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Chatzopoulou M, Claridge TDW, Davies KE, Davies SG, Elsey DJ, Emer E, Fletcher AM, Harriman S, Robinson N, Rowley JA, Russell AJ, Tinsley JM, Weaver R, Wilkinson IVL, Willis NJ, Wilson FX, Wynne GM. Isolation, Structural Identification, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Profiling of 1,2-trans-Dihydro-1,2-diol Metabolites of the Utrophin Modulator Ezutromid. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2547-2556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kay E. Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Elsey
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Emer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ai M. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn Harriman
- Summit Therapeutics plc, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Neil Robinson
- S.H.B. Enterprises Ltd., 55 Station Road, Beaconsfield HP19 1QL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A. Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon M. Tinsley
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Weaver
- XenoGesis Ltd., BioCity Nottingham, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Francis X. Wilson
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Wynne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Janardhan Garikipati SVB, Peeples TL. Solvent resistance pumps of Pseudomonas putida S12: Applications in 1-naphthol production and biocatalyst engineering. J Biotechnol 2015; 210:91-9. [PMID: 26143210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The solvent resistance capacity of Pseudomonas putida S12 was applied by using the organism as a host for biocatalysis and through cloning and expressing solvent resistant pump genes into Escherichia coli. P. putida S12 expressing toluene ortho mononooxygenase (TOM-Green) was used for 1-naphthol production in a water-organic solvent biphasic system. Application of P. putida S12 improved 1-naphthol production per gram cell dry weight by approximately 42% compared to E. coli. Moreover, P. putida S12 enabled the use of a less expensive solvent, decanol, for 1-naphthol production. The solvent resistant pump (srpABC) genes of P. putida S12 were cloned into a solvent sensitive E. coli strain to transfer solvent tolerance. Recombinant strains bearing srpABC genes in either a low-copy number or a high-copy number plasmid grew in the presence of saturated concentration of toluene. Both of the recombinant strains were more tolerant to 1% v/v of toxic solvents, decanol and hexane, reaching similar cell density as the no-solvent control. Reverse-transcriptase analysis revealed that the srpABC genes were transcribed in engineered strains. The results demonstrate successful transfer of the proton-dependent solvent resistance mechanism and suggest that the engineered strain could serve as more robust biocatalysts in media with organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V B Janardhan Garikipati
- The Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Tonya L Peeples
- The Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
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Chowdhury PP, Sarkar J, Basu S, Dutta TK. Metabolism of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid and naphthalene via gentisic acid by distinctly different sets of enzymes in Burkholderia sp. strain BC1. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:892-902. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.077495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia sp. strain BC1, a soil bacterium, isolated from a naphthalene balls manufacturing waste disposal site, is capable of utilizing 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (2H1NA) and naphthalene individually as the sole source of carbon and energy. To deduce the pathway for degradation of 2H1NA, metabolites isolated from resting cell culture were identified by a combination of chromatographic and spectrometric analyses. Characterization of metabolic intermediates, oxygen uptake studies and enzyme activities revealed that strain BC1 degrades 2H1NA via 2-naphthol, 1,2,6-trihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene and gentisic acid. In addition, naphthalene was found to be degraded via 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, salicylic acid and gentisic acid, with the putative involvement of the classical nag pathway. Unlike most other Gram-negative bacteria, metabolism of salicylic acid in strain BC1 involves a dual pathway, via gentisic acid and catechol, with the latter being metabolized by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. Involvement of a non-oxidative decarboxylase in the enzymic transformation of 2H1NA to 2-naphthol indicates an alternative catabolic pathway for the bacterial degradation of hydroxynaphthoic acid. Furthermore, the biochemical observations on the metabolism of structurally similar compounds, naphthalene and 2-naphthol, by similar but different sets of enzymes in strain BC1 were validated by real-time PCR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Pal Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata, India
| | - Jayita Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumik Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata, India
| | - Tapan K. Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata, India
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Mukherjee P, Roy SJS, Sarkar TK. A diversity-oriented synthesis of bicyclic cis-dihydroarenediols, cis-4-hydroxyscytalones, and bicyclic conduritol analogues. Org Lett 2010; 12:2472-5. [PMID: 20443572 DOI: 10.1021/ol100557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A common-intermediate-based enantioselective strategy has been developed aiming at bicyclic arene cis-dihydrodiols, cis-4-hydroxyscytalones, and bicyclic mimics of conduritol. Key features of this protocol include Barrett's asymmetric hydroxyallylation, ring-closing metathesis (RCM), and completely regioselective Wacker oxidation of internal cyclic olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Kwit M, Gawronski J, Boyd D, Sharma N, Kaik M, More O'Ferrall R, Kudavalli J. Toluene Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Synthesis of cis-Dihydrodiol Metabolites from 2-Substituted Naphthalene Substrates: Assignments of Absolute Configurations and Conformations from Circular Dichroism and Optical Rotation Measurements. Chemistry 2008; 14:11500-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Allen S, Newhouse B, Anderson AS, Fauber B, Allen A, Chantry D, Eberhardt C, Odingo J, Burgess LE. Discovery and SAR of trisubstituted thiazolidinones as CCR4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1619-24. [PMID: 15026036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Substituted thiazolidinones were identified as CCR4 antagonists from high throughput screening. Subsequent lead optimization efforts resulted in defined structure-activity relationships and the identification of potent antagonists (compounds 90 and 91) that inhibited the chemotaxis of Th2 T-cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Allen
