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Karamitsos TD, Karvounis H. Magnetic resonance imaging is a safe technique in patients with prosthetic heart valves and coronary stents. Hellenic J Cardiol 2019; 60:38-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
Echocardiography and fluoroscopy are the main techniques for prosthetic heart valve (PHV) evaluation, but because of specific limitations they may not identify the morphological substrate or the extent of PHV pathology. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have emerged as new potential imaging modalities for valve prostheses. We present an overview of the possibilities and pitfalls of CT and MRI for PHV assessment based on a systematic literature review of all experimental and patient studies. For this, a comprehensive systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase on March 24, 2015, containing CT/MRI and PHV synonyms. Our final selection yielded 82 articles on surgical valves. CT allowed adequate assessment of most modern PHVs and complemented echocardiography in detecting the obstruction cause (pannus or thrombus), bioprosthesis calcifications, and endocarditis extent (valve dehiscence and pseudoaneurysms). No clear advantage over echocardiography was found for the detection of vegetations or periprosthetic regurgitation. Whereas MRI metal artifacts may preclude direct prosthesis analysis, MRI provided information on PHV-related flow patterns and velocities. MRI demonstrated abnormal asymmetrical flow patterns in PHV obstruction and allowed prosthetic regurgitation assessment. Hence, CT shows great clinical relevance as a complementary imaging tool for the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected PHV obstruction and endocarditis. MRI shows potential for functional PHV assessment although more studies are required to provide diagnostic reference values to allow discrimination of normal from pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Suchá
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Petr Symersky
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - W. Tanis
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Willem P.Th.M. Mali
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Tim Leiner
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Lex A. van Herwerden
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Ricardo P.J. Budde
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
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Müllerleile K, Kolb C, Rittger H, Rybak K, Tillmans C, Wiegand U, Sechtem U, Kelm M, Schulz-menger J. Passive kardiovaskuläre Implantate in der Magnetresonanztomographie: Stellungnahme der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie – Herz- und Kreislaufforschung zur Sicherheit der Magnetresonanztomographie. Kardiologe 2015; 9:303-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12181-015-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Edwards MB, Mclean J, Solomonidis S, Condon B, Gourlay T. In vitro assessment of the Lenz effect on heart valve prostheses at 1.5 T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:74-82. [PMID: 24436215 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing numbers of patients with cardiac valve prostheses are being referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) despite concerns about the potential for functional valve impedance due to Lenz forces. This study aims to determine, in vitro, the occurrence of Lenz forces on 9 heart valve prostheses at 1.5 T and assess the risk of impedance of valve function. MATERIALS AND METHODS A specially designed hydro-pneumatic system was used to record pressure changes across the valve indicative of any MR induced alteration in leaflet performance. Nine cardiac valve prostheses were exposed to the B0 field at 1.5 T. Each valve was advanced through the B0 field and continuous signals from high frequency pressure transducers were recorded and pressure drops across the valve were assessed using time correction superimposition. The delta p across the valve was assessed as a marker of any MRI induced alteration in leaflet performance. RESULTS All prostheses produced sinusoidal waveforms. Profiles were asymmetrical and there was no consistency in complex shape and valve type/sub-group. Irregularities in pressure profiles of 4 prostheses were detected indicating resistance of the occluder to the B0 field. CONCLUSION This study provides empirical evidence of the Lenz Effect on cardiac valve prostheses exposed to the MR B0 field causing functional valve impedance and increasing the risk of valvular regurgitation and reduced cardiac output. Thus, it is essential to consider the potential for the Lenz Effect when scanning cardiac valve implant patients in order to safeguard their wellbeing.
