1
|
Zhang Z, Mu Z, Wang Y, Song W, Yu H, Zhang S, Li Y, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L. Lightweight Structural Biomaterials with Excellent Mechanical Performance: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020153. [PMID: 37092405 PMCID: PMC10123704 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of desirable lightweight structural materials usually needs to meet the strict requirements of mechanical properties. Seeking optimal integration strategies for lightweight structures and high mechanical performance is always of great research significance in the rapidly developing composites field, which also draws significant attention from materials scientists and engineers. However, the intrinsic incompatibility of low mass and high strength is still an open challenge for achieving satisfied engineering composites. Fortunately, creatures in nature tend to possess excellent lightweight properties and mechanical performance to improve their survival ability. Thus, by ingenious structure configuration, lightweight structural biomaterials with simple components can achieve high mechanical performance. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in three typical structures in natural biomaterials: cellular structures, fibrous structures, and sandwich structures. For each structure, typical organisms are selected for comparison, and their compositions, structures, and properties are discussed in detail, respectively. In addition, bioinspired design approaches of each structure are briefly introduced. At last, the outlook on the design and fabrication of bioinspired composites is also presented to guide the development of advanced composites in future practical engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Zhengzhi Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Wenda Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Hexuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264207, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng Y, Li X, Liu P, Chen Y, Guo C. The Armor of the Chinese Sturgeon: A Study of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Ventral Bony Plates. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:256. [PMID: 36837956 PMCID: PMC9959584 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from their unique morphological characteristics and structural properties, the ventral bony plates of the Chinese sturgeon are excellent biological protective tissue. In this work, we studied the micro- and macro-morphology and mechanical properties of the ventral bony plates of the Chinese sturgeon to elucidate the special protective mechanisms of the bony plates. Experiments involving scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the bony plates possess a hierarchical structure and a ridge-like shape. This structure comprises a surface layer containing mineralized nanocrystals and an internal layer containing mineralized collagen fibers. From the surface layer to the internal layer, the degree of mineralization decreases gradually. Nanoindentation, tension, and compression tests demonstrated that the bony plates feature excellent mechanical properties and a high specific tensile strength comparable to that of stainless steel. Moreover, water can significantly improve the fracture toughness and deformability of the bony plates and effectively enhance the damage tolerance of the structures. The obtained results concerning the microstructure-property-function relationships of the ventral bony plates of the Chinese sturgeon may provide novel insights for designing protective structures that are both lightweight and high strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Ce Guo
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ni P, Zeng J, Chen H, Yang F, Yi X. Effect of different factors on treatment of oily wastewater by TiO 2/Al 2O 3-PVDF ultrafiltration membrane. Environ Technol 2022; 43:2981-2989. [PMID: 33797337 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1912832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An ultrafiltration membrane developed by our research group was applied to treat simulated emulsified oil wastewater. ATR-FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zeta potential analyzes demonstrated that the modified ultrafiltration membrane (MM) has excellent stability and anti-fouling capacity than origin membrane (OM), which possesses a pure water flux of 260 L·m-2·h-1 and oil/water (o/w) rejection of 98.5 ± 0.33%. Inorganic salt CaCl2 has more considerable influence than MgSO4 and NaCl under the same mass concentration in the two membranes UF process. Along with concentration increasing, flux sharply reduces; meanwhile, the rejection has an opposite trend. Moreover, permeation flux has a maximum value, and the rejection also gets its optimal state under neutral conditions during the pH value of 2-12. The membrane also exhibits excellent anti-fouling performance and anti- o/w adsorption properties with an adsorption rate below 0.8% compared with OM, which has an adsorption rate of nearly 2.1%, respectively. A kind of new UF membrane developed by our research group was applied to treat simulated o/w. ATR-FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zeta potential analyzes demonstrated that PVDF-Al2O3/TiO2 material has excellent stability and anti-fouling capacity. CaCl2 has the greatest influence than MgSO4 and NaCl under the same mass concentration. Moreover, permeation flux has maximum value and the rejection also gets its optimal state under neutral conditions during pH 2-12. The membrane also exhibits excellent anti-fouling performance and anti-O/W adsorption properties with adsorption rate below 0.8% compared with OM which has an adsorption rate nearly 2.1%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Yi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu C, Xu L, Li X, Liu Y, Qi Y, Sun J, Zou M. Microscopy imaging and modeling study on the mechanical properties of the primary flight feather shaft of the bean goose, Anser fabalis. