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Lee J, Miri S, Bayro A, Kim M, Jeong H, Yeo WH. Biosignal-integrated robotic systems with emerging trends in visual interfaces: A systematic review. Biophys Rev (Melville) 2024; 5:011301. [PMID: 38510371 PMCID: PMC10903439 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interfaces (HMI) are currently a trendy and rapidly expanding area of research. Interestingly, the human user does not readily observe the interface between humans and machines. Instead, interactions between the machine and electrical signals from the user's body are obscured by complex control algorithms. The result is effectively a one-way street, wherein data is only transmitted from human to machine. Thus, a gap remains in the literature: how can information be effectively conveyed to the user to enable mutual understanding between humans and machines? Here, this paper reviews recent advancements in biosignal-integrated wearable robotics, with a particular emphasis on "visualization"-the presentation of relevant data, statistics, and visual feedback to the user. This review article covers various signals of interest, such as electroencephalograms and electromyograms, and explores novel sensor architectures and key materials. Recent developments in wearable robotics are examined from control and mechanical design perspectives. Additionally, we discuss current visualization methods and outline the field's future direction. While much of the HMI field focuses on biomedical and healthcare applications, such as rehabilitation of spinal cord injury and stroke patients, this paper also covers less common applications in manufacturing, defense, and other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Miri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Allison Bayro
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Heejin Jeong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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2
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Lee M, Kim J, Khine MT, Kim S, Gandla S. Facile Transfer of Spray-Coated Ultrathin AgNWs Composite onto the Skin for Electrophysiological Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2467. [PMID: 37686975 PMCID: PMC10489915 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Disposable wearable sensors that ultrathin and conformable to the skin are of significant interest as affordable and easy-to-use devices for short-term recording. This study presents a facile and low-cost method for transferring spray-coated silver nanowire (AgNW) composite films onto human skin using glossy paper (GP) and liquid bandages (LB). Due to the moderately hydrophobic and rough surface of the GP, the ultrathin AgNWs composite film (~200 nm) was easily transferred onto human skin. The AgNW composite films conformally attached to the skin when applied with a LB, resulting in the stable and continuous recording of wearable electrophysiological signals, including electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electrooculogram (EOG). The volatile LB, deposited on the skin via spray coating, promoted rapid adhesion of the transferred AgNW composite films, ensuring stability to the AgNWs in external environments. The AgNWs composite supported with the LB film exhibited high water vapor breathability (~28 gm-2h-1), which can avoid the accumulation of sweat at the skin-sensor interface. This approach facilitates the creation of rapid, low-cost, and disposable tattoo-like sensors that are practical for extended use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.T.K.)
| | - Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.T.K.)
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3
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Mu C, Wang Y, Mei D, Wang S. Development of robotic hand tactile sensing system for distributed contact force sensing in robotic dexterous multimodal grasping. Int J Intell Robot Appl. [DOI: 10.1007/s41315-022-00260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jin L, Liu Z, Altintas M, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Yao S, Fan Y, Li Y. Wearable Piezoelectric Airflow Transducers for Human Respiratory and Metabolic Monitoring. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2281-2292. [PMID: 35868024 PMCID: PMC9425556 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of respiration and metabolism measurement in daily life, they are not widely available to ordinary people because of sophisticated and expensive equipment. Here, we first report a straightforward and economical approach to monitoring respiratory function and metabolic rate using a wearable piezoelectric airflow transducer (WPAT). A self-shielded bend sensor is designed by sticking two uniaxially drawn piezoelectric poly l-lactic acid films with different cutting angles, and then the bend sensor is mounted on one end of a plastic tube to engineer the WPAT. The airflow sensing principle of the WPAT is theoretically determined through finite element simulation, and the WPAT is calibrated with a pulse calibration method. We prove that the WPAT has similar accuracy (correlation coefficient >0.99) to a pneumotachometer in respiratory flow and lung volume assessment. We demonstrate metabolism measurement using the WPAT and the relationship between minute volume and metabolic rates via human wear trials. The mean difference of measured metabolic rates between the WPAT and a Biopac indirect calorimeter is 0.015 kcal/min, which shows comparable performance. Significantly, unlike the Biopac indirect calorimeter with an airflow sensor, an oxygen gas sensor, and a carbon dioxide gas sensor, we merely use the simple-structured WPAT to measure metabolism. Thus, we expect the WPAT technology to provide a precise, convenient, and cost-effective respiratory and metabolic monitoring solution for next-generation medical home care applications and wearable healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Zekun Liu
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mucahit Altintas
- Computer
and Informatics Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Zhangchi Liu
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Sirui Yao
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Yi Li
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.,College
of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an
Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China,
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5
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Meng K, Xiao X, Wei W, Chen G, Nashalian A, Shen S, Xiao X, Chen J. Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2109357. [PMID: 35044014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Meng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022, China
