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Zomawia E, Zami Z, Vanlallawma A, Kumar NS, Zothanzama J, Tlau L, Chhakchhuak L, Pachuau L, Pautu JL, Hmangaihzuali EV. Cancer awareness, diagnosis and treatment needs in Mizoram, India: evidence from 18 years trends (2003-2020). Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 2023; 17:100281. [PMID: 37780980 PMCID: PMC10541469 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite being the second least populated state, Mizoram exhibits the highest incidence rate of cancer in India. Its inhabitants, constituting an endogamous and isolated population, have embraced their own distinct culture, way of life and dietary preferences, setting them apart from the rest of mainland India. In 2003, the Mizoram Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) was established under the auspices of the National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (NCDIR), a division of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), in collaboration with the Department of Health & Family Welfare of the Government of Mizoram, India. Methods Cancer incidence and mortality data were extracted from the Mizoram PBCR spanning the years 2003-2020. The Age Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) were computed per 100,000 individuals, utilizing Segi's World Standard Population as the benchmark. The trajectory of these changes was analysed employing the Joinpoint Regression Analysis Program, Version 4.9.1.0.13, to unveil the Annual Percent Change (APC) with a 95% Confidence Interval and a Significance test (p < 0.05) using Monte Carlo Permutation. The resulting graphical visualizations were generated using Flourish Studio.15. Findings The overall ASIR for all cancer sites among men was 197.2 per 100,000, while for women, it was 164.9 per 100,000. Among men, the most prevalent cancer site was the Stomach (ASIR = 41.4), followed by Head & Neck, Lung, Oesophagus, Colorectal, Liver, Urinary, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Prostate cancers. Conversely, among women, Lung cancer exhibited the highest incidence (ASIR = 26.7), succeeded by Cervical, Breast, Stomach, Head & Neck, Colorectal, Oesophagus, Liver and Ovarian cancers. Stomach cancer emerged as the leading cause of death among men (ASMR = 22.6) and among women, Lung cancer held the highest ASMR (15.9). Joinpoint regression analysis revealed a rising trend in incidence and mortality over time for overall cancer sites. Among the primary cancer sites contributing to incidence and mortality, an increase in APC was observable for all, except Stomach cancer, in both men and women. The diagnostic approach, except for cases of cancer with unknown primary sites, involved a microscopic method. Interpretation This cross-sectional study examines PBCR reports spanning from 2003 to 2020, shedding light on a consistent uptick in cancer incidence and mortality trends in Mizoram. Stomach cancer emerges as the most prevalent and primary cause of cancer-related deaths among men, while Lung cancer takes a parallel role in women. The elevated cancer incidence and the growing trend among younger generations might stem from the static lifestyle and dietary patterns prevalent within the endogamous tribal population, potentially contributing to a genetic predisposition. The escalation in mortality rates could be attributed to a dearth of specialized diagnostic facilities and skilled human resources, treatment strategies guided by genomic research and transportation challenges. This underscores the urgent requirement for comprehensive scientific exploration across diverse facets. The implementation of easily accessible diagnostic facilities in proximity and genetic testing for pharmacogenomics to enhance prognoses would also aid in mitigating the burden and advancing the healthcare system's effectiveness. Funding Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) was supported by National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (NCDIR) of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zomawia
- National Health Mission, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Dinthar, 796009, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Zothan Zami
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Andrew Vanlallawma
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | | | - John Zothanzama
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalchhanhimi Tlau
- Department of Pathology, Civil Hospital Aizawl, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Dawrpui, 796001, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalchhandama Chhakchhuak
- Department of Pathology, Civil Hospital Aizawl, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Dawrpui, 796001, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalawmpuii Pachuau
- Department of Pathology, Civil Hospital Aizawl, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Dawrpui, 796001, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Jeremy L. Pautu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mizoram State Cancer Institute, Zemabawk, 796017, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Evelyn V.L. Hmangaihzuali
- Population Based Cancer Registry Mizoram, NCDIR (ICMR), Civil Hospital Aizawl, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Dawrpui, 796001, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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Xu YC, Su J, Zhou JJ, Yuan Q, Han JS. Roles of MT-ND1 in Cancer. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:869-878. [PMID: 37642864 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The energy shift toward glycolysis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Complex I is a vital enzyme complex necessary for oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrially encoded NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1 (MT-ND1) is the largest subunit coded by mitochondria of complex I. The present study summarizes the structure and biological function of MT-ND1. From databases and literature, the expressions and mutations of MT-ND1 in a variety of cancers have been reviewed. MT-ND1 may be a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. It is also a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Biochip, Shanghai Biochip Limited Corporation, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biochip, Shanghai Biochip Limited Corporation, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia-Jing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jun-Song Han
