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Khalil M, Teunissen CE, Lehmann S, Otto M, Piehl F, Ziemssen T, Bittner S, Sormani MP, Gattringer T, Abu-Rumeileh S, Thebault S, Abdelhak A, Green A, Benkert P, Kappos L, Comabella M, Tumani H, Freedman MS, Petzold A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Leppert D, Kuhle J. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders - towards clinical application. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:269-287. [PMID: 38609644 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Neurofilament proteins have been validated as specific body fluid biomarkers of neuro-axonal injury. The advent of highly sensitive analytical platforms that enable reliable quantification of neurofilaments in blood samples and simplify longitudinal follow-up has paved the way for the development of neurofilaments as a biomarker in clinical practice. Potential applications include assessment of disease activity, monitoring of treatment responses, and determining prognosis in many acute and chronic neurological disorders as well as their use as an outcome measure in trials of novel therapies. Progress has now moved the measurement of neurofilaments to the doorstep of routine clinical practice for the evaluation of individuals. In this Review, we first outline current knowledge on the structure and function of neurofilaments. We then discuss analytical and statistical approaches and challenges in determining neurofilament levels in different clinical contexts and assess the implications of neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in normal ageing and the confounding factors that need to be considered when interpreting NfL measures. In addition, we summarize the current value and potential clinical applications of neurofilaments as a biomarker of neuro-axonal damage in a range of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson disease. We also consider the steps needed to complete the translation of neurofilaments from the laboratory to the management of neurological diseases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Samir Abu-Rumeileh
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Thebault
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelhak
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari Green
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pascal Benkert
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Neurology Department, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, CSF Laboratory, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Axel Petzold
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, MS Centre and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Leppert
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Ding EA, Kumar S. Neurofilament Biophysics: From Structure to Biomechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:re1. [PMID: 38598299 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-11-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are multisubunit, neuron-specific intermediate filaments consisting of a 10-nm diameter filament "core" surrounded by a layer of long intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) "tails." NFs are thought to regulate axonal caliber during development and then stabilize the mature axon, with NF subunit misregulation, mutation, and aggregation featuring prominently in multiple neurological diseases. The field's understanding of NF structure, mechanics, and function has been deeply informed by a rich variety of biochemical, cell biological, and mouse genetic studies spanning more than four decades. These studies have contributed much to our collective understanding of NF function in axonal physiology and disease. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in NF subunit proteins in two new contexts: as potential blood- and cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarkers of neuronal damage, and as model IDPs with intriguing properties. Here, we review established principles and more recent discoveries in NF structure and function. Where possible, we place these findings in the context of biophysics of NF assembly, interaction, and contributions to axonal mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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3
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van Asperen JV, Kotaich F, Caillol D, Bomont P. Neurofilaments: Novel findings and future challenges. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 87:102326. [PMID: 38401181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are abundant cytoskeletal proteins that emerge as a critical hub for cell signalling within neurons. As we start to uncover essential roles of NFs in regulating microtubule and organelle dynamics, nerve conduction and neurotransmission, novel discoveries are expected to arise in genetics, with NFs identified as causal genes for various neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss how the latest advances in fundamental and translational research illuminate our understanding of NF biology, particularly their assembly, organisation, transport and degradation. We will emphasise the notion that filaments are not one entity and that future challenges will be to apprehend their diverse composition and structural heterogeneity and to scrutinize how this regulates signalling, sustains neuronal physiology and drives pathophysiology in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy V van Asperen
- ERC Team, NeuroMyoGene Insitute, INMG-PGNM, Inserm U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Farah Kotaich
- ERC Team, NeuroMyoGene Insitute, INMG-PGNM, Inserm U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Caillol