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Baikoussis NG, Apostolakis E, Papakonstantinou NA, Sarantitis I, Dougenis D. Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Implanted Cardiac Prostheses and Metallic Cardiovascular Electronic Devices. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:2006-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:2614-62. [PMID: 20513610 PMCID: PMC3042771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2010; 121:2462-508. [PMID: 20479157 PMCID: PMC3034132 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d44a8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Levine GN, Gomes AS, Arai AE, Bluemke DA, Flamm SD, Kanal E, Manning WJ, Martin ET, Smith JM, Wilke N, Shellock FS. Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiovascular devices: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation 2007; 116:2878-91. [PMID: 18025533 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.187256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging over the past 2 decades have led to MR becoming an increasingly attractive imaging modality. With the growing number of patients treated with permanent implanted or temporary cardiovascular devices, it is becoming ever more important to clarify safety issues in regard to the performance of MR examinations in patients with these devices. Extensive, although not complete, ex vivo, animal, and clinical data are available from which to generate recommendations regarding the safe performance of MR examination in patients with cardiovascular devices, as well as to ascertain caveats and contraindications regarding MR examination for such patients. Safe MR imaging involves a careful initial patient screening, accurate determination of the permanent implanted or temporary cardiovascular device and its properties, a thoughtful analysis of the risks and benefits of performing the examination at that time, and, when indicated, appropriate physician management and supervision. This scientific statement is intended to summarize and clarify issues regarding the safety of MR imaging in patients with cardiovascular devices.
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Abstract
Given the advances of MRI and cardiovascular technology, it is becoming increasingly likely that a patient with a cardiovascular device will be a candidate for an MRI procedure. However, many cardiac devices are currently considered to be contraindicated in the MR environment. This may prove to be a significant public health problem as many patients in need of MRI are denied the procedure because of the presence of a cardiovascular device. However, research studies have shown that with proper precautions and technique patients with cardiac devices can undergo successful MRI safely on the current platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Martin
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Oklahoma Heart Institute, 9228 S. Mingo Road, Tulsa, OK 74133, USA.
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Edwards MB, Ordidge RJ, Thomas DL, Hand JW, Taylor KM. Translational and rotational forces on heart valve prostheses subjected ex vivo to a 4.7-T MR system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:653-9. [PMID: 12451578 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the magnetic field interactions on 60 heart valve prostheses subjected to a 4.7 T MR system. It addresses the question of whether heart valves deemed safe at 1.5 T may pose safety hazards as patients are exposed to increased static magnetic fields. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ex vivo testing was performed to evaluate translational and rotational forces on 60 heart valves using previously described techniques. RESULTS Translational forces were detected on 58 heart valves ranging from 0.5 degrees to 7.5 degrees. Seven valves exhibited paramagnetic/weakly ferromagnetic behavior, and 51 valves exhibited diamagnetic behavior. Rotational forces were observed for 46 valves. CONCLUSIONS Criteria previously used for safety assessment of heart valve prostheses and expressed in terms of magnetic forces suggest the forces observed in this study are compatible with the safe use of these valves in magnetic resonance (MR) systems with static fields up to 4.7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Benedicta Edwards
- United Kingdom Heart Valve Registry, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Scott RP. Our contributions: scholarship revisited. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:S30–54. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:670-672. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)02934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use ex vivo testing techniques to determine the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) safety aspects for 32 different heart valve prostheses that had not been evaluated previously in association with the 1.5-T MR environment. Ex vivo testing was performed using previously described techniques for the evaluation of magnetic field interactions (deflection angle and torque), heating [gel-filled phantom and fluoroptic thermometry; 15 minutes of MRI at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.1 W/kg], and artifacts (using gradient echo and T1-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences). Thirteen heart valve prostheses displayed interactions with the magnetic field. However, these magnetic field interactions were considered relatively minor. Heating was < or =0.8 degrees C for these implants. Artifacts varied from mild to severe depending on the amount and type of metal used to make the particular heart valve prosthesis. For these 32 different heart valve prostheses, the relative lack of substantial magnetic field interactions and negligible heating indicate that MR procedures may be conducted safely in individuals with these implants using MR systems with static magnetic fields of 1.5 T or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Edwards