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
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Boyd DR, Sharma ND, Modyanova LV, Carroll JG, Malone JF, Allen CCR, Hamilton JTG, Gibson DT, Parales RE, Dalton H. Dioxygenase-catalyzed cis-dihydroxylation of pyridine-ring systems. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toluene dioxygenase-catalyzed dihydroxylation, in the carbocyclic rings of quinoline, 2-chloroquinoline, 2-methoxyquinoline, and 3-bromoquinoline, was found to yield the corresponding enantiopure cis-5,6- and -7,8-dihy dro diol metabolites using whole cells of Pseudomonas putida UV4. cis-Dihydroxylation at the 3,4-bond of 2-chloroquino line, 2-methoxyquinoline, and 2-quinolone was also found to yield the heterocyclic cis-dihydrodiol metabolite, (+)-cis-(3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2-quinolone. Heterocyclic cis-dihydrodiol metabolites, resulting from dihydroxylation at the 5,6- and 3,4-bonds of 1-methyl 2-pyridone, were isolated from bacteria containing toluene, naphthalene, and biphenyl dioxygenases. The enantiomeric excess (ee) values (>98%) and the absolute configurations of the carbocyclic cis-dihydrodiol metabolites of quinoline substrates (benzylic R) and of the heterocyclic cis-diols from quinoline, 2-quinolone, and 2-pyridone substrates (allylic S) were found to be in accord with earlier models for dioxygenase-catalyzed cis-dihydroxylation of carbocyclic arenes. Evidence favouring the dioxygenase-catalyzed cis-dihydroxylation of pyridine-ring systems is presented.Key words: dioxygenases; cis-dihydroxylation, pyridines, 2-pyridones, absolute configurations.
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Randazzo D, Berti D, Briganti F, Baglioni P, Scozzafava A, Di Gennaro P, Galli E, Bestetti G. Efficient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dihydroxylation in direct micellar systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 74:240-8. [PMID: 11400097 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of whole-cell bioconversion of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) anthracene, phenanthrene, and naphthalene to the enantiomerically pure corresponding cis-dihydroxydihydro derivatives by the Escherichia coli JM109 (pPS1778) recombinant strain, carrying the naphthalene dioxygenase and corresponding regulatory genes cloned from Pseudomonas fluorescens N3, in micellar systems, is presented. We show that direct microemulsion systems, where a nonionic surfactant such as 1.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 plus 0.6% to 1.0% (v/v) selected oils are able to solubilize the PAHs tested at relatively high concentrations (initial concentrations in the reaction medium > or =10 mM for naphthalene and phenanthrene and > or =2 mM for anthracene), and allow for more efficient substrate bioconversion. These media, while not affecting bacteria viability and performance, provide increased efficiency and final product yields (100% for naphthalene, >30% for anthracene, >60% for phenanthrene). The phase behavior of the direct microemulsion systems for the different substrates and oils utilized was monitored as a function of their volume fraction by light scattering experiments, and related to the bioconversion results. For anthracene and phenanthrene, the dihydroxylated products have an inhibitory effect on the conversion reactions, thus hindering complete turnover of the substrates. We ascertain that such inhibition is reversible because removal of the products formed allowed the process to start over at rates comparable to initial rates. To allow for complete conversion of the PAHs tested a stepwise or continuous separation of the product formed from the micellar reaction environment is being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Randazzo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via Della Lastruccia 5, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Berti D, Randazzo D, Briganti F, Baglioni P, Scozzafava A, Di Gennaro P, Galli E, Bestetti G. Direct micellar systems as a tool to improve the efficiency of aromatic substrate conversion for fine chemicals production. J Inorg Biochem 2000; 79:103-8. [PMID: 10830854 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(99)00236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell bioconversion of naphthalene to (+)-cis-(1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene by Escherichia coli JM109(pPS1778) recombinant strain, carrying naphthalene dioxygenase and regulatory genes cloned from Pseudomonas fluorescens N3, in direct micellar systems is optimized as an example of fine chemicals bioproduction from scarcely water-soluble substrates. The oxygen insertion into the aromatic substrate, which stops at the enantiomerically pure cis dihydroxylated product, is performed in direct microemulsion systems, where a non-ionic surfactant stabilizes naphthalene containing oil droplets in an aqueous medium. These media provide an increased substrate solubility so that a homogeneous reaction can be carried out, while not affecting bacteria viability and performances. The influence of the chemical nature of the oil is investigated. The phase behavior of the direct microemulsion system was monitored for three different oils as a function their volume fraction and characterized through light scattering. The addition of isopropyl palmitate, oleic acid, or glyceryl trioleate, 0.6-1.2% v/v to the micellar systems, led to an increase of the substrate concentration in the solution and particularly its bioavailability, allowing faster catalytic conversions. All these systems resulted in being suitable for catalytic conversions of aromatic compounds. Although the nature of the oil does have a deep effect on the phase behavior of the micellar systems, in the present investigation no differences in the yields and in the rates of product formation of the enzymatic system were observed on changing the oil, thus showing that in this case the substrate concentration or bioavailability is not the rate-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze and CSGI, Florence, Italy