- ERC Team, NeuroMyoGene Insitute, INMG-PGNM, Inserm U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Bomont
- ERC Team, NeuroMyoGene Insitute, INMG-PGNM, Inserm U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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Theuriet J, Fernandez-Eulate G, Latour P, Stojkovic T, Masingue M, Vidoni L, Bernard E, Jacquier A, Schaeffer L, Salort-Campana E, Chanson JB, Pakleza AN, Kaminsky AL, Svahn J, Manel V, Bouhour F, Pegat A. Genetic characterization of non-5q proximal spinal muscular atrophy in a French cohort: the place of whole exome sequencing. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:37-43. [PMID: 37337091 PMCID: PMC10772122 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is defined by a degeneration of the anterior horn cells resulting in muscle weakness predominantly in the proximal lower limbs. While most patients carry a biallelic deletion in the SMN1 gene (localized in chromosome 5q), little is known regarding patients without SMN1-mutation, and a genetic diagnosis is not always possible. Here, we report a cohort of 24 French patients with non-5q proximal SMA from five neuromuscular centers who all, except two, had next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel, followed by whole exome sequencing (WES) if gene panel showed a negative result. The two remaining patients benefited directly from WES or whole genome sequencing (WGS). A total of ten patients with causative variants were identified, nine of whom were index cases (9/23 families = 39%). Eight variants were identified by gene panel: five variants in DYNC1H1, and three in BICD2. Compound heterozygous causative variants in ASAH1 were identified directly by WES, and one variant in DYNC1H1 was identified directly by WGS. No causative variant was found using WES in patients with a previous panel with negative results (14 cases). We thus recommend using primarily NGS panels in patients with non-5q-SMA and using WES, especially when several members of the same family are affected and/or when trio analyses are possible, or WGS as second-line testing if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Theuriet
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service d'électroneuromyographie et de Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France.
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France.
| | - Gorka Fernandez-Eulate
- Nord/Est/Ile-De-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Latour
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Neurogénétique Moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Nord/Est/Ile-De-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marion Masingue
- Nord/Est/Ile-De-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Léo Vidoni
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Neurogénétique Moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Emilien Bernard
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service d'électroneuromyographie et de Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Troubles du Mouvement et Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquier
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire, CBC Biotec, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire, CBC Biotec, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Emmanuelle Salort-Campana
- Hôpital de la Timone, Maladies Neuromusculaires et SMA, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Chanson
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aleksandra Nadaj Pakleza
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Laure Kaminsky
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Référent des Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares, CHU de Saint Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Juliette Svahn
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service d'électroneuromyographie et de Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Troubles du Mouvement et Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Manel
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service d'électroneuromyographie et de Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Françoise Bouhour
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service d'électroneuromyographie et de Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Pegat
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service d'électroneuromyographie et de Pathologies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Lyon1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
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Kotaich F, Caillol D, Bomont P. Neurofilaments in health and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275155. [PMID: 38164457 PMCID: PMC10758125 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are the most abundant component of mature neurons, that interconnect with actin and microtubules to form the cytoskeleton. Specifically expressed in the nervous system, NFs present the particularity within the Intermediate Filament family of being formed by four subunits, the neurofilament light (NF-L), medium (NF-M), heavy (NF-H) proteins and α-internexin or peripherin. Here, we review the current knowledge on NF proteins and neurofilaments, from their domain structures and their model of assembly to the dynamics of their transport and degradation along the axon. The formation of the filament and its behaviour are regulated by various determinants, including post-transcriptional (miRNA and RBP proteins) and post-translational (phosphorylation and ubiquitination) modifiers. Altogether, the complex set of modifications enable