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Ding F, Qian B, Zhao X, Shen S, Deng Y, Wang D, Zhang F, Sui Z, Jing P. VPPIPP and IPPVPP: two hexapeptides innovated to exert antihypertensive activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62384. [PMID: 23638059 PMCID: PMC3640069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two hexapeptides of IPPVPP and VPPIPP were innovated by using two commercial antihypertensive peptides IPP and VPP as two domains cis-linked and trans-linked, respectively. The IPPVPP and VPPIPP were chemically synthesized and evaluated for the antihypertensive activity in vitro/vivo. The in vitro ACE-inhibitory study showed that VPPIPP (34.71 ± 4.38%) has a significantly stronger activity than that of IPPVPP (13.17 ± 0.25%) at a treatment concentration of 10 µmol/L, but it was weaker than the commercial IPP (56.97 ± 2.40%) (P<0.05). However, VPPIPP, IPPVPP, and IPP lowered the systolic blood pressure by 21 ± 0.9%, 17.4 ± 1.3% and 17.5 ± 0.9%, respectively, in rats at 1.5 mg/kg body weight dosage. The result was consistent with the mRNA level of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+), Mg(2+) -ATPase Gene (SERCA 2a) in rat hearts. Additionally, VPPIPP and IPPVPP showed no negative impact on blood glycometabolism. The results suggested that the two hexapeptides could be potent bioactive peptides in functional foods for people with high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Ding
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingjun Qian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bor Luh Food Safety Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BQ); (PJ)
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqi Shen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bor Luh Food Safety Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bor Luh Food Safety Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bor Luh Food Safety Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Jing
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Bor Luh Food Safety Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BQ); (PJ)
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Ovadia O, Greenberg S, Laufer B, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Improvement of drug-like properties of peptides: the somatostatin paradigm. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:655-71. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.493935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fernández D, Pallarès I, Vendrell J, Avilés FX. Progress in metallocarboxypeptidases and their small molecular weight inhibitors. Biochimie 2010; 92:1484-500. [PMID: 20466032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In what corresponds to a life span, metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) have jumped from being mere contaminants in animal pancreas powders (in depression year 1929) to be key players in cellular and molecular processes (in yet-another-depression years 2009-2010). MCPs are unique zinc-dependent enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the amide bond at the C-terminus of peptide and protein substrates and participate in the recovery of dietary amino acids, tissue organogenesis, neurohormone and cytokine maturation and other important physiological processes. More than 26 genes code for MCPs in the human genome, many of them still waiting to be fully understood in terms of physiological function. A variety of MCPs have been linked to diseases in man: acute pancreatitis and pancreas cancer, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, various types of cancer, and fibrinolysis and inflammation. Many of these discoveries have been made possible thanks to recent advances, as exemplified by plasma carboxypeptidases N and B, known for fifty and twenty years, respectively, which have had their structures released only very recently. Plasma carboxypeptidase B is a biological target for therapy because of its involvement in the coagulation/fibrinolysis processes. Besides, the widespread use of carboxypeptidase A as a benchmark metalloprotease since the early days of Biochemistry has allowed the identification and design of an increasingly vast repertory of small molecular weight inhibitors. With these two examples we wish to emphasize that MCPs have become part of the drug discovery portfolio of pharmaceutical companies and academic research laboratories. This paper will review key developments in the discovery and design of MCP small molecular weight inhibitors, with an emphasis on the discovery of chemically diverse entities. Although encouraging advances have been achieved in the last few years, the specificity and oral bioavailability of the new chemotherapeutic agents seem to pose a challenge to medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències and Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Zimmermann M, Vatter H, Weyrauch E, Lange BN, Krishnan R, Raabe A, Seifert V. Characterization of the potent combined endothelin(A/B)-antagonist PD 142893 on cerebral vessels. Neurol Res 2004; 26:692-7. [PMID: 15327761 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225015967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A disturbed balance between endothelin (ET)-1 and nitric oxide (NO) seems to play a key role in the development of delayed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoidal hemorrhage. Therefore, the effect of PD 142893 one of the first potent ET(A)- and ET(B)-receptor antagonists was characterized on the contraction and relaxation induced by ET-1 and bigET-1 on rat basilar artery (BA). Concentration-effect curves (CECs) were constructed by cumulative application of ET-1 or big ET-1 on BA ring segments with (E+) and without (E-) functionally intact endothelium. The effect of PD 142893 was determined by the modified pK(b) value and the shift between the CECs. PD 142893 inhibited the contraction by ET-1 and bigET-1. The pK(b)-values were for ET-1: 5.17 (E+) and 5.15 (E-) and for big ET-1: 5.34 (E+) and 5.57 (E-), respectively. A significant relaxation of pre-contracted segments by ET-1 or big ET-1 was neither observed in the presence nor in the absence of the receptor antagonist. The present data suggest a competitive inhibition of the ET(A)-receptor mediated contraction of cerebral arteries by PD 142893. The ET(B)-dependent relaxation of the cerebrovasculature is inhibited by PD 142893 at least in a comparable amount of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zimmermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Han HK, Stewart BH, Doherty AM, Cody WL, Amidon GL. In vitro stability and intestinal absorption