- United Kingdom Heart Valve Registry, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Maintaining a safe MR environment is a daily challenge for MR healthcare workers, especially in consideration of the increasing number of clinical MR applications and the large and growing variety of biomedical implants and devices that are currently used in patients. This review article presents policies and procedures that should be used to screen all patients and individuals before allowing them to enter the magnetic resonance (MR) environment. Information pertaining to MR safety and the relative risk factors for implants, devices and materials is discussed. A comprehensive pre-MRI procedure screening form that is recommended for use by MR facilities is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sawyer-Glover
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Several magnetic resonance imaging methods for measuring blood flow have greatly enhanced the capability of magnetic resonance imaging as a physiologic tool in cardiology. This article concentrates on phase-related techniques. Magnetic resonance velocity mapping is a flexible, robust, and accurate method of obtaining functional information in the cardiovascular system. It has the potential to contribute significantly to clinical decision making, and it should be a routine part of cardiovascular imaging whenever information on flow is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mohiaddin
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
With development of cine and velocity encoded magnetic resonance imaging, it is now feasible to detect and quantify aortic and mitral stenosis and regurgitation accurately. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging has the capabilities to assess simultaneously left and right ventricular mass, volumes, and function precisely. The high accuracy and reproducibility of magnetic resonance imaging in quantification of regurgitation and ventricular function has the potential to provide improved monitoring of therapy and optimal timing of surgery in patients with valvular dysfunction. In comparison to echocardiography and angiography, some current limitations of magnetic resonance imaging to an integrated approach of valvular heart disease exist, which may be removed with future refinement of magnetic resonance imaging technology for cardiovascular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wyttenbach
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques can be employed to depict valvular abnormalities but are especially helpful in quantifying regurgitant or stenotic lesions which cannot be quantitatively assessed by other noninvasive techniques. Gradient echo techniques and phase velocity mapping are the most important magnetic resonance pulse sequences employed for these purposes. Valvular regurgitation can be quantitated by measuring the area of signal void on conventional gradient-echo images, by calculating stroke volume differences from k-space segmented gradient echo images, by measuring the proximal convergence zone from velocity encoded images or by comparing stroke volumes of the ventricles from velocity measurements. In contrast to this variety of possibilities in regurgitant lesions, stenotic lesions can only be quantitated by using velocity mapping techniques. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to assess myocardial metabolism in chronic valvular lesions. However, this tool needs further development and more clinical data before its use can be recommended to assess the necessity and optimal timing of surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vongpatanasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Di Cesare E, Enrici RM, Paparoni S, Castaldo F, Alagia MG, Splendiani A, Bottone A, Lupattelli L. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of mechanical and biological heart valve function. Eur J Radiol 1995; 20:224-8. [PMID: 8536756 DOI: 10.1016/0720-048x(95)00656-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been frequently considered unsafe for patients with ferromagnetic implants: risks to be considered include induction of electric current, heating and dislocation of the prosthesis. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated the possibility of performing MRI examinations on patients with prosthetic heart valves. The aim of our study was to verify the presence of artifacts at the level of the prosthetic heart valve in vivo using a low-field MR unit (0.2 T) and to define the possibility of a functional analysis of the valve in patients with biomedical or mechanical prostheses. We evaluated 14 patients surgically treated for implantation of nine biological and seven mechanical aortic and mitral valves. A low-field MR unit (0.2 T) was employed using cine-MR technique on long- and short-axis view. The images were acquired on planes parallel and perpendicular to the valvular plane. Semiquantitative analysis with double-blind evaluation for definition of the extent of the artifact was performed. Three classes of artifacts were distinguished from minimal to significant. The examinations showed the presence of minimal artifacts in all biological heart valves and moderate artifacts in mechanical valves giving good qualitative data on blood flow near the valve. Analysis of the flow behind the valve showed signs of normal function in 13 prostheses and pathological findings in the remaining three. In these latter cases, MRI was able to define the presence of a pathologic aortic pressure gradient, mitral insufficiency and malpositioning of the mitral valve causing subvalvular turbulence. Nevertheless, we believe that the application of velocity-encoding cine-MR is more promising than semiquantitative analysis of artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Di Cesare
- Department of Radiology, University of L'Aquila, Ospedale SM di Collemaggio, Italy
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Abstract