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ardo Nashalian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Sophia Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Kumar P, Šilhavík M, Zafar ZA, Červenka J. Contact resistance based tactile sensor using covalently cross-linked graphene aerogels. Nanoscale 2022; 14:1440-1451. [PMID: 35018956 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06893h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A movable electrical contact between two materials is one of the most fundamental, simple, and common components in electronics that is used for binary control of a conducting path in an electrical circuit. Here, variable contact resistance between a highly elastic graphene aerogel and a rigid metal electrode is used for the analysis of non-binary pushing and pulling mechanical forces acting on the contact, enabling superior strain and pressure measurements. The variable contact resistance based electromechanical sensors demonstrate superfast, ultrasensitive and quantitative measurements of compressive and tensile stress from -1.18 MPa to 0.55 MPa. The sensors can operate over the temperature range of -60 to 100 °C, cover the whole skin and human motion range, and determine the weight of a grasped object. The measurement of such high forces has only been possible due to the high-temperature induced covalent cross-linking of graphene in the aerogel that provides high strength, durability, and fast response (<0.5 ms) to the sensing element. The study demonstrates the great potential of the contact resistance-controlled sensing, which enables high-precision and reliable measurement of strain and pressure over a remarkable large sensing range, providing new opportunities for applications in human-machine interfaces, robotics, flexible electronics, and haptic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague - 162 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Šilhavík
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague - 162 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Zahid Ali Zafar
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague - 162 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Červenka
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague - 162 00, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Elemental two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for energy and catalysis applications due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. These materials are advantageous in offering massive surface-to-volume ratios, favorable transport properties, intriguing physicochemical properties, and confinement effects resulting from the 2D ultrathin structure. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in emerging energy and catalysis applications based on beyond-graphene elemental 2D materials. First, we briefly introduce the general classification, structure, and properties of elemental 2D materials and the new advances in material preparation. We then discuss various applications in energy harvesting and storage, including solar cells, piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators, thermoelectric devices, batteries, and supercapacitors. We further discuss the explorations of beyond-graphene elemental 2D materials for electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the future development of elemental 2D materials in energy and catalysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Fan
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. .,Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ruoxing Wang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. .,Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA. .,Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Abstract
This paper presents a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation model of a soft pneumatic actuator (SPA). Previous research on modelling and simulation of SPAs mostly involves finite element modelling (FEM), in which the fluid pressure is considered as pressure load uniformly acting on the internal walls of the actuator. However, FEM modelling does not capture the physics of the fluid flow inside an SPA. An accurate modelling of the physical behaviour of an SPA requires a two-way FSI analysis that captures and transfers information from fluid to solid and vice versa. Furthermore, the investigation of the fluid flow inside the flow channels and chambers of the actuator are vital for an understanding of the fluid energy distribution and the prediction of the actuator performance. The FSI modelling is implemented on a typical SPA and the flow behaviour inside the actuator is presented. Moreover, the bending behaviour of the SPA from the FSI simulation results is compared with a corresponding FEM simulation.
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Won Y, Lee JJ, Shin J, Lee M, Kim S, Gandla S. Biocompatible, Transparent, and High-Areal-Coverage Kirigami PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for Electrooculography-Derived Human-Machine Interactions. ACS Sens 2021; 6:967-975. [PMID: 33470797 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin sensors prepared from biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric materials significantly benefit the research and scientific community, as they can reduce the amount of effort required for e-waste management by deteriorating or dissolving into the environment without pollution. Herein, we report the use of polylactic acid (PLA)-a promising plant-based bioplastic-and highly transparent, conductive, biocompatible, and flexible poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) materials to fabricate kirigami-based stretchable on-skin electrophysiological sensors via a low-cost and rapid laser cutting technique. The sensor stack with PEDOT:PSS and PLA layers exhibited high transparency (>85%) in the wavelength range of 400-700 nm and stay attached conformally to the skin for several hours without adverse effects. The Y-shaped kirigami motifs inspired by the microcracked gold film endowed the sensor with attributes such as high areal coverage (∼85%), breathability (∼40 g m-2 h-1), and multidirectional stretchability. The sensor has been successfully applied to monitor electrophysiological signals and demonstrated with an eye movement-supported communication interface for controlling home electronic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoochan Won
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jonghwan Shin
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Gong D, Pei M, He R, Yu J. An extended state observer-based full-order sliding mode control for robotic joint actuated by antagonistic pneumatic artificial muscles. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2021; 18:172988142098603. [DOI: 10.1177/1729881420986036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are expected to play an important role in endowing the advanced robot with the compliant manipulation, which is very important for a robot to coexist and cooperate with humans. However, the strong nonlinear characteristics of PAMs hinder its wide application in robots, and therefore, advanced control algorithms are urgently needed for making the best use of the advantages and bypassing the disadvantages of PAMs. In this article, we propose a full-order sliding mode control extended state observer (fSMC-ESO) algorithm that combines the ESO and the fSMC for a robotic joint actuated by a pair of antagonistic PAMs. The fSMC is employed to eliminate the chattering and to guarantee the finite-time convergence, and the ESO is adopted to observe both the total disturbance and the states of the robot system, so that we can inhibit the disturbance and compensate the nonlinearity efficiently. Both simulations and physical experiments are conducted to validate the proposed method. We suggest that the proposed method can be applied to the robotic systems actuated by PAMs and remarkably improve the performance of the robot system.