characteristics of hexapeptide endothelin receptor antagonists. Life Sci 1998; 63:1599-609. [PMID: 9806213 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Endothelins are potent vasoconstrictor peptides which have a wide range of tissue distribution and three receptor subtypes (ET(A), ET(B) and ET(C)). Among the linear hexapeptide ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonists, PD 145065 (Ac-D-Bhg-L-Leu-L-Asp-L-Ile-L-Ile-L-Trp, Bhg = (10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-yl)-Gly) and PD 156252 (Ac-D-Bhg-L-Leu-L-Asp-L-Ile-(N-methyl)-L-Ile-L-Trp) were selected to evaluate the metabolic stability and intestinal absorption in the absence and/or in the presence of protease inhibitors. In vitro stability of both compounds was investigated in fresh plasma, lumenal perfusate, intestinal and liver homogenates. PD 156252 was more stable than PD 145065 in intestinal tissue homogenate (63.4% vs. 20.5% remaining) and liver homogenate (74.4% vs. 35.5% remaining), while both compounds showed relatively good stability in the fresh plasma (94.5% vs. 86.7% remaining) and lumenal perfusate (85.8% vs. 72.3% remaining). The effect of protease inhibitors on the degradation of PD 145065 and PD 156252 was also investigated. Amastatin, thiorphan, chymostatin and the mixture of these three inhibitors were effective in reducing the degradation of both compounds. The pharmacokinetic parameters of PD 156252, calculated by using a non-compartmental model, were 6.95 min (terminal half-life), 191 mL (Vss), and 25.5 mL/min (Cl(tot)) after intravenous administration in rats. The intestinal absorption of PD 156252 in rats was evaluated in the absence and/or in the presence of protease inhibitors. The results indicate that the major elimination pathway of PD 156252 appears to be the biliary excretion and protease inhibitors increase the intestinal absorption of PD 156252 through increasing metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Han
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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Macchia M, Barontini S, Ceccarelli F, Galoppini C, Giusti L, Hamdan M, Lucacchini A, Martinelli A, Menchini E, Mazzoni MR, Revoltella RP, Romagnoli F, Rovero P. Toward the rational development of peptidomimetic analogs of the C-terminal endothelin hexapeptide: development of a theoretical model. Farmaco 1998; 53:545-56. [PMID: 10081817 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an early report on the structure-activity relationship of endothelin (ET) peptides, it was reported that the C-terminal hexapeptide ET(16-21), His-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp, is the minimum ET fragment which maintains biological activity in some, but not all the tissues responding to ETs. Subsequently, other authors described a series of analogs of this peptide, in which the His 16 residue was replaced by non-natural amino acids, characterized by bulky aromatic side chains. Among them, two well-characterized non-selective ETA/ETB antagonists were PD 142893 and PD 145065; interest in these potent ET antagonists was, however, reduced by their peptidic structure which was likely to lead to undesirable properties such as poor bioavailability and short duration of action. On the basis of these premises, our previous studies led to the development of a peptidomimetic ligand of ET receptors (compound 3), based on the replacement of the His 16 residue of ET(16-21) with an (E)-N-(benzyloxy)iminoacyl moiety; compound 3 proved to possess a certain affinity for ET receptors, albeit lower than that shown by PD 142893 and PD 145065. We report here on ETA/ETB binding affinity of compounds 4-12, designed as a new series of ET(16-21) analogs. Compounds 4 and 5 were practically devoid of any affinity; derivatives 6-12 exhibited appreciable affinity indices for ETB receptors higher than that shown by 3, even if still lower than that obtained for PD 145065. This paper also describes the development of a pharmacophoric model able to explain the ET receptor binding properties of our hexapeptide analogs compared with those of PD 142893 and PD 145065 and IRL2500, recently reported as a potent ETB selective endothelin antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Cody WL, He JX, Reily MD, Haleen SJ, Walker DM, Reyner EL, Stewart BH, Doherty AM. Design of a potent combined pseudopeptide endothelin-A/endothelin-B receptor antagonist, Ac-DBhg16-Leu-Asp-Ile-[NMe]Ile-Trp21 (PD 156252): examination of its pharmacokinetic and spectral properties. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2228-40. [PMID: 9216842 DOI: 10.1021/jm970161m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The endothelins (ETs) are a family of bicyclic 21-amino acid peptides that are potent and prolonged vasoconstrictors. It has been shown that highly potent combined ETA/ETB receptor antagonists can be developed from the C-terminal hexapeptide of ET (His16-Leu17-Asp18-Ile19-Ile20-Trp21), such as Ac-(D)Dip16-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp21 (PD 142893) and Ac-DBhg16-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Trp21 (PD 145065). However, these compounds are relatively unstable to enzymatic proteolysis as determined in an in vitro rat intestinal perfusate assay. This instability is thought to be due to carboxypeptidase activity. In fact, incubation of PD 145065 with carboxypeptidase inhibitors greatly increased its half-life in rat intestinal perfusate. By performing a reduced amide bond and N-methyl amino acid scan, it was discovered that N-methylation of Ile-20 resulted in a compound (Ac-DBhg16-Leu-Asp-Ile-[NMe]Ile-Trp21, PD 156252) that retained full receptor affinity at both endothelin receptor subtypes along with enhanced proteolytic stability and cellular permeability. Interestingly, N-methylation of this bond allows the cis configuration to be readily accessible which greatly alters the preferred structure of the entire molecule and may be responsible for the observed enhanced metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Cody
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Patt WC, Reisdorph BR, Repine JT, Doherty AM, Haleen SJ, Walker DM, Welch KM, Flynn MA, Hallak H, Reyner EL, Stewart BH. γ-Carbamate butenolide analogues as potent ETA selective endothelin receptor antagonists and prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997; 7:297-302. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stewart BH, Chan O, Jezyk N, Fleisher D. Discrimination between drug candidates using models for evaluation of intestinal absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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