the neuron to establish a stable but elastic NF array constituting the structural scaffold of the axon, while permitting the local expression of NF proteins and providing the dynamics necessary to fulfil local demands and respond to stimuli and injury. Thus, in addition to their roles in mechano-resistance, radial axonal outgrowth and nerve conduction, NFs control microtubule dynamics, organelle distribution and neurotransmission at the synapse. We discuss how the studies of neurodegenerative diseases with NF aggregation shed light on the biology of NFs. In particular, the NEFL and NEFH genes are mutated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, the most common inherited neurological disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The clinical features of the CMT forms (axonal CMT2E, CMT2CC; demyelinating CMT1F; intermediate I-CMT) with symptoms affecting the central nervous system (CNS) will allow us to further investigate the physiological roles of NFs in the brain. Thus, NF-CMT mouse models exhibit various degrees of sensory-motor deficits associated with CNS symptoms. Cellular systems brought findings regarding the dominant effect of NF-L mutants on NF aggregation and transport, although these have been recently challenged. Neurofilament detection without NF-L in recessive CMT is puzzling, calling for a re-examination of the current model in which NF-L is indispensable for NF assembly. Overall, we discuss how the fundamental and translational fields are feeding each-other to increase but also challenge our knowledge of NF biology, and to develop therapeutic avenues for CMT and neurodegenerative diseases with NF aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascale Bomont
- ERC team, NeuroMyoGene Institute-Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Müller MBD, Kasturi P, Jayaraj GG, Hartl FU. Mechanisms of readthrough mitigation reveal principles of GCN1-mediated translational quality control. Cell 2023:S0092-8674(23)00587-1. [PMID: 37339632 PMCID: PMC10364623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Readthrough into the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the mRNA results in the production of aberrant proteins. Metazoans efficiently clear readthrough proteins, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells that readthrough proteins are targeted by a coupled, two-level quality control pathway involving the BAG6 chaperone complex and the ribosome-collision-sensing protein GCN1. Readthrough proteins with hydrophobic C-terminal extensions (CTEs) are recognized by SGTA-BAG6 and ubiquitylated by RNF126 for proteasomal degradation. Additionally, cotranslational mRNA decay initiated by GCN1 and CCR4/NOT limits the accumulation of readthrough products. Unexpectedly, selective ribosome profiling uncovered a general role of GCN1 in regulating translation dynamics when ribosomes collide at nonoptimal codons, enriched in 3' UTRs, transmembrane proteins, and collagens. GCN1 dysfunction increasingly perturbs these protein classes during aging, resulting in mRNA and proteome imbalance. Our results define GCN1 as a key factor acting during translation in maintaining protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B D Müller
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Prasad Kasturi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gopal G Jayaraj
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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7
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Yuan A, Nixon RA. Posttranscriptional regulation of neurofilament proteins and tau in health and disease. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:115-127. [PMID: 36441047 PMCID: PMC9907725 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurofilament and tau proteins are neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins that are enriched in axons, regulated by many of the same protein kinases, interact physically, and are the principal constituents of neurofibrillary lesions in major adult-onset dementias. Both proteins share functions related to the modulation of stability and functions of the microtubule network in axons, axonal transport and scaffolding of organelles, long-term synaptic potentiation, and learning and memory. Expression of these proteins is regulated not only at the transcriptional level but also through posttranscriptional control of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, transport, localization, local translation and degradation. Current evidence suggests that posttranscriptional determinants of their levels are usually regulated by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs primarily through 3'-untranslated regions of neurofilament and tau mRNAs. Dysregulations of neurofilament and tau expression caused by mutations or pathologies of RNA-binding proteins such as TDP43, FUS and microRNAs are increasingly recognized in association with varied neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of posttranscriptional control of neurofilament and tau by examining the posttranscriptional regulation of neurofilament and tau by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs implicated in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA,Correspondence to: Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA, (A. Yuan), (R.A. Nixon)
