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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Zhang W, Han J, Jiang Z, Peng Y, Sun X, Han B. Enzymatic preparation of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides and its alleviating effect on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114894. [PMID: 37209629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common type of osteoporosis. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been successfully employed as food supplement against osteoarthritis, while the therapeutic potential on postmenopausal osteoporosis is little explored. In this study, CS oligosaccharides (CSOs) were enzymatically prepared through the lysis of CS by a chondroitinase from Microbacterium sp. Strain. The alleviating effects of CS, CSOs and Caltrate D (a clinically used supplement) on ovariectomy (OVX) - induced rat's osteoporosis were comparatively investigated. Our data showed that the prepared CSOs was basically unsaturated CS disaccharide mixture of ∆Di4S (53.1%), ∆Di6S (27.7%) and ∆Di0S (17.7%). 12 weeks' intragastric administration of Caltrate D (250 mg/kg/d), CS or CSOs (500 mg/kg/d, 250 mg/kg/d, 125 mg/kg/d) could obviously regulate the disorder of serum indices, recover the mechanical strength and mineral content of bone, improve the cortical bones' density and the number and length of trabecular bones in OVX rats. Both CS and CSOs in 500 mg/kg/d and 250 mg/kg/d could restore more efficiently the serum indices, bone fracture deflection and femur Ca than Caltrate D. As compared with CS at the same dosage, CSOs exhibited a more significant alleviating effect. These findings suggested that there was great potential of CSOs as daily interventions for delaying the progression of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jikang Han
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yanfei Peng
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaorui Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Baoqin Han
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomedical Materials, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China.
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Vassallo V, Stellavato A, Russo R, Cimini D, Valletta M, Alfano A, Pedone PV, Chambery A, Schiraldi C. Molecular Fingerprint of Human Pathological Synoviocytes in Response to Extractive Sulfated and Biofermentative Unsulfated Chondroitins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36555507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharma-grade extractive chondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely used for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. Recently, unsulfated biofermentative chondroitin (BC) proved positive effects in OA in vitro model. This study, based on primary pathological human synoviocytes, aimed to analyze, by a multiplex assay, a panel of OA-related biomarkers in response to short-term treatments with bovine (CSb), pig (CSp) and fish (CSf) chondroitins, in comparison to BC. As expected, all samples had anti-inflammatory properties, however CSb, CSf and especially BC affected more cytokines and chemokines. Based on these results and molecular weight similarity, CSf and BC were selected to further explore the synoviocytes' response. In fact, Western blot analyses showed CSf and BC were comparable, downregulating OA-related biomarkers such as the proteins mTOR, NF-kB, PTX-3 and COMP-2. Proteomic analyses, performed by applying a nano-LC-MS/MS TMT isobaric labelling-based approach, displayed the modulation of both common and distinct molecules to chondroitin treatments. Thus, CSf and BC modulated the biological mediators involved in the inflammation cascade, matrix degradation/remodeling, glycosaminoglycans' synthesis and cellular homeostasis. This study helps in shedding light on different molecular mechanisms related to OA disease that may be potentially affected not only by animal-source chondroitin sulfate but also by unsulfated biofermentative chondroitin.