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Briganti F, Randazzo D, Scozzafava A, Berti D, Baglioni P, Di Gennaro P, Galli E, Bestetti G. Characterization of the biological conversion of naphthalene to (+)-cis-(1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene in direct micellar systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hudlicky T, Gonzalez D, Stabile M, Endoma MAA, Deluca M, Parker D, Gibson DT, Resnick SM, Whited GM. New metabolites from the microbial oxidation of fluorinated aromatic compounds. J Fluor Chem 1998; 89:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(98)00081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Resnick S, Lee K, Gibson D. Diverse reactions catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase fromPseudomonas sp strain NCIB 9816. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 17:438-57. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01574775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Resnick SM, Gibson DT. Regio- and stereospecific oxidation of fluorene, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene by naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:4073-80. [PMID: 8899998 PMCID: PMC168229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.11.4073-4080.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The regio- and stereospecific oxidation of fluorene, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene was examined with mutant and recombinant strains expressing naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4. The initial oxidation products were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Salicylate-induced cells of Pseudomonas sp. strain 9816/11 and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced cells of Escherichia coli JM109(DE3)(pDTG141) oxidized fluorene to (+)-(3S,4R)-cis-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrofluorene (80 to 90% relative yield; > 95% enantiomeric excess [ee]) and 9-fluorenol (< 10% yield). The same cells oxidized dibenzofuran to (1R,2S)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydrodibenzofuran (60 to 70% yield; > 95% ee) and (3S,4R)-cis-3, 4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrodibenzofuran (30 to 40% yield; > 95% ee). Induced cells of both strains, as well as the purified dioxygenase, also oxidized dibenzothiophene to (+)-(1R,2S)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydrodibenzothiophene (84 to 87% yield; > 95% ee) and dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (< 15% yield). The major reaction catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase with each substrate was stereospecific dihydroxylation in which the cis-dihydrodiols were of identical regiochemistry and of R configuration at the benzylic center adjacent to the bridgehead carbon atom. The regiospecific oxidation of dibenzofuran differed from that of the other substrates in that a significant amount of the minor cis-3,4-dihydrodiol regioisomer was formed. The results indicate that although the absolute stereochemistry of the cis-diene diols was the same, the nature of the bridging atom or heteroatom influenced the regiospecificity of the reactions catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Resnick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Resnick SM, Gibson DT. Regio- and stereospecific oxidation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene by naphthalene dioxygenase: structure and absolute stereochemistry of metabolites. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3355-9. [PMID: 8795226 PMCID: PMC168132 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.9.3355-3359.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene was examined with mutant and recombinant strains expressing naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida (NCIB 9816.4. Salicylate-induced cells of P. putida strain 9816/11 and isopropylthiogalactopyranoside-induced cells of Escherichia coli JM109(DE3)(pDTG141) oxidized 9,10-dihydroanthracene to (+)-cis-1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,9,10-tetrahydroanthracene (> 95% relative yield; > 95% enantiomeric excess) as the major product. 9-Hydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthracene (< 5% relative yield) was a minor product formed by both organisms. The same cells oxidized 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene to (+)-cis-(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4,9,10-tetrahydrophenanthrene (70% relative yield; > 95% enantiomeric excess) and (+)-(S)-9-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (30% relative yield). The major reaction catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase with 9,10-dihydroanthracene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene was stereospecific dihydroxylation in which both of the previously undescribed cis-diene diols were of R configuration at the benzylic center adjacent to the bridgehead carbon atom. The results suggest that for benzocylic substrates, the location of benzylic carbons influences the type of reaction(s) catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Resnick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Purified naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO) from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4 oxidized toluene to benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde by reactions involving benzylic monooxygenation and dioxygen-dependent alcohol oxidation, respectively. Xylene and nitrotoluene isomers were also oxidized to substituted benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde derivatives. NDO oxidized ethylbenzene sequentially through (S)-1-phenethyl alcohol (77% enantiomeric excess) and acetophenone to 2-hydroxyacetophenone. In addition, NDO also oxidized ethylbenzene through styrene to (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (74% enantiomeric excess) by reactions involving desaturation and dihydroxylation, respectively. Isotope experiments with 18O2, H2 18O, and D2O suggest that 1-phenethyl alcohol is oxidized to acetophenone by a minor reaction involving desaturation followed by tautomerization. The major reaction in the conversion of 1-phenethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol to acetophenone and benzaldehyde, respectively, probably involves monohydroxylation to form a gem-diol intermediate which stereospecifically loses the incoming hydroxyl group to leave the carbonyl product. These results are compared with similar reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P-450.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Hudlicky T, Endoma MAA, Butora G. Nucleophilic substitution of protected β-bromoethyl cyclohexadiene-cis-diol as an alternative to direct microbial oxidation of β-functionalized phenethyl substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/p19960002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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