Coronary artery stents have been developed to overcome arterial abrupt closure and restenosis following balloon angioplasty. Complications of stent insertion include loss of the device from its delivery system into the peripheral circulation. Certain types of stents are almost radiolucent, making localization of the lost devices difficult. Nonferromagnetic metallic biomedical implants induce alteration of the local magnetic field and this leads to loss of signal from the surrounding tissues. We have used this property to localize a misplaced coronary artery stent in a 53-year-old man who underwent unsuccessful stent insertion. A 0.5 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner was used to acquire gradient-echo and spin-echo images. An in vitro experiment was first carried out on a stent similar to that used in our patient to establish that it was nonferromagnetic and to determine the optimum imaging technique. Gradient-echo images with a relatively long echo time (22 ms) gave the largest area of signal loss around the stent, and this sequence was used for localization of the stent found in the patient's left profunda femoris artery. This was subsequently confirmed by digital radiography. We have demonstrated the convenience and practicality of using magnetic resonance imaging for the localization of a misplaced coronary artery stent in a patient. The technique is safe, noninvasive, and uses no ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mohiaddin
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton National Heart & Lung Hospitals, London, England
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Abstract
MRI has developed very rapidly and now provides anatomic and functional information in cases of valvular heart disease. MRI has several important attributes that make it advantageous for the evaluation of valvular heart disease. First, the natural contrast between flowing blood and surrounding cardiovascular structures provides sharp delineation of endocardial and epicardial borders without the need for contrast media. This feature in combination with the essential three-dimensional nature of this imaging technique allows precise quantification of cardiac volumes, function, and mass without the use of any assumed formulas or geometric models. Second, blood flow-sensitive GRE techniques are able to identify areas of turbulent flow caused by stenotic or regurgitant valves. With this technique regurgitant jets can be visualized and semiquantitative grading can be performed as with color Doppler. Third, recently developed velocity-encoded techniques permit measurements of blood flow velocities across stenotic native and prosthetic heart valves and retrograde flow caused by regurgitation. Moreover, the close interstudy reproducibility of measurements of cardiac dimensions and valvular regurgitation suggests a role in assessing the effect of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Globits
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco
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Shellock FG, Morisoli SM. Ex vivo evaluation of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts produced by heart valve prostheses exposed to a 1.5-T MR system. J Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 4:756-8. [PMID: 7981523 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo testing techniques were used to determine the ferromagnetic qualities of, presence of heating in, and artifacts produced by 13 different heart valve prostheses exposed to a 1.5-T (64-MHz) magnetic resonance (MR) system. None of the heart valve prostheses showed a measurable deflection in the 1.5-T static magnetic field. Only minimal artifacts were produced during MR imaging with a fast spoiled GRASS (gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state) pulse sequence. The largest temperature changes measured during a "worst case" MR imaging sequence (estimated average specific absorption rate, 2.5 W/kg; estimated spatial peak specific absorption rate, 7.6 W/kg) were +0.2 degree C with the implant imaged "in air" and +0.3 degrees C with the implant imaged in normal saline. Therefore, MR procedures performed with a 1.5-T (64-MHz) MR system may be performed safely in patients with any of the 13 different heart valve prostheses evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mohiaddin
- Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Hospital, Magnetic Resonance Unit, London, UK
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Kilner PJ, Manzara CC, Mohiaddin RH, Pennell DJ, Sutton MG, Firmin DN, Underwood SR, Longmore DB. Magnetic resonance jet velocity mapping in mitral and aortic valve stenosis. Circulation 1993; 87:1239-48. [PMID: 8462150 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance (MR) phase-shift velocity mapping is an established method for measurement of nonturbulent intravascular flow. Shortening the echo time of the MR sequence to 3.6 msec allowed application of the technique to turbulent jet flow. The objective of this study was validation of MR jet velocity mapping in patients with cardiac valve stenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a 0.5-T Picker MR machine to measure peak poststenotic jet velocity in 15 consecutive patients recruited with known valve disease (six mitral stenosis, three of these restudied after valvoplasty, and 11 aortic stenosis). On the same day as the MR study, these patients underwent independent Doppler echocardiographic measurement of peak jet velocity. The results of 10 further MR investigations of aortic stenosis are also reported and compared with Doppler studies performed within 6 months. Of the 29 MR studies, 28 (97%) produced interpretable velocity maps, the one failure being attributed to misplacement of the imaging slice in a case of severe aortic stenosis. Agreement between MR and Doppler measurements of peak jet velocity in the recruited group was as follows: n = 18; range, 1.4-6.1 m/sec; mean, 3 m/sec; mean of differences (MR-Doppler), 0.23 m/sec; standard deviation of differences, 0.49 m/sec. CONCLUSIONS In vivo MR peak jet velocity measurements agree well with those made by Doppler ultrasound. The technique, which is not subject to restricted windows of access and has potential for further refinements, could contribute to improved evaluation of stenoses, especially at locations where ultrasonic access is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Kilner