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Restaino OF, Schiraldi C. Chondroitin sulfate: are the purity and the structural features well assessed? A review on the analytical challenges. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119690. [PMID: 35725214 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Animal origin chondroitin sulfate is employed as anti-inflammatory drug and food supplement against anti-osteoarthritis, but also as antioxidant, antitumor, anticoagulant, and immune-regulatory agent or as biomaterial in tissue engineering scaffolds and in drug-delivery systems. As its biological properties depend on the structural characteristics, multi-analytical approaches are necessary to correlate specific features of its heterogenic composition to the different bioactivities. This is of paramount importance to assess the efficacy of pharmaceuticals and food supplements, beyond safety quality control. This review would address the issue of chondroitin sulfate characterization according to the Pharmacopeia testing monograph point of view giving an update of the analytical novelties reported in the last ten years that might be employed for the product testing and releasing on the market. Not-instrumental (e.g. colorimetric assays) and instrumental techniques, most of them coupling diverse chromatographic separation methods with spectroscopic and spectrometry detection techniques, mono and bi-dimensional NMR approaches, are compared as tools to evaluate identity, titer, purity grade, monosaccharide and disaccharide composition, averaged molecular weight and viscosity, charge and sulfate content, impurities and related substances including the presence of other glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Sharma R, Kuche K, Thakor P, Bhavana V, Srivastava S, Mehra NK, Jain S. Chondroitin Sulfate: Emerging biomaterial for biopharmaceutical purpose and tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhao Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Fu Q, Ke Y. Pseudomorphic synthesis of bimodal porous silica microspheres for size-exclusion chromatography of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1664:462757. [PMID: 34992044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, mesoporous silica microspheres with bimodal porous structures for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) supports were synthesized via a pseudomorphic transformation method by using 3.5 and 5 μm commercial silica particles as sources and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template. The effects of the synthetic conditions on the pore size distribution were examined, including the temperature, reaction time and the molar ratio of SiO2:NaOH. Bimodal porous silicas (BPSs) with pore sizes of 3.01 and 12.80 nm were obtained with SiO2:NaOH:CTAB:H2O=1:0.1:0.1:20 at 80 °C for 24 h. The BPSs were bonded with diol groups to produce a stationary phase for SEC. The column performance was evaluated with three types of samples, namely, dextran (70 KDa-62 Da), polyethene glycol (PEG) (20 KDa-32 Da) and three biomolecules (36 KDa-1.36 KDa). The column that was packed with a 3.5 μm stationary phase showed excellent resolution for molecular weights of less than 1 KDa with high column efficiency. Carbohydrate samples (dextran (MW=1296), dextran (MW=972), sucrose (MW=342), glucose (MW=180) and glycerol (MW=92)) were separated. Heptaethylene glycol, hexaethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol were resolved in a PEG200 sample. In summary, this work shows the advantages of bimodal mesopores in SEC for small molecules less than 1 kDa. In the pseudomorphic synthesis, the pore size can be regulated by template micelles. Thus, the development SEC supports with high accuracy for a specified molecular weight range is expected since the pore size can be regulated by the surfactant template.
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Kolberg N, Tikhonov S, Tikhonova N, Moskovenko N, Miftakhutdinov A, Prosekov A. Research possibility of using an enzymatic hydrolyzate of the lymphoid tissue of broiler chickens as an immunomodulator. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Discovering compounds that promote health during aging ("geroprotectors") is key to the retardation of age-related pathologies and the prevention of chronic age-related diseases. In in-silico and model organisms' lifespan screens, chondroitin sulfate has emerged as a geroprotective compound. Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan attached to extracellular matrix proteins and is naturally produced by our body. Oral supplementation of chondroitin sulfate shows a high tolerance in humans, preferable pharmacokinetics, a positive correlation with healthy human longevity, and efficacy in deceleration of age-related diseases in randomized clinical trials. We have recently shown that chondroitin sulfate supplementation increases the lifespan of C. elegans. Thus, chondroitin sulfate holds the potential to become a geroprotective strategy to promote health during human aging. This review discusses the two major potential mechanisms of action, extracellular matrix homeostasis and inhibition of inflammation, that counteract age-related pathologies upon chondroitin sulfate supplementation.