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2446-2454. [PMID: 35274785 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Avian flight feathers have the unique advantages of lightweight and high strength, which play a key role in their flight capacity. In this article, the rachis of the bean goose's primary flight feather was used as the research object. Its compressive properties were analyzed and the 3D microscale was observed by 3D microscope system with a super wide depth of field. The distribution of mechanical properties, section variation of fiber and internal microstructure of rachis were obtained by micro-CT technique. Based on these results, a 3D reconstructed model was established for structure mechanical simulation. The simulation results were close basically to the compressive strength of the actual sample. These results show that the synergistic effect of cortex and medulla can improve mechanical resistance of the rachis. Therefore, the best position (N3) of the primary flight feather shaft can be applied to the bionic design of thin wall structures for energy absorption. This research can provide some guidance for the application of lightweight structural design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lihan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yansong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingchun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai S, Han B, Xu Y, Guo E, Sun B, Zeng Y, Hou H, Wu S. Anisotropic Composition and Mechanical Behavior of a Natural Thin-Walled Composite: Eagle Feather Shaft. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020309. [PMID: 35054715 PMCID: PMC8780336 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight feather shafts are outstanding bioinspiration templates due to their unique light weight and their stiff and strong characteristics. As a thin wall of a natural composite beam, the keratinous cortex has evolved anisotropic features to support flight. Here, the anisotropic keratin composition, tensile response, dynamic properties of the cortex, and fracture behaviors of the shafts are clarified. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicates that the protein composition of calamus cortex is almost homogeneous. In the middle and distal shafts (rachis), the content of the hydrogen bonds (HBs) and side-chain is the highest within the dorsal cortex and is consistently lower within the lateral wall. The tensile responses, including the properties and dominant damage pattern, are correlated with keratin composition and fiber orientation in the cortex. As for dynamic properties, the storage modulus and damping of the cortex are also anisotropic, corresponding to variation in protein composition and fibrous structure. The fracture behaviors of bent shafts include matrix breakage, fiber dissociation and fiber rupture on compressive dorsal cortex. To clarify, ‘real-time’ damage behaviors, and an integrated analysis between AE signals and fracture morphologies, are performed, indicating that calamus failure results from a straight buckling crack and final fiber rupture. Moreover, in the dorsal and lateral walls of rachis, the matrix breakage initially occurs, and then the propagation of the crack is restrained by ‘ligament-like’ fiber bundles and cross fiber, respectively. Subsequently, the further matrix breakage, interface dissociation and induced fiber rupture in the dorsal cortex result in the final failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Cai
- International Research Center for Advanced Structural and Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Baoshuai Han
- Avic Aviation Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Yanjin Xu
- Avic Aviation Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (S.W.)
| | - Enyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Solidification Control and Digital Preparation Technology (Liaoning Province), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Bin Sun
- International Research Center for Advanced Structural and Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Yuansong Zeng
- Avic Aviation Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Hongliang Hou
- Avic Aviation Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Sujun Wu
- International Research Center for Advanced Structural and Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (S.C.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou J, Zou M, Xu S, Li X, Song J, Qi Y. Study on the structural features and geometric parameters affecting the axial mechanical properties of the primary feather rachis. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:861-874. [PMID: 34664756 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The seagull feather shaft is an important part of the feather, which provides a good mechanical support for the excellent flight performance of seagull, and has the characteristics of lightweight and high strength. In this paper, the microstructure of the seagull feather rachis was observed firstly. Then, based on the structure of feather rachis, combined with the cortex that plays the main load-bearing role, a model with the characteristics of the cortex was proposed and its finite element model was established. Through analyzing the simulation, the effect of section shape of cortex on mechanical properties of feathers under axial impact was revealed. And the conclusion that the section shape with groove structure and non-equal wall thickness could have different effects on mechanical properties was drawn. Then, parameterized cortical models were studied, including different impact velocities and different cortical heights, to reveal the differences in mechanical properties of cortical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Zhou
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Zou
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiafeng Song
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingchun Qi
