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Czuba LC, Isoherranen N. LX-2 Stellate Cells Are a Model System for Investigating the Regulation of Hepatic Vitamin A Metabolism and Respond to Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Interleukin 1 β. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:442-454. [PMID: 38485281 PMCID: PMC11023816 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major site of vitamin A (retinol) esterification and subsequent storage as retinyl esters within lipid droplets. However, retinyl esters become depleted in many pathophysiological states, including acute and chronic liver injuries. Recently, using a liver slice culture system as a model of acute liver injury and fibrogenesis, a time-dependent increase and decrease in the apparent formation of the bioactive retinoid all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and retinyl palmitate was measured, respectively. This coincided with temporal changes in the gene expression of retinoid-metabolizing enzymes and binding proteins, that preceded HSC activation. However, the underlying mechanisms that promote early changes in retinoid metabolism remain unresolved. We hypothesized that LX-2 cells could be applied to investigate differences in quiescent and activated HSC retinoid metabolism. We demonstrate that the hypermetabolic state of activated stellate cells relative to quiescent stellate cells may be attributed to induction of STRA6, RBP4, and CYP26A1, thereby reducing intracellular concentrations of atRA. We further hypothesized that paracrine and autocrine cytokine signaling regulates HSC vitamin A metabolism in both quiescent and activated cells. In quiescent cells, tumor necrosis factor α dose-dependently downregulated LRAT and CRBP1 mRNA, with EC50 values of 30-50 pg/mL. Likewise, interleukin-1β decreased LRAT and CRBP1 gene expression but with less potency. In activated stellate cells, multiple enzymes were downregulated, suggesting that the full effects of altered hepatic vitamin A metabolism in chronic conditions require both paracrine and autocrine signaling events. Further, this study suggests the potential for cell type-specific autocrine effects in hepatic retinoid signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: HSCs are the major site of vitamin A storage and important determinants of retinol metabolism during liver fibrogenesis. Here, two LX-2 culture methods were applied as models of hepatic retinoid metabolism to demonstrate the effects of activation status and dose-dependent cytokine exposure on the expression of genes involved in retinoid metabolism. This study suggests that compared to quiescent cells, activated HSCs are hypermetabolic and have reduced apparent formation of retinoic acid, which may alter downstream retinoic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (L.C.C., N.I.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky (L.C.C.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (L.C.C., N.I.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky (L.C.C.)
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Zhao Y, Vary JC, Yadav AS, Czuba LC, Shum S, LaFrance J, Huang W, Isoherranen N, Hebert MF. Effect of isotretinoin on CYP2D6 and CYP3A activity in patients with severe acne. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:759-768. [PMID: 37864393 PMCID: PMC10922942 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previously, retinoids have decreased CYP2D6 mRNA expression in vitro and induced CYP3A4 in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to determine whether isotretinoin administration changes CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities in patients with severe acne. METHODS Thirty-three patients (22 females and 11 males, 23.5 ± 6.0 years old) expected to receive isotretinoin treatment completed the study. All participants were genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP3A5. Participants received dextromethorphan (DM) 30 mg orally as a dual-probe substrate of CYP2D6 and CYP3A activity at two study timepoints: pre-isotretinoin treatment and with isotretinoin for at least 1 week. The concentrations of isotretinoin, DM and their metabolites were measured in 2-h postdose plasma samples and in cumulative 0-4-h urine collections using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers, the urinary dextrorphan (DX)/DM metabolic ratio (MR) (CYP2D6 activity marker) was numerically, but not significantly, lower with isotretinoin administration compared to pre-isotretinoin (geometric mean ratio [GMR] [90% confidence interval (CI)] 0.78 [0.55, 1.11]). The urinary 3-hydroxymorphinan (3HM)/DX MR (CYP3A activity marker) was increased (GMR 1.18 [1.03, 1.35]) and the urinary DX-O-glucuronide/DX MR (proposed UGT2B marker) was increased (GMR 1.22 [1.06, 1.39]) with isotretinoin administration compared to pre-isotretinoin. CONCLUSIONS Administration of isotretinoin did not significantly reduce CYP2D6 activity in extensive metabolizers, suggesting that the predicted downregulation of CYP2D6 based on in vitro data does not translate into humans. We observed a modest increase in CYP3A activity (predominantly CYP3A4) with isotretinoin treatment. The data also suggest that DX glucuronidation is increased following isotretinoin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jay C. Vary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aprajita S. Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey LaFrance
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Milo Gibaldi Endowed Chair of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary F. Hebert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abramiuk M, Mertowska P, Frankowska K, Świechowska-Starek P, Satora M, Polak G, Dymanowska-Dyjak I, Grywalska E. How Can Selected Dietary Ingredients Influence the Development and Progression of Endometriosis? Nutrients 2024; 16:154. [PMID: 38201982 PMCID: PMC10781184 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. Since the treatment options for this disease are still limited, and the cure rate is unsatisfactory, the search for ways to treat symptoms and modify the course of the disease is of key importance in improving the quality of life of patients with endometriosis. So far, the literature has shown that nutrition can influence endometriosis through hormonal modification and altering the inflammatory or oxidative response. Since the importance of nutrition in this disease is still a subject of scientific research, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of dietary modifications in endometriosis. Our review showed that nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, including most vitamins and several trace elements, may influence the pathogenesis of endometriosis and can be considered as the nutrients preventing the development of endometriosis. However, despite the many discoveries described in this review, further interdisciplinary research on this topic seems to be extremely important, as in the future, it may result in the development of personalized therapies supporting the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Abramiuk
- Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynaecology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (G.P.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Karolina Frankowska
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Students’ Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Paulina Świechowska-Starek
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Satora
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Students’ Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (K.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Polak
- Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynaecology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (G.P.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Izabela Dymanowska-Dyjak
- Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynaecology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (G.P.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
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Walker MA, Chen H, Yadav A, Ritterhoff J, Villet O, McMillen T, Wang Y, Purcell H, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Isoherranen N, Tian R. Raising NAD + Level Stimulates Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Proteins to Alleviate Heart Failure Independent of Mitochondrial Protein Deacetylation. Circulation 2023; 148:2038-2057. [PMID: 37965787 PMCID: PMC10842390 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to increase cellular NAD+ (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) level have prevented cardiac dysfunction in multiple models of heart failure, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Little is known about the benefits of NAD+-based therapies in failing hearts after the symptoms of heart failure have appeared. Most pretreatment regimens suggested mechanisms involving activation of sirtuin, especially Sirt3 (sirtuin 3), and mitochondrial protein acetylation. METHODS We induced cardiac dysfunction by pressure overload in SIRT3-deficient (knockout) mice and compared their response with nicotinamide riboside chloride treatment with wild-type mice. To model a therapeutic approach, we initiated the treatment in mice with established cardiac dysfunction. RESULTS We found nicotinamide riboside chloride improved mitochondrial function and blunted heart failure progression. Similar benefits were observed in wild-type and knockout mice. Boosting NAD+ level improved the function of NAD(H) redox-sensitive SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) family proteins. Upregulation of Mrpp2 (mitochondrial ribonuclease P protein 2), a multifunctional SDR protein and a subunit of mitochondrial ribonuclease P, improves mitochondrial DNA transcripts processing and electron transport chain function. Activation of SDRs in the retinol metabolism pathway stimulates RXRα (retinoid X receptor α)/PPARα (proliferator-activated receptor α) signaling and restores mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Downregulation of Mrpp2 and impaired mitochondrial ribonuclease P were found in human failing hearts, suggesting a shared mechanism of defective mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse and human heart failure. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify SDR proteins as important regulators of mitochondrial function and molecular targets of NAD+-based therapy. Furthermore, the benefit is observed regardless of Sirt3-mediated mitochondrial protein deacetylation, a widely held mechanism for NAD+-based therapy for heart failure. The data also show that NAD+-based therapy can be useful in pre-existing heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Walker
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Hongye Chen
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Aprajita Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Julia Ritterhoff
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Outi Villet
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Tim McMillen
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hayley Purcell
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
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Brown G. Retinoic acid receptor regulation of decision-making for cell differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1182204. [PMID: 37082619 PMCID: PMC10110968 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1182204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) activation of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) is crucial to an organism’s proper development as established by findings for mouse foetuses from dams fed a vitamin A-deficient diet. ATRA influences decision-making by embryonic stem (ES) cells for differentiation including lineage fate. From studies of knockout mice, RARα and RARγ regulate haematopoiesis whereby active RARα modulates the frequency of decision-making for myeloid differentiation, but is not essential for myelopoiesis, and active RARγ supports stem cell self-renewal and maintenance. From studies of zebrafish embryo development, active RARγ plays a negative role in stem cell decision-making for differentiation whereby, in the absence of exogenous ATRA, selective agonism of RARγ disrupted stem cell decision-making for differentiation patterning for development. From transactivation studies, 0.24 nM ATRA transactivated RARγ and 19.3 nM (80-fold more) was needed to transactivate RARα. Therefore, the dose of ATRA that cells are exposed to in vivo, from gradients created by cells that synthesize and metabolize, is important to RARγ versus RARα and RARγ activation and balancing of the involvements in modulating stem cell maintenance versus decision-making for differentiation. RARγ activation favours stemness whereas concomitant or temporal activation of RARγ and RARα favours differentiation. Crosstalk with signalling events that are provoked by membrane receptors is also important.