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Stellavato A, Restaino OF, Vassallo V, Cassese E, Finamore R, Ruosi C, Schiraldi C. Chondroitin Sulfate in USA Dietary Supplements in Comparison to Pharma Grade Products: Analytical Fingerprint and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Human Osteoartritic Chondrocytes and Synoviocytes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050737. [PMID: 34067775 PMCID: PMC8156081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) food supplements (FS), sold in USA against osteoarthritis, might depend on the effective CS and GlcN contents and on the CS structural characteristics. In this paper three USA FS were compared to two pharmaceutical products (Ph). Analyses performed by HPAE-PAD, by HPCE and by SEC-TDA revealed that the CS and GlcN titers were up to −68.8% lower than the contents declared on the labels and that CS of mixed animal origin and variable molecular weights was present together with undesired keratan sulfate. Simulated gastric and intestinal digestions were performed in vitro to evaluate the real CS amount that may reach the gut as biopolymer. Chondrocytes and synoviocytes primary cells derived from human pathological joints were used to assess: cell viability, modulation of the NF-κB, quantification of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP-2), hyaluronate synthase enzyme (HAS-1), pentraxin (PTX-3) and the secreted IL-6 and IL-8 to assess inflammation. Of the three FS tested only one (US FS1) enhanced chondrocytes viability, while all of them supported synoviocytes growth. Although US FS1 proved to be less effective than Ph as it reduced NF-kB, it could not down-regulate COMP-2; HAS-1 was up-regulated but with a lower efficacy. Inflammatory cytokines were markedly reduced by Ph while a slight decrease was only found for US-FS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Stellavato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Cassese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Rosario Finamore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Carlo Ruosi
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery “Federico II” of Naples, A.O.U. Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (O.F.R.); (V.V.); (E.C.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-566-7546
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Mattiuzzo E, Faggian A, Venerando R, Benetti A, Belluzzi E, Abatangelo G, Ruggieri P, Brun P. In Vitro Effects of Low Doses of β-Caryophyllene, Ascorbic Acid and d-Glucosamine on Human Chondrocyte Viability and Inflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:286. [PMID: 33806983 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-caryophyllene (BCP), a plant-derived sesquiterpene, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of BCP in combination with ascorbic acid (AA) and d-glucosamine (GlcN) against macrophage-mediated inflammation on in vitro primary human chondrocytes. Changes in cell viability, intracellular ROS generation, gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagen type II and aggrecan were analyzed in primary human chondrocytes exposed to the conditioned medium (CM) of activated U937 monocytes and subsequently treated with BCP alone or in combination with AA and GlcN. The CM-induced chondrocyte cytotoxicity was reduced by the presence of low doses of BCP alone or in combination with AA and GlcN. The exposure of cells to CM significantly increased IL-1β, NF-κB1 and MMP-13 expression, but when BCP was added to the inflamed cells, alone or in combination with AA and GlcN, gene transcription for all these molecules was restored to near baseline values. Moreover, chondrocytes increased the expression of collagen type II and aggrecan when stimulated with AA and GlcN alone or in combination with BCP. This study showed the synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of BCP, AA and GlcN at low doses on human chondrocyte cultures treated with the CM of activated U937 cells. Moreover, the combination of the three molecules was able to promote the expression of collagen type II and aggrecan. All together, these data could suggest that BCP, AA and GlcN exert a chondro-protective action.
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Mishra S, Ganguli M. Functions of, and replenishment strategies for, chondroitin sulfate in the human body. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1185-1199. [PMID: 33549530 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) belongs to a class of molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These are long, linear chains of polysaccharides comprising alternating amino sugars and hexuronic acid. Similar to other GAGs, CS is important in a multitude of biological activities. Alteration of CS levels has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA) and other inflammatory diseases, as well as physiological conditions, such as aging. Therefore, devising replenishment strategies for this molecule is an important area of research. In this review, we discuss the nature of CS, its function in different organs, and its implications in health and disease. We also describe different methods for the exogenous administration of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Mishra
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Reginster JY, Veronese N. Highly purified chondroitin sulfate: a literature review on clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomic aspects in osteoarthritis treatment. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:37-47. [PMID: 32638342 PMCID: PMC7897612 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease and a major cause of negative relevant outcomes, associated with an ever-increasing societal burden. Pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate (CS) was repeatedly reported to reduce pain and improve function in patients with OA. This article aims to review the evidence for the role of highly purified (hp) CS (Condrosulf®, IBSA) in the treatment of OA. We collected and reported evidence concerning (1) efficacy of hpCS 800 mg/day in the treatment of OA affecting the knee, hand and hip; (2) efficacy and safety of hpCS 1200 mg/day also in the oral gel formulation; (3) the safety profile of hpCS; (4) the difference of hpCS and pharmaceutical-grade formulations versus food supplements; (5) pharmacoeconomic added value of hpCS. The data support that hpCS is an effective and safe treatment of OA, with its effect already evident at 30 days; in addition, its beneficial action is prolonged, being maintained for at least 3 months after the drug is discontinued. Full safety reports’ analyses confirm that CS is safe to use and has almost no side effects, in particular, it showed better gastrointestinal tolerance if compared with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Moreover, the therapeutic strategy has proved to be cost-effective: treatment with CS reduced the use of NSAIDs and their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Reginster
- Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
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Alberto-Silva C, Malheiros FBM, Querobino SM. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, physicochemical and biochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine as supporting information on quality control of raw materials. Futur J Pharm Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GLcN) are recommended for the restoration of the articular cartilage surface in patients affected by osteoarthritis. They are commercialized as pharmaceutical-grade products and as food supplements, and there are reports that they do not undergo the strict quality controls of pharmaceuticals. Herein, we evaluated the physicochemical parameters of two raw materials (CS and GlcN) obtained from two distinct suppliers in Brazil and compare the obtained data with the product specification provided by the manufacturer. Also, the homogeneity and purity grade of samples were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy.