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frongia GN, Naitana S, Farina V, Gadau SD, Stefano MD, Muzzeddu M, Leoni G, Zedda M. Correlation between wing bone microstructure and different flight styles: The case of the griffon vulture (gyps fulvus) and greater flamingo (phoenicopterus roseus). J Anat 2021; 239:59-69. [PMID: 33650143 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flying is the main means of locomotion for most avian species, and it requires a series of adaptations of the skeleton and of feather distribution on the wing. Flight type is directly associated with the mechanical constraints during flight, which condition both the morphology and microscopic structure of the bones. Three primary flight styles are adopted by avian species: flapping, gliding, and soaring, with different loads among the main wing bones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cross-sectional microstructure of the most important skeletal wing bones, humerus, radius, ulna, and carpometacarpus, in griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) and greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus). These two species show a flapping and soaring flight style, respectively. Densitometry, morphology, and laminarity index were assessed from the main bones of the wing of 10 griffon vultures and 10 flamingos. Regarding bone mineral content, griffon vultures generally displayed a higher mineral density than flamingos. Regarding the morphology of the crucial wing bones involved in flight, while a very slightly longer humerus was observed in the radius and ulna of flamingos, the ulna in griffons was clearly longer than other bones. The laminarity index was significantly higher in griffons. The results of the present study highlight how the mechanics of different types of flight may affect the biomechanical properties of the wing bones most engaged during flight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian N Frongia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Farina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio D Gadau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco D Stefano
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Disease Section, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Muzzeddu
- Bonassai Breeding and Wildlife Recovery Center, Regional Forest Agency FoReSTAS, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Leoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Zedda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Keratins, as a group of insoluble and filament-forming proteins, mainly exist in certain epithelial cells of vertebrates. Keratinous materials are made up of cells filled with keratins, while they are the toughest biological materials such as the human hair, wool and horns of mammals and feathers, claws, and beaks of birds and reptiles which usually used for protection, defense, hunting and as armor. They generally exhibit a sophisticated hierarchical structure ranging from nanoscale to centimeter-scale: polypeptide chain structures, intermediated filaments/matrix structures, and lamellar structures. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the investigation of the relationship between structure and properties of keratins, and a series of biomimetic materials based on keratin came into being. In this chapter, we mainly introduce the hierarchical structure, the secondary structure, and the molecular structure of keratins, including α- and β-keratin, to promote the development of novel keratin-based biomimetic materials designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osváth G, Vincze O, David DC, Nagy LJ, Lendvai ÁZ, Nudds RL, Pap PL. Morphological characterization of flight feather shafts in four bird species with different flight styles. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Variation in rachis (central shaft) morphology in individual remiges (flight feathers) within and among species reflects adaptations to requirements imposed by aerodynamic forces, but the fine-scale variation of feather morphology across remiges is not well known. Here we describe how the shape of the rachis, expressed by the height/width ratio, changes along the longitudinal and lateral axis of the wing in four bird species with different flight styles: flapping-soaring (white storks), flapping-gliding (common buzzards), passerine-type (house sparrows) and continuous flapping (pygmy cormorants). Overall, in each wing feather, irrespective of species identity, rachis shape changed from circular to rectangular, from the base towards the feather tip. The ratio between the height and width of the calamus was similar across remiges in all species, whereas the ratio at the base, middle and tip of the rachis changed among flight feathers and species. In distal primaries of white storks and common buzzards, the ratio decreased along the feather shaft, indicating a depressed (wider than high) rachis cross section towards the feather tip, whereas the inner primaries and secondaries became compressed (higher than wide). In house sparrows, the rachis was compressed in each of the measurement points, except at the distal segment of the two outermost primary feathers. Finally, in pygmy cormorants, the width exceeds the height at each measurement point, except at the calamus. Our results may reflect the resistance of the rachis to in-plane and out-of-plane aerodynamic forces that vary across remiges and across study species. A link between rachis shape and resistance to bending from aerodynamic forces is further indicated by the change of the second moment of areas along the wing axes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Osváth
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Museum of Zoology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Orsolya Vincze
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Tisza Research, MTA Centre for Ecological Research-DRI, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dragomir-Cosmin David
- Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - László Jácint Nagy
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Robert L Nudds
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Péter L Pap
