level. In a complete randomized design experiment, male Wistar rats (n=60; weighing 200-220 g) were fed either normal (8%, normal diet (ND)) or high-fat (40%, high-fat diet (HFD)) diet and supplemented with Cr as either chromium-glycinate (CrGly) or chromium-acetate (CrAc) at doses of 0, 40, or 80 μg/kg body weight (BW) via drinking water from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Feeding HFD induced type 2 diabetes, as reflected by greater glucose/insulin ratio (2.98 vs. 2.74) comparing to feeding ND. Moreover, HFD rats had greater BW (314 vs. 279 g) and less serum (53 vs. 68 μg/L) and brain (14 vs. 24 ng/g) Cr concentrations than ND rats. High-fat diet caused a 32% reduction in expressions of glucose transporters 1 and 3 (GLUTs) in brain tissue and a 27% reduction in mean percentage time spent in the target quadrant and a 38% increase in spatial memory acquisition phase (SMAP) compared with ND. Compared with supplemental Cr as CrAc, CrGly was more effective to ameliorate response variables (i.e., restoration of tissue Cr concentration, enhancement of cerebral GLUTs expressions, and reduction of the glucose/insulin ratio and SMAP) in a dose-response manner, especially in rats fed HFD. Supplemental Cr as CrGly may have therapeutic potential to enhance insulin action and alleviate memory acquisition in a dose-dependent manner, through restoring tissue Cr reserve and enhancing cerebral GLUTs expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Abstract
The current status and likely future directions of complexes of V(V/IV), Cr(III), Mo(VI), W(VI), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Mn(III) as potential oral drugs against type 2 diabetes are reviewed. We propose a unified model of extra- and intracellular mechanisms of anti-diabetic efficacies of V(V/IV), Mo(VI), W(VI), and Cr(III), centred on high-oxidation-state oxido/peroxido species that inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) involved in insulin signalling. The postulated oxidative mechanism of anti-diabetic activity of Cr(III) via carcinogenic Cr(VI/V) (which adds to safety concerns) is consistent with recent clinical trials on Cr(III) picolinate, where activity was apparent only in patients with poorly controlled diabetes (high oxidative stress), and the correlation between the anti-diabetic activities and ease of oxidation of Cr(III) supplements and their metabolites in vivo. Zn(II) and Cu(II) anti-diabetics act via different mechanisms and are unlikely to be used as specific anti-diabetics due to their diverse and unpredictable biological activities. Hence, future research directions are likely to centre on enhancing the bioavailability and selectivity of V(V/IV), Mo(VI), or W(VI) drugs. The strategy of potentiating circulating insulin with metal ions has distinct therapeutic advantages over interventions that stimulate the release of more insulin, or use insulin mimetics, because of many adverse side-effects of increased levels of insulin, including increased risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of chromium picolinate as a source of chromium added for nutritional purposes to foodstuff for particular nutritional uses and to foods intended for the general population. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of trivalent chromium as a nutrient added for nutritional purposes to foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses and foods intended for the general population (including food supplements). EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z, Iwanik K. Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity class of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:859-64. [PMID: 20036299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromium(III) is an essential element for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and various chemical forms of this element are widely used in dietary supplements. Of particular interest is [Cr(3)O(O(2)CCH(2)CH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+) cation (CrProp), that has been proposed as an alternative source of Cr. However, its safety has not been studied completely. In this study, we evaluated the acute toxicity class of CrProp in Wistar rats applying the OECD 423 procedure. Male and female Wistar rats (n=12, 6 female symbol and 6 male symbol) were given by gavage either a single dose of CrProp 2000 mg kg(-1) body mass or equivalent volumes of distilled water, and fed Labofeed B diet, and observed carefully for 14 days, than sacrificed to collect samples for biochemical and histologic examination. No death cases were detected, no major abnormalities in animal behaviour, body mass gains, gross organ histology, and blood morphology, and biochemistry were observed, except some changes of liver mass and the activity of ALT in female rats. The results demonstrate that LD(50) of CrProp is greater than 2000 mg kg(-1) when administrated orally to rat, thus this compound appears to be belong the fifth category in the GHS system or the fourth class ("unclassified") in the EU classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
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Deshmukh N, Bagchi M, Lau F, Bagchi D. Safety of an oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium(III) complex (NBC): II. Developmental toxicity study in rats. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:1755-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z. The effects of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex supplementation on pregnancy outcome and maternal and foetal mineral status in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2673-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stout MD, Nyska A, Collins BJ, Witt KL, Kissling GE, Malarkey DE, Hooth MJ. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of chromium picolinate monohydrate administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 2 years. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:729-33. [PMID: 19166900 PMCID: PMC2718538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) has been proposed to be an essential element, which may increase sensitivity to insulin and thus participate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Humans ingest Cr(III) both as a natural dietary constituent and in dietary supplements taken for weight loss and antidiabetic effects. Chromium picolinate (CP), a widely used supplement, contains Cr(III) chelated with three molecules of picolinic acid and was formulated in an attempt to improve the absorption of Cr(III). In order to examine the potential for CP to induce chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, the NTP conducted studies of the monohydrate form (CPM) in groups of 50 male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed in feed to concentrations of 0, 2000, 10,000 or 50,000 ppm for 2 years; exposure concentrations were selected following review of the data from NTP 3-month toxicity studies. Exposure to CPM did not induce biologically significant changes in survival, body weight, feed consumption, or non-neoplastic lesions in rats or mice. In male rats, a statistically significant increase in the incidence of preputial gland adenoma at 10,000 ppm was considered an equivocal finding. CPM was not carcinogenic to female rats or to male or female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Stout
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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