Results
The organoleptic properties and solubility of CS and GlcN samples obtained from pharmacy analyses and the supplier’s specifications are in accordance with the standards required by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). However, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland Altman analysis of pH and the density values of samples are statistically different between the suppliers. In addition, FT-IR analyses indicated that there is non-homogeneity in the CS and GlcN samples tested, showing that both manufacturers distribute the drugs in different concentrations, although both declare the same concentration in the product technical specifications.
Conclusion
In summary, our study demonstrated that physicochemical parameters are insufficient to ensure product quality, and it is necessary to implement a more efficient protocol to ensure the quality of the final product.
Graphical abstract
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Zhang Z, Zha Z, Zhao Z, Liu W, Li W. Lentinan Inhibits AGE-Induced Inflammation and the Expression of Matrix-Degrading Enzymes in Human Chondrocytes. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:2819-2829. [PMID: 32764881 PMCID: PMC7373527 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s243311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Chondrocyte-mediated inflammation is an important pathological component of osteoarthritis (OA) development. There are currently no therapies that completely reverse the development of OA. Lentinan, a type of polysaccharide derived from Lentinus edodes, has been demonstrated to possess significant anti-viral, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, and has been recently used in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases. However, little research has focused on the pharmacological effect of lentinan in human OA. Materials and Methods We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-ROS effects of lentinan in SW1353 chondrocytes treated with AGEs using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the nitro oxide-specific stain DAF-FM DA. The regulatory effects of lentinan on NF-κB and MAPK p38 signaling were investigated via promoter assay and Western blot analysis. Results We found that lentinan inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8 and the secretion of PGE2 and NO, by reducing the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in AGE-challenged chondrocytes. Lentinan also reduces AGE-induced increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1, −3, and −13 (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13). Furthermore, lentinan has a similar effect on a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 and −5 (ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5). Mechanistically, lentinan reduces the activation of NF-κB. Conclusion Our findings indicate that lentinan shows a protective effect against AGE-induced inflammatory response in chondrocytes. These findings suggest that lentinan is a promising agent for the treatment of OA that could be used as a dietary supplement for patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhen Zhang
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqing Zha
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyin Li
- Department of Bone Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, People's Republic of China
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Stellavato A, Abate L, Vassallo V, Donniacuo M, Rinaldi B, Schiraldi C. An in vitro study to assess the effect of hyaluronan-based gels on muscle-derived cells: Highlighting a new perspective in regenerative medicine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236164. [PMID: 32760085 PMCID: PMC7410276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan that has been widely used for biomedical applications. Here, we have analyzed the effect of HA on the rescue of primary cells under stress as well as its potential to recover muscle atrophy and validated the developed model in vitro using primary muscle cells derived from rats. The potentials of different HAs were elucidated through comparative analyses using pharmaceutical grade a) high (HHA) and b) low molecular weight (LHA) hyaluronans, c) hybrid cooperative complexes (HCC) of HA in three experimental set-ups. The cells were characterized based on the expression of myogenin, a muscle-specific biomarker, and the proliferation was analyzed using Time-Lapse Video Microscopy (TLVM). Cell viability in response to H2O2 challenge was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the expression of the superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD-2) was assessed by western blotting. Additionally, in order to establish an in vitro model of atrophy, muscle cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), along with hyaluronans. The expression of Atrogin, MuRF-1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-kB), and Forkhead-box-(Fox)-O-3 (FoxO3a) was evaluated by western blotting to elucidate the molecular mechanism of atrophy. The results showed that HCC and HHA increased cell proliferation by 1.15 and 2.3 folds in comparison to un-treated cells (control), respectively. Moreover, both pre- and post-treatments of HAs restored the cell viability, and the SOD-2 expression was found to be reduced by 1.5 fold in HA-treated cells as compared to the stressed condition. Specifically in atrophic stressed cells, HCC revealed a noteworthy beneficial effect on the myogenic biomarkers indicating that it could be used as a promising platform for tissue regeneration with specific attention to muscle cell protection against stressful agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Stellavato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Via L. De Crecchio, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (CS); (AS)
| | - Lucrezia Abate