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Truong AT, Luong ATL, Nguyen LH, Nguyen HV, Nguyen DN, Nguyen NTM. A novel single-point mutation of NEFH and biallelic SACS mutation presenting as intermediate form Charcot-Marie-Tooth: A case report in Vietnam. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:553. [PMID: 36600740 PMCID: PMC9805609 DOI: 10.25259/sni_803_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is among the most common group of inherited neuromuscular diseases. SACS mutations were demonstrated to cause autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). However, there have been few case reports regarding to NEFH and SACS gene mutation to CMT in Vietnamese patients, and the diagnosis of CMT and ARSACS in the clinical setting still overlapped. Case Description We report two patients presenting with sensorimotor neuropathy without cerebellar ataxia, spasticity and other neurological features, being diagnosed with intermediate form CMT by electrophysiological and clinical examination and neuroimaging. By whole-exome sequencing panel of two affected members, and PCR Sanger on NEFH and SACS genes to confirm the presence of selected variants on their parents, we identified a novel missense variant NEFH c.1925C>T (inherited from the mother) in an autosomal dominant heterozygous state, and two recessive SACS variants (SACS c.13174C>T, causing missense variant, and SACS c.11343del, causing frameshift variant) (inherited one from the mother and another from the father) in these two patients. Clinical and electrophysiological findings on these patients did not match classical ARSACS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of two affected siblings diagnosed with CMT carrying both a novel NEFH variant and biallelic SACS variants. Conclusion We concluded that this novel NEFH variant is likely benign, and biallelic SACS mutation (c.13174C>T and c.11343del) is likely pathogenic for intermediate form CMT. This study is also expected to emphasize the current knowledge of intermediate form CMT, ARSACS, and the phenotypic spectrum of NEFH-related and SACS-related disorders. We expect to give a new understanding of CMT; however, further research should be conducted to provide a more thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of CMT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Truong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nam Dinh University of Nursing, Nam Dinh, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Lan Luong
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Hai Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Corresponding author: Linh Hai Nguyen, Department of Neurology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Huong Van Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Diep Ngoc Nguyen
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research (ITAR), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Thi Minh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract
Neurofilament proteins (Nf) have been validated and established as a reliable body fluid biomarker for neurodegenerative pathology. This review covers seven Nf isoforms, Nf light (NfL), two splicing variants of Nf medium (NfM), two splicing variants of Nf heavy (NfH), α -internexin (INA) and peripherin (PRPH). The genetic and epigenetic aspects of Nf are discussed as relevant for neurodegenerative diseases and oncology. The comprehensive list of mutations for all Nf isoforms covers Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Charcot-Marie Tooth disease, Spinal muscular atrophy, Parkinson Disease and Lewy Body Dementia. Next, emphasis is given to the expanding field of post-translational modifications (PTM) of the Nf amino acid residues. Protein structural aspects are reviewed alongside PTMs causing neurodegenerative pathology and human autoimmunity. Molecular visualisations of NF PTMs, assembly and stoichiometry make use of Alphafold2 modelling. The implications for Nf function on the cellular level and axonal transport are discussed. Neurofilament aggregate formation and proteolytic breakdown are reviewed as relevant for biomarker tests and disease. Likewise, Nf stoichiometry is reviewed with regard to in vitro experiments and as a compensatory mechanism in neurodegeneration. The review of Nf across a spectrum of 87 diseases from all parts of medicine is followed by a critical appraisal of 33 meta-analyses on Nf body fluid levels. The review concludes with considerations for clinical trial design and an outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Petzold
- Department of NeurodegenerationQueen Square Insitute of Neurology, UCLLondonUK
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10
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Alberti P, Semperboni S, Cavaletti G, Scuteri A. Neurons: The Interplay between Cytoskeleton, Ion Channels/Transporters and Mitochondria. Cells 2022; 11:2499. [PMID: 36010576 PMCID: PMC9406945 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are permanent cells whose key feature is information transmission via chemical and electrical signals. Therefore, a finely tuned homeostasis is necessary to maintain function and preserve neuronal lifelong survival. The cytoskeleton, and in particular microtubules, are far from being inert actors in the maintenance of this complex cellular equilibrium, and they participate in the mobilization of molecular cargos and organelles, thus influencing neuronal migration, neuritis growth and synaptic transmission. Notably, alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics have been linked to alterations of neuronal excitability. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the neuronal cytoskeleton and provide insights into alterations of this component leading to human diseases, addressing how these might affect excitability/synaptic activity, as well as neuronal functioning. We also provide an overview of the microscopic approaches to visualize and assess the cytoskeleton, with a specific focus on mitochondrial trafficking.