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sullivan TN, Hung TT, Velasco-Hogan A, Meyers MA. Bioinspired avian feather designs. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2019; 105:110066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Zou M, Xu L, Zhou J, Song J, Liu S, Li X. Microstructure and compression resistance of bean goose (Anser fabalis) feather shaft. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 83:156-164. [PMID: 31659818 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bean goose Anser fabalis, noted for its excellent flying ability, has feathers composed of keratinized products derived from epidermal cells, which play a crucial role in flight. The feather shaft is an important connective unit, made of a lightweight material, which also contributes to aiding flight. The shaft can withstand loads from different directions and has outstanding compression resistance. In this study, the microstructure and composition of the A. fabalis feather shaft were observed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and its compression resistance was studied by compression testing. The results indicated that the mechanical property of the shaft is related to its microstructure. Compression testing verified that the primary feathers had the strongest mechanical properties, followed by the secondaries, and finally the alulae. Under the same conditions, the specific energy absorption of the three feather types was 5.96, 5.02, and 3.17 J/g, respectively. With increasing moisture content, the rachis was softened and the energy absorption was reduced. At low moisture content, the specific energy absorption of the primaries was reduced to 1.03 J/g, that of the secondaries was reduced to 1.72 J/g, and that of the alulae to 0.39 J/g. The feather shafts have the advantage of light weight while maintaining the required mechanical properties. These results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for crashworthiness in bionic designs based on the requirements of light weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zou
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihan Xu
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiafeng Song
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengfu Liu
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Key Lab of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng Y, Guo C, Li L, Ma Y. Morphology and mechanical properties of the dorsal bony plates in the Chinese sturgeon (
Acipenser sinensis
). Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1083-1091. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Ce Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Longhai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Yaopeng Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tohmyoh H, Ishihara M, Ikuta K, Watanabe T. On the correlation between the curvature of the human eyelash and its geometrical features. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:108-15. [PMID: 30078421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although human eyelashes are generally curved, the cause of the natural curvature of eyelashes has not yet to be clarified elsewhere. Related with this, this paper reports our discovery of a correlation between the curvature of the eyelash and its geometrical features. Eyelashes can be divided into root, middle and tip sections. Because the curvature at the root is larger than that at the tip, we expected that the root section could be more easily deformed by bending compared with the tip section. However, the structural elasticity in bending, which is the flexural rigidity without depending on the external dimensions, at the root was found to be greater than that at the tip, contrary to our initial expectations. Next we examined the internal dimensions of cross sections of the eyelashes, and found that the thicknesses of the cuticle layer at the root were different for the convex and concave sides of the curved eyelash, although these were almost the same at the tip. Theoretical analysis of this variation in thickness of the outer cuticle layer shows that this displaces the neutral axis. Finally, we found that there is a good correlation between the displacement of the neutral axis and the curvature of the eyelash. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Why are human eyelashes naturally curved? To find a hint for this question, the mechanical and geometrical properties of human eyelash were investigated. Although the curvature at the root of the eyelash was larger than that at the tip, this was not related to the deformability of the eyelash by bending. From the cross-sectional observation of eyelash, we noticed that the thickness of the outer cuticle layer was non-uniform depending on the position, and this brought the displacement of the neutral axis of the eyelash for bending. Finally, a good correlation between the curvature and the change in the neutral axis was discovered. With practically using this findings, the curvature of the eyelash might be controlled artificially in the future.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang B, Sullivan TN. A review of terrestrial, aerial and aquatic keratins: the structure and mechanical properties of pangolin scales, feather shafts and baleen plates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 76:4-20. [PMID: 28522235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinous materials, omnipresent as the hard and durable epidermal appendages of animals, are among the toughest biological materials. They exhibit diverse morphologies and structures that serve a variety of amazing and inspiring mechanical functions. In this work, we provide a review of representative terrestrial, aerial and aquatic keratinous materials, pangolin scales, feather shafts and baleen plates, and correlate their hierarchical structures to respective functions of dermal armor, flight material and undersea filter. The overlapping pattern of pangolin scales provides effective body coverage, and the solid scales show transverse isotropy and strain-rate sensitivity, both important for armor function. The feather shaft displays a distinct shape factor, hierarchical fibrous structure within the cortex, and a solid shell-over-foam design, which enables synergistic stiffening and toughening with exceptional lightness to fulfill flight. Baleen plates exhibit a sandwich-tubular structure that features anisotropic flexural properties to sustain forces from water flow and remarkable fracture toughness that ensures reliable undersea functioning. The latest findings regarding the structural design principles and mechanical properties are presented in order to advance current understanding of keratinous materials and to stimulate the development of new bioinspired materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|