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Jeong H, Armstrong AT, Isoherranen N, Czuba L, Yang A, Zumpf K, Ciolino J, Torres E, Stika CS, Wisner KL. Temporal changes in the systemic concentrations of retinoids in pregnant and postpartum women. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280424. [PMID: 36795769 PMCID: PMC9934425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoids and vitamin A are essential for multiple biological functions, including vision and immune responses, as well as the development of an embryo during pregnancy. Despite its importance, alterations in retinoid homeostasis during normal human pregnancy are incompletely understood. We aimed to characterize the temporal changes in the systemic retinoid concentrations across pregnancy and postpartum period. Monthly blood samples were collected from twenty healthy pregnant women, and plasma concentrations of retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), and 4-oxo-retinoic acids were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Significant decreases in 13cisRA concentrations over the pregnancy were observed, with rebound increases in retinol and 13cisRA levels after delivery. Of note, atRA concentrations exhibited a unique temporal pattern with levels peaking at mid-pregnancy. While the 4-oxo-atRA concentration was below the limit of quantification, 4-oxo-13cisRA was readily detectable, and its temporal change mimicked that of 13cisRA. The time profiles of atRA and 13cisRA remained similar after correction by albumin levels for plasma volume expansion adjustment. Together, the comprehensive profiling of systemic retinoid concentrations over the course of pregnancy provides insights into pregnancy-mediated changes in retinoid disposition to maintain its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Abigail T. Armstrong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Amy Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine (Biostatistics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Katelynn Zumpf
- Department of Preventive Medicine (Biostatistics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jody Ciolino
- Department of Preventive Medicine (Biostatistics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Stika
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Wisner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Bonakdar M, Czuba LC, Han G, Zhong G, Luong H, Isoherranen N, Vaishnava S. Gut commensals expand vitamin A metabolic capacity of the mammalian host. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1084-1092.e5. [PMID: 35863343 PMCID: PMC9378501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of dietary vitamin A (VA) into retinoic acid (RA) is essential for many biological processes and thus far studied largely in mammalian cells. Using targeted metabolomics, we found that commensal bacteria in the mouse gut lumen produced a high concentration of the active retinoids, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), as well as the principal circulating retinoid, retinol. Ablation of anerobic bacteria significantly reduced retinol, atRA, and 13cisRA, whereas introducing these bacteria into germ-free mice significantly enhanced retinoids. Remarkably, cecal bacterial supplemented with VA produced active retinoids in vitro, establishing that gut bacteria encode metabolic machinery necessary for multistep conversion of dietary VA into its active forms. Finally, gut bacteria Lactobacillus intestinalis metabolized VA and specifically restored RA levels in the gut of vancomycin-treated mice. Our work establishes vitamin A metabolism as an emergent property of the gut microbiome and lays the groundwork for developing probiotic-based retinoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bonakdar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Geongoo Han
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hien Luong
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Shipra Vaishnava
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Czuba LC, Wu X, Huang W, Hollingshead N, Roberto JB, Kenerson HL, Yeung RS, Crispe IN, Isoherranen N. Altered vitamin A metabolism in human liver slices corresponds to fibrogenesis. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:976-989. [PMID: 33382909 PMCID: PMC8212748 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has antifibrogenic properties in vitro and in animal models. Liver vitamin A homeostasis is maintained by cell-specific enzymatic activities including storage in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), secretion into circulation from hepatocytes, and formation and clearance of atRA. During chronic liver injury, HSC activation is associated with a decrease in liver retinyl esters and retinol concentrations. atRA is synthesized through two enzymatic steps from retinol, but it is unknown if the loss of retinoid stores is associated with changes in atRA formation and which cell types contribute to the metabolic changes. The aim of this study was to determine if the vitamin A metabolic flux is perturbed in acute liver injury, and if changes in atRA concentrations are associated with HSC activation and collagen expression. At basal levels, HSC and Kupffer cells expressed key genes involved in vitamin A metabolism, whereas after acute liver injury, complex changes to the metabolic flux were observed in liver slices. These changes include a reproducible spike in atRA tissue concentrations, decreased retinyl ester and atRA formation rate, and time-dependent changes to the expression of metabolizing enzymes. Kinetic simulations suggested that oxidoreductases are important in determining retinoid metabolic flux after liver injury. These early changes precede HSC activation and upregulation of profibrogenic gene expression, which were inversely correlated with atRA tissue concentrations, suggesting that HSC and Kupffer cells are key cells involved in changes to vitamin A metabolic flux and signaling after liver injury. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC? Vitamin A is metabolized in the liver for storage as retinyl esters in hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) or to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), an active metabolite with antifibrogenic properties. Following chronic liver injury, vitamin A metabolic flux is perturbed, and HSC activation leads to diminished retinoid stores. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS? Do changes in the expression of vitamin A metabolizing enzymes explain changes in atRA concentrations and the regulation of fibrosis following acute liver injury? WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE? In healthy liver, both HSC and Kupffer cells may mediate vitamin A homeostasis. Following acute liver injury, complex changes in metabolizing enzyme expression/activity alter the metabolic flux of retinoids, resulting in a transient peak in atRA concentrations. The atRA concentrations are inversely correlated with profibrogenic gene expression, HSC activation, and collagen deposition. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE? Improved understanding of altered vitamin A metabolic flux in acute liver injury may provide insight into cell-specific contributions to vitamin A loss and lead to novel interventions in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Czuba
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Nicole Hollingshead
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jessica B. Roberto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Raymond S. Yeung
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Ian N. Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of PharmaceuticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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9
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Zhong G, Seaman CJ, Paragas EM, Xi H, Herpoldt KL, King NP, Jones JP, Isoherranen N. Aldehyde Oxidase Contributes to All- Trans-Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis in Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:202-211. [PMID: 33355213 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is a critical endogenous signaling molecule. atRA is predominantly synthesized from retinaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), but aldehyde oxidase (AOX) may also contribute to atRA biosynthesis. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that AOX contributes significantly to atRA formation in human liver. Human recombinant AOX formed atRA from retinaldehyde (Km ∼1.5 ± 0.4 µM; kcat ∼3.6 ± 2.0 minute-1). In human liver S9 fractions (HLS9), atRA formation was observed in the absence of NAD+, suggesting AOX contribution to atRA formation. In the presence of NAD+, Eadie-Hofstee plots of atRA formation in HLS9 indicated that two enzymes contributed to atRA formation. The two enzymes were identified as AOX and ALDH1A1 based on inhibition of atRA formation by AOX inhibitor hydralazine (20%-50% inhibition) and ALDH1A1 inhibitor WIN18,446 (50%-80%inhibition). The expression of AOX in HLS9 was 9.4-24 pmol mg-1 S9 protein, whereas ALDH1A1 expression was 156-285 pmol mg-1 S9 protein measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification of signature peptides. The formation velocity of atRA in the presence of NAD+ correlated significantly with the expression of ALDH1A1 and AOX protein. Taken together, the data show that both AOX and ALDH1A1 contribute to atRA biosynthesis in the human liver, with ALDH1A1 being the high-affinity, low-capacity enzyme and AOX being the low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme. The results suggest that in the case of ALDH1A dysfunction or excess vitamin A, AOX may play an important role in regulating hepatic vitamin A homeostasis and that inhibition of AOX may alter atRA biosynthesis and signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides direct evidence to show that human AOX converts retinaldehyde to atRA and contributes to hepatic atRA biosynthesis. The finding that AOX may be responsible for 20%-50% of overall hepatic atRA formation suggests that alterations in AOX activity via drug-drug interactions, genetic polymorphisms, or disease states may impact hepatic atRA concentrations and signaling and alter vitamin A homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Chris J Seaman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Huaqing Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Karla-Luise Herpoldt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (G.Z., C.J.S., H.X., N.I.); Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (E.M.P., J.P.J.); and Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.-L.H., N.P.K.)
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