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11
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Arshad F, Vengalil S, Nalini A, Polavarapu K, Shamim U, Jabeen S, Nagaraj C, Ramakrishnan S, Faruq M, Alladi S. Novel TBK1 variant associated with Frontotemporal Dementia overlap syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 145:399-406. [PMID: 34841512 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) mutation has been reported as a causative gene for overlap frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) syndrome. However, there are no reports from families of South Asian ethnicity. OBJECTIVE To report a case study of a family with the proband having overlap FTD-ALS syndrome caused by a novel TBK1 variant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical, brain imaging, genetic analysis and laboratory data of the patient with FTD-ALS were performed. In addition, family-based segregation analysis of identified novel variants was also done. RESULTS This study pertains to genetic analysis in 11 members in a family with only one member affected with overlap FTD-ALS syndrome. The whole-exome sequencing analysis in the symptomatic member showed a novel loss-of-function (LoF) variant c.1810G>T(p.E604X) in the TBK1 gene. Neuroimaging showed a pattern of asymmetric frontotemporal atrophy and hypometabolism. Segregation analysis of the variation demonstrated its presence in several family members, although none of the other members was symptomatic. Further, we observed another missense variation in the NEFH gene (p.Pro683Leu) which was seen in the symptomatic and two asymptomatic family members, the pathogenicity of which is unclear. CONCLUSION This is the first study of a rare novel TBK1 variant associated with FTD-ALS from India. Asymptomatic family members with the variant have important clinical implications and necessitate the genetic evaluation and long-term follow-up of family members of patients detected with TBK1 mutations. Therefore, although infrequent, genetic screening for the TBK1 gene should be considered when encountering overlap FTD syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Arshad
- Department of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru India
| | - Seena Vengalil
- Department of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Department of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru India
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Department of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru India
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology New Delhi India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine The Ottawa Hospital Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Shumyla Jabeen
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology NIMHANS Bengaluru India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology NIMHANS Bengaluru India
| | - Subasree Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru India
| | - Mohammad Faruq
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine The Ottawa Hospital Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of Neurology National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bengaluru India
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12
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Ando M, Higuchi Y, Okamoto Y, Yuan J, Yoshimura A, Takei J, Taniguchi T, Hiramatsu Y, Sakiyama Y, Hashiguchi A, Matsuura E, Nakagawa H, Sonoda K, Yamashita T, Tamura A, Terasawa H, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Takashima H. An NEFH founder mutation causes broad phenotypic spectrum in multiple Japanese families. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:399-403. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Pipis M, Cortese A, Polke JM, Poh R, Vandrovcova J, Laura M, Skorupinska M, Jacquier A, Juntas-Morales R, Latour P, Petiot P, Sole G, Fromes Y, Shah S, Blake J, Choi BO, Chung KW, Stojkovic T, Rossor AM, Reilly MM. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC due to NEFH variants causes a progressive, non-length-dependent, motor-predominant phenotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:48-56. [PMID: 34518334 PMCID: PMC8685631 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurofilaments are the major scaffolding proteins for the neuronal cytoskeleton, and variants in NEFH have recently been described to cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC (CMT2CC). METHODS In this large observational study, we present phenotype-genotype correlations on 30 affected and 3 asymptomatic mutation carriers from eight families. RESULTS The majority of patients presented in adulthood with motor-predominant and lower limb-predominant symptoms and the average age of onset was 31.0±15.1 years. A prominent feature was the development of proximal weakness early in the course of the disease. The disease progressed rapidly, unlike other Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) subtypes, and half of the patients (53%) needed to use a wheelchair on average 24.1 years after symptom onset. Furthermore, 40% of patients had evidence of early ankle plantarflexion weakness, a feature which is observed in only a handful of CMT subtypes. Neurophysiological studies and MRI of the lower limbs confirmed the presence of a non-length-dependent neuropathy in the majority of patients.All families harboured heterozygous frameshift variants in the last exon of NEFH, resulting in a reading frameshift to an alternate open reading frame and the translation of approximately 42 additional amino acids from the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR). CONCLUSIONS This phenotype-genotype study highlights the unusual phenotype of CMT2CC, which is more akin to spinal muscular atrophy rather than classic CMT. Furthermore, the study will enable more informative discussions on the natural history of the disease and will aid in NEFH variant interpretation in the context of the disease's unique molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menelaos Pipis