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
To determine the diagnostic value of cineradiography of mechanical heart valves, 112 cinefluoroscopic studies were performed in 76 patients with 95 valve prostheses (caged ball or disk valves, tilting disk and bileaflet valves). A patient group (n = 45) presenting with clinical or echocardiographic findings suggestive of valve-related complications was compared with a control group (n = 31) without such symptoms. Disk-opening angles (mean +/- SD) for Medtronic Hall aortic valves were found to be significantly smaller (62.8 +/- 11.1 degrees) in patients than in control subjects (73.9 +/- 1.6 degrees; p < 0.05). Tissue ingrowth or thrombus formation, or both, demonstrated in 3 patients on subsequent reoperation, are considered as the main cause of incomplete or asymmetric disk opening. Opening and closing times did not differ significantly between patients and control subjects. Besides abnormal valve motion, structural defects such as strut fracture or leaflet escape could be rapidly detected by cineradiography if x-ray projections according to the particular valve design were used. Together with quantitative Doppler echocardiographic and clinical data, this method can help to give specific answers if the question is to either confirm or exclude imminent or acute valve malfunction. Thus, modern cineradiography is a highly valuable noninvasive diagnostic tool for both rapid management of emergency cases and routine follow-up of patients with mechanical heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vogel
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Abstract
Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) generate high resolution tomographic cardiac images. Ultrafast CT requires intravenous injection of x-ray contrast combined with an image acquisition time of 50 msec. MRI requires no contrast injection, but has relatively long acquisition times due to gating. Both technologies can be used to evaluate cardiac chamber and great vessel dimensions, intracardiac and extracardiac masses, ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular mass, congenital heart disease, regional and global left ventricular function, right ventricular function and pericardium. MRI is highly useful for detection and semi-quantitation of valvular regurgitation while ultrafast CT is not. Aortic and mitral valve stenosis can be detected by both, but MRI is the preferred study. Though both techniques can be used to assess coronary artery bypass graft status, ultrafast CT is the preferred method. It is concluded that ultrafast CT and MRI have broad applications for cardiac diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M MacMillan
- Department of Medicine, Hahnemann University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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Deutsch HJ, Bachmann R, Sechtem U, Curtius JM, Jungehülsing M, Schicha H, Hilger HH. Regurgitant flow in cardiac valve prostheses: diagnostic value of gradient echo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in reference to transesophageal two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19:1500-7. [PMID: 1593045 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gradient echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and transesophageal two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography are flow-sensitive techniques that have been used in the diagnosis and grading of valvular regurgitation. To define the diagnostic value of gradient echo NMR imaging in the detection of regurgitant flow in cardiac valve prostheses and the differentiation of physiologic leakage flow from pathologic transvalvular or paravalvular leakage flow, 47 patients with 55 valve prostheses were examined. Color Doppler transesophageal echocardiography was used for comparison. Surgical confirmation of findings was obtained in 11 patients with 13 valve prostheses. Gradient echo NMR imaging showed regurgitant flow in 37 of 43 valves with a jet seen on transesophageal echocardiography and it detected physiologic leakage flow in 4 additional valves. There was 96% agreement between the two methods in distinguishing between physiologic and pathologic leakage flow. The methods differed on jet origin of pathologic leakage flow in six prostheses. The degree of regurgitation was graded by both NMR imaging and transesophageal echocardiography, according to the area of the regurgitant jet visualized; gradings were identical for 75% of valve prostheses. Quantification of jet length and area showed a good correlation between the two methods (r = 0.85 and r = 0.91, respectively). Gradient echo NMR imaging is a useful noninvasive technique for the detection, localization and estimation of regurgitant flow in cardiac valve prostheses. However, because transesophageal echocardiography is less time-consuming and less expensive, gradient echo NMR imaging is unlikely to displace transesophageal echocardiography and should be used only in the occasional patient who cannot be adequately imaged by echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Deutsch
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, University of Cologne, Germany
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kanal
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh NMR Institute, Pennsylvania 15213
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Canter CE, Gutierrez FR, Molina P, Hartmann AF, Spray TL. Noninvasive diagnosis of right-sided extracardiac conduit obstruction by combined magnetic resonance imaging and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(19)36705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- E E van der Wall
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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