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Biochip, Shanghai Biochip Limited Corporation, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Faria R, Boisguérin P, Sousa Â, Costa D. Delivery Systems for Mitochondrial Gene Therapy: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15. [PMID: 36839894 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cellular organelles of high relevance responsible for the chemical energy production used in most of the biochemical reactions of cells. Mitochondria have their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Inherited solely from the mother, this genome is quite susceptible to mutations, mainly due to the absence of an effective repair system. Mutations in mtDNA are associated with endocrine, metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. Currently, therapeutic approaches are based on the administration of a set of drugs to alleviate the symptoms of patients suffering from mitochondrial pathologies. Mitochondrial gene therapy emerges as a promising strategy as it deeply focuses on the cause of mitochondrial disorder. The development of suitable mtDNA-based delivery systems to target and transfect mammalian mitochondria represents an exciting field of research, leading to progress in the challenging task of restoring mitochondria's normal function. This review gathers relevant knowledge on the composition, targeting performance, or release profile of such nanosystems, offering researchers valuable conceptual approaches to follow in their quest for the most suitable vectors to turn mitochondrial gene therapy clinically feasible. Future studies should consider the optimization of mitochondrial genes' encapsulation, targeting ability, and transfection to mitochondria. Expectedly, this effort will bring bright results, contributing to important hallmarks in mitochondrial gene therapy.
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Faria R, Albuquerque T, Neves AR, Sousa Â, Costa DRB. Nanotechnology to Correct Mitochondrial Disorders in Cancer Diseases. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17831-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Chen K, Lu P, Beeraka NM, Sukocheva OA, Madhunapantula SV, Liu J, Sinelnikov MY, Nikolenko VN, Bulygin KV, Mikhaleva LM, Reshetov IV, Gu Y, Zhang J, Cao Y, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Fan R, Aliev G. Mitochondrial mutations and mitoepigenetics: Focus on regulation of oxidative stress-induced responses in breast cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 83:556-569. [PMID: 33035656 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an emerging and fast-developing field of research. Compared to regulation of nucler DNA, mechanisms of mtDNA epigenetic regulation (mitoepigenetics) remain less investigated. However, mitochondrial signaling directs various vital intracellular processes including aerobic respiration, apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival, nucleic acid synthesis, and oxidative stress. The later process and associated mismanagement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade were associated with cancer progression. It has been demonstrated that cancer cells contain ROS/oxidative stress-mediated defects in mtDNA repair system and mitochondrial nucleoid protection. Furthermore, mtDNA is vulnerable to damage caused by somatic mutations, resulting in the dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and energy production, which fosters further generation of ROS and promotes oncogenicity. Mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the collective mitochondrial genome that comprises both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes coupled by crosstalk. Recent reports determined the defects in the collective mitochondrial genome that are conducive to breast cancer initiation and progression. Mutational damage to mtDNA, as well as its overproliferation and deletions, were reported to alter the nuclear epigenetic landscape. Unbalanced mitoepigenetics and adverse regulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can efficiently facilitate cancer cell survival. Accordingly, several mitochondria-targeting therapeutic agents (biguanides, OXPHOS inhibitors, vitamin-E analogues, and antibiotic bedaquiline) were suggested for future clinical trials in breast cancer patients. However, crosstalk mechanisms between altered mitoepigenetics and cancer-associated mtDNA mutations remain largely unclear. Hence, mtDNA mutations and epigenetic modifications could be considered as potential molecular markers for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of breast cancer. This review discusses the role of mitoepigenetic regulation in cancer cells and potential employment of mtDNA modifications as novel anti-cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Institue for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pengwei Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Olga A Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Junqi Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Str., Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Mikhail Y Sinelnikov
- Institue for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Nikolenko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 31-5 Lomonosovsky Prospect, 117192, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Bulygin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), 31-5 Lomonosovsky Prospect, 117192, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Reshetov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuanting Gu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu Cao
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street Salem, WV, 26426, USA
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street Salem, WV, 26426, USA