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - James M Polke
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roy Poh
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matilde Laura
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mariola Skorupinska
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Arnaud Jacquier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Universite de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raul Juntas-Morales
- Clinique du Motoneurone et Pathologies Neuromusculaires, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Latour
- Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Petiot
- Neurologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Neurologiques, Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guilhem Sole
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, CHU Bordeaux GH Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yves Fromes
- Institut de Myologie, Laboratoire RMN, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sachit Shah
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Julian Blake
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, UK
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Inserm UMRS974, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France
| | - Alexander M Rossor
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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14
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Pisciotta C, Pareyson D. CMT2CC associated with NEFH mutations: a predominantly motor neuronopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:1. [PMID: 34518332 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pisciotta
- Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
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15
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Qiuju H, Jianlong Z, Qi W, Zhifa L, Ding W, Xiaofang S, Yingjun X. Epilepsy Combined With Multiple Gene Heterozygous Mutation. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:763642. [PMID: 35299674 PMCID: PMC8921529 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.763642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast pace of gene discovery has resulted in groundbreaking advances in the field of epilepsy genetics. Clinical testing using comprehensive gene panels, exomes, or genomes is now increasingly available and has significantly increased the diagnostic yield for early-onset epilepsies and enabled precision medicine approaches. In this paper, we report a case of epilepsy in a pedigree. The proband had heterozygous mutations in KCNC1 (NM_001112741.1:c.959G>A, p. Arg320His), CAPN3 (NM_000070.2:c.526G>A, p. Val176Met), and NEFH (NM_021076.3:c. 2595 delC, p. Lys866Argfs*51). Sanger sequencing verification was consistent with the results of whole-exome sequencing. The KCNC1 mutation was a de novo mutation, and the CAPN3 and NEFH mutations were inherited from their father and mother, respectively. Based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, a heterozygous mutation was found for APOB (NM_000384.2: c.10579C > T, p. Arg3527Trp). The heterozygous mutation at this site was inherent in the pedigree. Coexpression analysis indicated that heterozygous mutations of KCNC1, CAPN3, NEFH, and APOB were closely related to the clinical phenotypes of the patient, and the clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease may be the result of the interaction of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qiuju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Jianlong
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhifa
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sun Xiaofang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xie Yingjun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Xu L, Peng Z, Zhou C, Wang J, Luo H, Lu Q, Bao Z. A Chinese Patient with Spastic Paraplegia Type 4 with a De Novo Mutation in the SPAST Gene. Case Rep Genet 2021; 2021:6636855. [PMID: 34950521 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6636855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) is the most common type of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by mutations in the SPAST gene. Case Presentation. We report the case of a 27-year-old pregnant Chinese woman with HSP in whom we identified a missense mutation in the SPAST gene (c.1496G>A, p.Arg499His) and a nonsense mutation in the NEFH gene (c.289G>T, p.Glu97 ∗ ) via whole-exome sequencing; this finding corroborated that of Sanger sequencing. The patient exhibited the pure SPG4 phenotype with onset during childhood. The SPAST mutation was absent in the parents and paternal relatives. However, the NEFH mutation was identified in five people with no clinical phenotype. Based on theoretical conjecture and the family gene segregation information, we concluded that the SPAST mutation, but not the NEFH mutation, accounted for the proband's phenotype. Eventually, the woman gave birth to a healthy baby girl with the NEFH mutation. Conclusion In this report, we identified a missense mutation in the SPAST gene (p.Arg499His) in a 27-year-old pregnant Chinese woman with HSP. We believe that this study expands the knowledge about the clinical parameters and mutation spectrum of SPG4.