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Li F, Hu R. Metamaterials-Enabled Sensing for Human-Machine Interfacing. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 21:E161. [PMID: 33383751 DOI: 10.3390/s21010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our modern lives have been radically revolutionized by mechanical or electric machines that redefine and recreate the way we work, communicate, entertain, and travel. Whether being perceived or not, human-machine interfacing (HMI) technologies have been extensively employed in our daily lives, and only when the machines can sense the ambient through various signals, they can respond to human commands for finishing desired tasks. Metamaterials have offered a great platform to develop the sensing materials and devices from different disciplines with very high accuracy, thus enabling the great potential for HMI applications. For this regard, significant progresses have been achieved in the recent decade, but haven’t been reviewed systematically yet. In the Review, we introduce the working principle, state-of-the-art sensing metamaterials, and the corresponding enabled HMI applications. For practical HMI applications, four kinds of signals are usually used, i.e., light, heat, sound, and force, and therefore the progresses in these four aspects are discussed in particular. Finally, the future directions for the metamaterials-based HMI applications are outlined and discussed.
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Dinh Le TS, An J, Huang Y, Vo Q, Boonruangkan J, Tran T, Kim SW, Sun G, Kim YJ. Ultrasensitive Anti-Interference Voice Recognition by Bio-Inspired Skin-Attachable Self-Cleaning Acoustic Sensors. ACS Nano 2019; 13:13293-13303. [PMID: 31687810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human voice recognition systems (VRSs) are a prerequisite for voice-controlled human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In order to avoid interference from unexpected background noises, skin-attachable VRSs are proposed to directly detect physiological mechanoacoustic signals based on the vibrations of vocal cords. However, the sensitivity and response time of existing VRSs are bottlenecks for efficient HMIs. In addition, water-based contaminants in our daily lives, such as skin moisture and raindrops, normally result in performance degradation or even functional failure of VRSs. Herein, we present a skin-attachable self-cleaning ultrasensitive and ultrafast acoustic sensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane composite film with bioinspired microcracks and hierarchical surface textures. Benefitting from the synergetic effect of the spider-slit-organ-like multiscale jagged microcracks and the lotus-leaf-like hierarchical structures, our superhydrophobic VRS exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor, GF = 8699), an ultralow detection limit (ε = 0.000 064%), an ultrafast response/recovery behavior, an excellent device durability (>10 000 cycles), and reliable detection of acoustic vibrations over the audible frequency range (20-20 000 Hz) with high signal-to-noise ratios. These superb performances endow our skin-attachable VRS with anti-interference perception of human voices with high precision even in noisy environments, which will expedite the voice-controlled HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Son Dinh Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Quoc Vo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jeeranan Boonruangkan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
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Xiao L, Zhu C, Xiong W, Huang Y, Yin Z. The Conformal Design of an Island-Bridge Structure on a Non-Developable Surface for Stretchable Electronics. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E392. [PMID: 30424325 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Conformal design of the island-bridge structure is the key to construct high-performance inorganic stretchable electronics that can be conformally transferred to non-developable surfaces. Former studies in conformal problems of epidermal electronics are mainly focused on soft surfaces that can adapt to the deformation of the electronics, which are not suitable for applications in hard, non-developable surfaces because of their loose surface constraints. In this paper, the conformal design problem for the island-bridge structure on a hard, non-developable surface was studied, including the critical size for island and stiffness and the demand for stretchability for the bridge. Firstly, the conformal model for an island on a part of torus surface was established to determine the relationship between the maximum size of the island and the curvatures of the surface. By combining the principle of energy minimization and the limit of material failure, a critical non-dimensional width for conformability was given for the island as a function of its thickness and interfacial adhesion energy, and the ratio of two principal curvatures of the surface. Then, the dependency of the tensile stiffness of the bridge on its geometric parameters was studied by finite element analysis (FEA) to guide the deterministic assembly of the islands on the surface. Finally, the location-dependent demands for the stretchability of the bridges were given by geometric mapping. This work will provide a design rule for stretchable electronics that fully conforms to the non-developable surface.
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