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Via L. De Crecchio, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Via L. De Crecchio, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Via L. De Crecchio, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (CS); (AS)
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Russo R, Vassallo V, Stellavato A, Valletta M, Cimini D, Pedone PV, Schiraldi C, Chambery A. Differential Secretome Profiling of Human Osteoarthritic Synoviocytes Treated with Biotechnological Unsulfated and Marine Sulfated Chondroitins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3746. [PMID: 32466468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic slow-acting drugs (SYSADOA) are increasingly used as effective therapies for osteoarthritis, representing an attractive alternative to analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve disease symptoms. Pharmaceutical preparations of chondroitin sulfate, derived from animal sources, alone or in combination with glucosamine sulfate, are widely recognized for their beneficial effect on osteoarthritis treatment. A growing interest has also been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms modulated by SYSADOA using -omic strategies, most of which rely on chondrocytes as a model system. In this work, by using an integrated strategy based on unbiased proteomics and targeted cytokine profiling by a multiplexed protein array, we identified differences in the secretomes of human osteoarthritic synoviocytes in response to biotechnological unsulfated, and marine sulfated chondroitins treatments. The combined strategy allowed the identification of candidate proteins showing both common and distinct regulation responses to the two treatments of chondroitins. These molecules, mainly belonging to ECM proteins, enzymes, enzymatic inhibitors and cytokines, are potentially correlated to treatment outcomes. Overall, the present results provide an integrated overview of protein changes in human osteoarthritic synoviocytes secretome associated to different chondroitin treatments, thus improving current knowledge of the biochemical effects driven by these drugs potentially involved in pathways associated to osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
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17
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Restaino OF, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. High-performance capillary electrophoresis to determine intact keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid in animal origin chondroitin sulfate samples and food supplements. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1740-1748. [PMID: 32357264 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is extracted from animal cartilaginous tissues and is commercialized as active principle against osteoarthritis. Its biological activity depends on its purity grade and could be altered by the presence of other glycosaminoglycans like keratan sulfate that could be contemporarily extracted from animal tissues or like hyaluronic acid that, instead, is added on purpose in food supplements. Although numerous methods are reported in literature for quality control analyses of chondroitin sulfate, few of them are able to detect other glycosaminoglycans. In this paper, for the first time, a new high-performance CE method was set up to quantify the chondroitin sulfate, the eventual keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid as intact chains: five chondroitin sulfate standards and 13 animal origin samples or food supplements from six different suppliers were analyzed. The new method was able to determine keratan sulfate similarly to a previously reported high-performance anion-exchange chromatography method, but in addition it showed the advantage to determine also the hyaluronic acid as never reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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18
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Tang S, Zhou W, Zhong X, Xu J, Huang H, Zheng X, Zhang J, Yang S, Shang P, Tang Q, Liu H. Arctigenin prevents the progression of osteoarthritis by targeting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB axis: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4183-4193. [PMID: 32090454 PMCID: PMC7171400 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), which is principally featured by progressive joint metabolic imbalance and subsequent degeneration of articular cartilage, is a common chronic joint disease. Arctigenin (ATG), a dietary phyto-oestrogen, has been described to have potent anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, its protective effects on OA have not been clearly established. The target of our following study is to evaluate the protective effects of ATG on IL-1β-induced human OA chondrocytes and mouse OA model. Our results revealed that the ATG pre-treatment effectively decreases the level of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitrous oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in IL-1β-induced human chondrocytes. In addition, ATG protects against the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) under the stimulation of IL-1β and the possible mechanism might be connected with the inactivation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) axis. Furthermore, a powerful binding capacity between ATG and PI3K was also uncovered in our molecular docking research. Meanwhile, ATG may act as a protector on the mouse OA model. Collectively, all these findings suggest that ATG could be utilized as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianchen Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huasong Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinnan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingkang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuyue Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ping Shang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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