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17
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Aruta F, Severi D, Iovino A, Spina E, Barghigiani M, Ruggiero L, Iodice R, Santorelli FM, Manganelli F, Tozza S. Proximal weakness involvement in the first Italian case of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2CC harboring a novel frameshift variant in NEFH. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 26:231-234. [PMID: 33987933 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) diseases are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. Different variants in the neurofilament heavy chain (NEFH) gene have been described to cause the CMT2CC subtype. Here we report the first Italian patient affected by CMT2CC, harboring a novel variant in NEFH. In describing our patient, we also reviewed previously CMT2CC individuals, and suggested to consider NEFH variant if patients have an axonal sensory-motor neuropathy with a prominent proximal muscles involvement with early requirement of walking aids or wheelchair, remembering a motor neuron disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Aruta
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Severi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Iovino
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Iodice
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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18
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Davis ZH, Mediani L, Antoniani F, Vinet J, Li S, Alberti S, Lu B, Holehouse AS, Carra S, Brandman O. Protein products of nonstop mRNA disrupt nucleolar homeostasis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:549-561. [PMID: 33619693 PMCID: PMC8065075 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stalled mRNA translation results in the production of incompletely synthesized proteins that are targeted for degradation by ribosome-associated quality control (RQC). Here we investigated the fate of defective proteins translated from stall-inducing, nonstop mRNA that escape ubiquitylation by the RQC protein LTN1. We found that nonstop protein products accumulated in nucleoli and this localization was driven by polylysine tracts produced by translation of the poly(A) tails of nonstop mRNA. Nucleolar sequestration increased the solubility of invading proteins but disrupted nucleoli, altering their dynamics, morphology, and resistance to stress in cell culture and intact flies. Our work elucidates how stalled translation may affect distal cellular processes and may inform studies on the pathology of diseases caused by failures in RQC and characterized by nucleolar stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe H Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Laura Mediani
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio, Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoniani
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio, Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio, Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Simon Alberti
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universitat Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Serena Carra
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio, Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Onn Brandman
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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19
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Bomont P. The dazzling rise of neurofilaments: Physiological functions and roles as biomarkers. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 68:181-191. [PMID: 33454158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, neurofilaments (NFs) have become one of the most blazing topics in clinical neuroscience. NFs are major cytoskeletal constituents of neurons, can be detected in body fluids, and have recently emerged as universal biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurological diseases. This review will examine the evolving landscape of NFs, from their specific cellular functions within neurons to their broad clinical value as biomarkers. Particular attention will be given to the dynamic nature of the NF network and its novel roles in microtubule regulation, neurotransmission, and nanomedicine. Building from the initial evidence of causative mutations in NF genes in Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases, the latest advances at the frontiers of basic and clinical sciences have expanded the scope and relevance of NFs for human health remarkably and have poised to fuel innovation in cell biology and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Bomont
- ERC team, INMG, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR5310, University of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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20
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Gafson AR, Barthélemy NR, Bomont P, Carare RO, Durham HD, Julien JP, Kuhle J, Leppert D, Nixon RA, Weller RO, Zetterberg H, Matthews PM. Neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications. Brain 2020; 143:1975-1998. [PMID: 32408345 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in neurofilaments has risen sharply in recent years with recognition of their potential as biomarkers of brain injury or neurodegeneration in CSF and blood. This is in the context of a growing appreciation for the complexity of the neurobiology of neurofilaments, new recognition of specialized roles for neurofilaments in synapses and a developing understanding of mechanisms responsible for their turnover. Here we will review the neurobiology of neurofilament proteins, describing current understanding of their structure and function, including recently discovered evidence for their roles in synapses. We will explore emerging understanding of the mechanisms of neurofilament degradation and clearance and review new methods for future elucidation of the kinetics of their turnover in humans. Primary roles of neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of human diseases will be described. With this background, we then will review critically evidence supporting use of neurofilament concentration measures as biomarkers of neuronal injury or degeneration. Finally, we will reflect on major challenges for studies of the neurobiology of intermediate filaments with specific attention to identifying what needs to be learned for more precise use and confident interpretation of neurofilament measures as biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie R Gafson
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas R Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pascale Bomont
- ATIP-Avenir team, INM, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Heather D Durham
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Roy O Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, London
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21
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Stavrou M, Sargiannidou I, Christofi T, Kleopa KA. Genetic mechanisms of peripheral nerve disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 742:135357. [PMID: 33249104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies of genetic etiology are a very diverse group of disorders manifesting either as non-syndromic inherited neuropathies without significant manifestations outside the peripheral nervous system, or as part of a systemic or syndromic genetic disorder. The former and most frequent group is collectively known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), with prevalence as high as 1:2,500 world-wide, and has proven to be genetically highly heterogeneous. More than 100 different genes have been identified so far to cause various CMT forms, following all possible inheritance patterns. CMT causative genes belong to several common functional pathways that are essential for the integrity of the peripheral nerve. Their discovery has provided insights into the normal biology of axons and myelinating cells, and has highlighted the molecular mechanisms including both loss of function and gain of function effects, leading to peripheral nerve degeneration. Demyelinating neuropathies result from dysfunction of genes primarily affecting myelinating Schwann cells, while axonal neuropathies are caused by genes affecting mostly neurons and their long axons. Furthermore, mutation in genes expressed outside the nervous system, as in the case of inherited amyloid neuropathies, may cause peripheral neuropathy resulting from accumulation of β-structured amyloid fibrils in peripheral nerves in addition to various organs. Increasing insights into the molecular-genetic mechanisms have revealed potential therapeutic targets. These will enable the development of novel therapeutics for genetic neuropathies that remain, in their majority, without effective treatment.
