1
|
Narayanan J, Tamilanban T, Kumar PS, Guru A, Muthupandian S, Kathiravan MK, Arockiaraj J. Role and mechanistic actions of protein kinase inhibitors as an effective drug target for cancer and COVID. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:238. [PMID: 37193831 PMCID: PMC10188327 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinases can be grouped into 20 families which play a vital role as a regulator of neoplasia, metastasis, and cytokine suppression. Human genome sequencing has discovered more than 500 kinases. Mutations of the kinase itself or the pathway regulated by kinases leads to the progression of diseases such as Alzheimer's, viral infections, and cancers. Cancer chemotherapy has made significant leaps in recent years. The utilization of chemotherapeutic agents for treating cancers has become difficult due to their unpredictable nature and their toxicity toward the host cells. Therefore, targeted therapy as a therapeutic option against cancer-specific cells and toward the signaling pathways is a valuable avenue of research. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the Betacoronavirus genus that is responsible for causing the COVID pandemic. Kinase family provides a valuable source of biological targets against cancers and for recent COVID infections. Kinases such as tyrosine kinases, Rho kinase, Bruton tyrosine kinase, ABL kinases, and NAK kinases play an important role in the modulation of signaling pathways involved in both cancers and viral infections such as COVID. These kinase inhibitors consist of multiple protein targets such as the viral replication machinery and specific molecules targeting signaling pathways for cancer. Thus, kinase inhibitors can be used for their anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic activity along with cytokine suppression in cases of COVID. The main goal of this review is to focus on the pharmacology of kinase inhibitors for cancer and COVID, as well as ideas for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Narayanan
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - T Tamilanban
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India.
| | - M K Kathiravan
- 209, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer. Systemic therapy is the preferred method to eliminate residual cancer cells after surgery and prolong the survival of patients with inoperable RCC. A variety of molecular targeted and immunological therapies have been developed to improve the survival rate and prognosis of RCC patients based on their chemotherapy-resistant properties. However, owing to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance, targeted and immunological therapies lack complete and durable anti-tumor responses; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of systemic therapy resistance and improving clinical curative effects in the treatment of RCC remain challenging. In vitro models with traditional RCC cell lines or primary cell culture, as well as in vivo models with cell or patient-derived xenografts, are used to explore the drug resistance mechanisms of RCC and screen new targeted therapeutic drugs. Here, we review the established methods and applications of in vivo and in vitro RCC drug resistance models, with the aim of improving our understanding of its resistance mechanisms, increasing the efficacy of combination medications, and providing a theoretical foundation for the development and application of new drugs, drug screening, and treatment guidelines for RCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yien Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoshida Y, Sasaoka S, Tanaka M, Matsumoto K, Inoue M, Satake R, Shimada K, Mukai R, Suzuki T, Iwata M, Goto F, Mori T, Mori K, Yoshimura T, Nakamura M. Analysis of drug-induced hand-foot syndrome using a spontaneous reporting system database. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221101963. [PMID: 35646307 PMCID: PMC9136434 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of our study was to assess the clinical features of hand-foot syndrome (HFS) associated with certain systemic chemotherapeutic drugs in a real-world setting using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Methods HFS was defined using the preferred terms from the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. We used several indices, such as the reporting odds ratios (RORs) at 95% confidence interval (CI), the time-to-onset profile of HFS, and cluster analysis. Results Of 646,779 reports (submission period: April 2004 to September 2020), 1814 reported HFS events. The RORs (95% CI) for axitinib, capecitabine, lapatinib, regorafenib, sorafenib, and sunitinib were 14.9 (11.1-20.1), 54.6 (49.2-60.6), 130.4 (110.7-153.6), 63.3 (55.2-72.6), 29.0 (25.8-32.7), and 13.9 (11.7-16.5), respectively. The analysis of time-to-onset profiles revealed that the median values (interquartile range: 25.0-75.0%) of drug-induced HFS caused by capecitabine, cisplatin, docetaxel, everolimus, regorafenib, sorafenib, and trastuzumab were 21.0 (13.0-42.0), 15.0 (10.0-82.0), 6.0 (3.0-25.0), 86.5 (67.0-90.5), 9.0 (6.0-14.0), 9.0 (6.0-14.0), and 70.0 (15.0-189.0) days, respectively. The number of clusters was set to 4. Among these, one cluster, which included capecitabine, regorafenib, and lapatinib, exhibited a higher reporting ratio and ROR of drug-induced HFS than other drugs. Conclusions The RORs and results of time-to-onset analysis obtained in this study indicated the potential risk of HFS associated with chemotherapeutic drugs. Our results suggest that health care professionals must be aware of the potential onset of drug-induced HFS with docetaxel, regorafenib, and sorafenib for at least 4 weeks; therefore, careful observation is recommended. Plain Language Summary Elucidation of the relationship between cancer drugs and risk