| | - Ruitai Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny pr. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Iacolina L, Buzan E, Safner T, Bašić N, Geric U, Tesija T, Lazar P, Arnal MC, Chen J, Han J, Šprem N. A Mother's Story, Mitogenome Relationships in the Genus Rupicapra. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041065. [PMID: 33918642 PMCID: PMC8069603 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Two species of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra and R. pyrenaica) are currently recognized by taxonomy and further subdivided into seven and three subspecies, respectively. However, recent research based on molecular markers finds this classification questionable. We aim to increase the resolution of published research on chamois phylogeny by including mitogenomes of all available subspecies, including the previously unpublished mitogenomes of R. r. balcanica and R. r. tatrica subspecies. The inferred phylogeny based on the full mitogenomes confirms the previously reported genus subdivision in three clades and its monophyletic positioning within the Caprinae. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Rupicapra species thus remain controversial prompting for the inclusion of archeological remains to solve the controversy. Abstract Although the two species of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra and R. pyrenaica) are currently classified as least-concern by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), inconsistencies on the subspecies classification reported in literature make it challenging to assess the conservation status of the single subspecies. Previous studies relying on mitochondrial genes, sometimes in combination with nuclear or Y-chromosome markers, reported the presence of clusters corresponding to the geographic distribution but highlighting ambiguities in the genus phylogeny. Here we report novel de novo assembled sequences of the mitochondrial genome from nine individuals, including previously unpublished R. r. balcanica and R. r. tatrica subspecies, and use them to untangle the genus phylogeny. Our results based on the full mitogenome inferred phylogeny confirm the previously reported genus subdivision in three clades and its monophyletic positioning within the Caprinae. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Rupicapra species thus remain controversial prompting for the inclusion of archeological remains to solve the controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iacolina
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.I.); (T.T.); (N.Š.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (E.B.); (N.B.); (U.G.)
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elena Buzan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (E.B.); (N.B.); (U.G.)
- Environmental Protection College, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia
| | - Toni Safner
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.I.); (T.T.); (N.Š.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), 1000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-91-542-8870
| | - Nino Bašić
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (E.B.); (N.B.); (U.G.)
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics, and Mechanics, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urska Geric
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (E.B.); (N.B.); (U.G.)
| | - Toni Tesija
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.I.); (T.T.); (N.Š.)
| | - Peter Lazar
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - María Cruz Arnal
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Jianlin Han
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Nikica Šprem
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.I.); (T.T.); (N.Š.)
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Martínez-ramírez M, Coral-vázquez RM, Tenorio A, Méndez JP, Benítez-granados J, Maffuz Asis A, Rodríguez Cuevas S, Domínguez Reyes C, Erazo-valle A, Canto P. Complete sequence of the ATP6 and ND3 mitochondrial genes in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with different body mass indexes. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 32:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pacini N, Borziani F. Oncostatic-Cytoprotective Effect of Melatonin and Other Bioactive Molecules: A Common Target in Mitochondrial Respiration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:341. [PMID: 26959015 PMCID: PMC4813203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For several years, oncostatic and antiproliferative properties, as well as thoses of cell death induction through 5-methoxy-N-acetiltryptamine or melatonin treatment, have been known. Paradoxically, its remarkable scavenger, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic characteristics in neurodegeneration models, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are known too. Analogous results have been confirmed by a large literature to be associated to the use of many other bioactive molecules such as resveratrol, tocopherol derivatives or vitamin E and others. It is interesting to note that the two opposite situations, namely the neoplastic pathology and the neurodegeneration, are characterized by deep alterations of the metabolome, of mitochondrial function and of oxygen consumption, so that the oncostatic and cytoprotective action can find a potential rationalization because of the different metabolic and mitochondrial situations, and in the effect that these molecules exercise on the mitochondrial function. In this review we discuss historical and general aspects of melatonin, relations between cancers and the metabolome and between neurodegeneration and the metabolome, and the possible effects of melatonin and of other bioactive molecules on metabolic and mitochondrial dynamics. Finally, we suggest a common general mechanism as responsible for the oncostatic/cytoprotective effect of melatonin and of other molecules examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pacini
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Fabio Borziani
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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