of hand-foot syndrome: Purpose: Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is an adverse effect of some cancer drugs, which is characterized by symptoms such as redness, swelling, blistering, and pain in the area of palms and soles. HFS reduces the quality of life of patients and can sometimes interfere with anticancer treatment plans. It is important to understand the clinical manifestations of HFS and gain knowledge that will allow for early intervention by clinicians.Methods: In this study, we used a large-scale side effect database of real-world cases for a comprehensive investigation of anticancer-drug-induced HFS. The database contained 646,779 adverse event reports from April 2004 to September 2020; among which, we identified 1814 HFS events. Using these data, we could obtain information on the relationship between 19 types of anticancer drugs and HFS, and the onset time of HFS and HFS prognosis related to each anticancer drug. Results: Our results suggest that clinicians should monitor the risk of HFS with docetaxel, regorafenib, and sorafenib for at least the first 4 weeks after drug administration. Conclusion: These findings are crucial for improving the management of the adverse effects caused by anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yoshida
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Misaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Riko Satake
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Shimada
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ririka Mukai
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mari Iwata
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fumiya Goto
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mori
- Department of Pharmacy, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Koki Mori
- Department of Pharmacy, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pottier C, Fresnais M, Gilon M, Jérusalem G, Longuespée R, Sounni NE. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer: Breakthrough and Challenges of Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030731. [PMID: 32244867 PMCID: PMC7140093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are key regulatory signaling proteins governing cancer cell growth and metastasis. During the last two decades, several molecules targeting RTKs were used in oncology as a first or second line therapy in different types of cancer. However, their effectiveness is limited by the appearance of resistance or adverse effects. In this review, we summarize the main features of RTKs and their inhibitors (RTKIs), their current use in oncology, and mechanisms of resistance. We also describe the technological advances of artificial intelligence, chemoproteomics, and microfluidics in elaborating powerful strategies that could be used in providing more efficient and selective small molecules inhibitors of RTKs. Finally, we discuss the interest of therapeutic combination of different RTKIs or with other molecules for personalized treatments, and the challenge for effective combination with less toxic and off-target effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Pottier
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.G.); (N.E.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Margaux Fresnais
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.F.); (R.L.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Gilon
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.G.); (N.E.S.)
| | - Guy Jérusalem
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Nor Eddine Sounni
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.G.); (N.E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brodziak A, Sobczuk P, Bartnik E, Fiedorowicz M, Porta C, Szczylik C, Czarnecka AM. Drug resistance in papillary RCC: from putative mechanisms to clinical practicalities. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:655-73. [PMID: 31602010 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second most common renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtype and accounts for 10-15% of all RCCs. Despite clinical need, few pharmacogenomics studies in pRCC have been performed. Moreover, current research fails to adequately include pRCC laboratory models, such as the ACHN or Caki-2 pRCC cell lines. The molecular mechanisms involved in pRCC development and drug resistance are more diverse than in clear-cell RCC, in which inactivation of VHL occurs in the majority of tumours. Drug resistance to multiple therapies in pRCC occurs via genetic alteration (such as mutations resulting in abnormal receptor tyrosine kinase activation or RALBP1 inhibition), dysregulation of signalling pathways (such as GSK3β-EIF4EBP1, PI3K-AKT and the MAPK or interleukin signalling pathways), deregulation of cellular processes (such as resistance to apoptosis or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) and interactions between the cell and its environment (for example, through activation of matrix metalloproteinases). Improved understanding of resistance mechanisms will facilitate drug discovery and provide new effective therapies. Further studies on novel resistance biomarkers are needed to improve patient prognosis and stratification as well as drug development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamamoto Y, Otori T, Inoue R, Yano S, Hirata H, Matsumoto H, Matsuyama K, Matsuyama H. Pharmacokinetics of Neoadjuvant Axitinib Influenced the Efficacy in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 60:256-263. [PMID: 31538342 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although axitinib shows a good objective response rate and acceptable tolerability for advanced renal cell carcinoma, substantial differences in drug concentrations among individuals have hampered the reliable administration of the drug in a neoadjuvant setting. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between axitinib pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated in a neoadjuvant setting. We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients who underwent neoadjuvant axitinib treatment from prospective phase 2 study cohorts treated with axitinib and assessed whether the drug concentration was associated with clinical efficacy for primary tumors of advanced metastatic/oligometastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Axitinib was administered orally at a starting dose of 5 mg twice daily for 2 months in principle before the operation, and the axitinib pharmacokinetics were examined. Best response, reduction rate, adverse events (AEs), and surgical complication were assessed. Four patients (25.0%) showed a partial response, and 12 (75.0%) had stable disease, with a mean reduction rate of 22.8%. No progressive disease was noted, and 9 of the 16 patinets (56.3%) showed downstaging. The trough level of axitinib significantly correlated with the objective response rate (P = .0052) and best tumor reduction (P = .0128). All AEs could be safely managed until termination of the dosing period. With respect to perioperative complications, grade 2 anemia was observed. Neoadjuvant axitinib treatment showed acceptable antitumor activity and safety profile for advanced renal cell carcinoma. The pharmacokinetics of neoadjuvant axitinib influenced the efficacy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toru Otori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Matsuyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pang JS, Li ZK, Lin P, Wang XD, Chen G, Yan HB, Li SH. The underlying molecular mechanism and potential drugs for treatment in papillary renal cell carcinoma: A study based on TCGA and Cmap datasets. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:2089-2102. [PMID: 30816528 PMCID: PMC6412146 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) accounts for 15–20% of all kidney neoplasms and continually attracts attention due to the increase in the incidents in which it occurs. The molecular mechanism of PRCC remains unclear and the efficacy of drugs that treat PRCC lacks sufficient evidence in clinical trials. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the underlying mechanism in the development of PRCC and identify additional potential anti-PRCC drugs for its treatment. The differently expressed genes (DEGs) of PRCC were identified, followed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses for functional annotation. Then, potential drugs for PRCC treatment were predicted by Connectivity Map (Cmap) based on DEGs. Furthermore, the latent function of query drugs in PRCC was explored by integrating drug-target, drug-pathway and drug-protein interactions. In total, 627 genes were screened as DEGs, and these DEGs were annotated using KEGG pathway analyses and were clearly associated with the complement and coagulation cascades, amongst others. Then, 60 candidate drugs, as predicted based on DEGs, were obtained from the Cmap database. Vorinostat was considered as the most promising drug for detailed discussion. Following protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and molecular docking, vorinostat was observed to interact with C3 and ANXN1 proteins, which are the upregulated hub genes and may serve as oncologic therapeutic targets in PRCC. Among the top 20 metabolic pathways, several significant pathways, such as complement and coagulation cascades and cell adhesion molecules, may greatly contribute to the development and progression of PRCC. Following the performance of the PPI network and molecular docking tests, vorinostat exhibited a considerable and promising application in PRCC treatment by targeting C3 and ANXN1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shu Pang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Kun Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Biao Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hua Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang M, Cao X, Li P, Zhang K, Li Y, Zheng QY, Li GQ, Chen J, Xu GL, Zhang KQ. Increased expression of Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12676. [PMID: 28978925 PMCID: PMC5627263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is highly expressed in various tumour tissues and plays a vital role in tumour initiation and progression. This study evaluated the clinical significance of FGL2 in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). FGL2 expression in fresh and 170 archived paraffin-embedded ccRCC tissues was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemitry. FGL2 expression was significantly upregulated in ccRCC. Statistical analyses by using Kaplan-Meier method showed that high FGL2 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with ccRCC. Multivariate analyses indicated that FGL2 was as an independent prognostic factor of survivaland that tumoural FGL2 levels could significantly predict the prognosis of patients with early-stage ccRCC. Nomogram systems, which integrated FGL2 expression and other clinical parameters, were established and were found to be better than TNM staging in predicting the OS and RFS of patients with ccRCC. FGL2 silencing led to a significant reduction in cells viability and increase in cells apoptosis, accompanied with a reduced ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation, in ccRCC cells. Thus, our results suggest that high FGL2 expression is a novel, independent, and an adverse prognostic factor of clinical outcomes in patients with ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Quan-You Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gui-Qing Li
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gui-Lian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|