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22
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Guillaud L, El-Agamy SE, Otsuki M, Terenzio M. Anterograde Axonal Transport in Neuronal Homeostasis and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:556175. [PMID: 33071754 PMCID: PMC7531239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.556175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with an elongated axon that extends far away from the cell body. To maintain their homeostasis, neurons rely extensively on axonal transport of membranous organelles and other molecular complexes. Axonal transport allows for spatio-temporal activation and modulation of numerous molecular cascades, thus playing a central role in the establishment of neuronal polarity, axonal growth and stabilization, and synapses formation. Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are supported by various molecular motors, such as kinesins and dynein, and a complex microtubule network. In this review article, we will primarily discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying anterograde axonal transport and its role in neuronal development and maturation, including the establishment of functional synaptic connections. We will then provide an overview of the molecular and cellular perturbations that affect axonal transport and are often associated with axonal degeneration. Lastly, we will relate our current understanding of the role of axonal trafficking concerning anterograde trafficking of mRNA and its involvement in the maintenance of the axonal compartment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillaud
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sara Emad El-Agamy
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Miki Otsuki
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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23
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Yan J, Qiao L, Peng H, Liu A, Wu J, Huang J. A novel missense pathogenic variant in NEFH causing rare Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2CC. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:757-63. [PMID: 32780247 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to explore the underlying genes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). Technologies such as electrophysiological testing and gene sequencing have been applied. We identified a novel variant NEFH c.2215C>T(p.P739S)(HGNC:7737) in a heterozygous state, which was considered to be pathogenic for CMT2CC(OMIM:616924).The proband and his brothers presented with muscle atrophy of hand and calf and moderately decreased conduction velocities. By whole exome sequencing analysis, we found the novel missense pathogenic variant in the proband, his brother and mother. This report broadened current knowledge about intermediate CMT and the phenotypic spectrum of defects associated with NEFH. In addition, the proband carried other five variants {HSPD1c.695C>A (p.S232X), FLNCc.1073A>G (p.N358S), GUSBc.323C>A (p.P108Q), ACY1 c.1063-1G>A and APTX c.484-2A>T}, which have not been reported until now. The NEFH c.2215C>T (p.P739S) give us a new understanding of CMT, which might provide new therapeutic targets in the future.
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24
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Dhamija S, Yang CM, Seiler J, Myacheva K, Caudron-Herger M, Wieland A, Abdelkarim M, Sharma Y, Riester M, Groß M, Maurer J, Diederichs S. A pan-cancer analysis reveals nonstop extension mutations causing SMAD4 tumour suppressor degradation. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:999-1010. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Axonal transport is a highly complex process essential for sustaining proper neuronal functioning. Disturbances can result in an altered neuronal homeostasis, aggregation of cargoes, and ultimately a dying-back degeneration of neurons. The impact of dysfunction in axonal transport is shown by genetic defects in key proteins causing a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, including inherited peripheral neuropathies. In this review, we provide an overview of the cytoskeletal components, molecular motors and adaptor proteins involved in axonal transport mechanisms and their implication in neuronal functioning. In addition, we discuss the involvement of axonal transport dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases with a particular focus on inherited peripheral neuropathies. Lastly, we address some recent scientific advances most notably in therapeutic strategies employed in the area of axonal transport, patient-derived iPSC models, in vivo animal models, antisense-oligonucleotide treatments, and novel chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique Beijer
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Angela Sisto
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neurology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerpen, Belgium
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26
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Martin PB, Hicks AN, Holbrook SE, Cox GA. Overlapping spectrums: The clinicogenetic commonalities between Charcot-Marie-Tooth and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146532. [PMID: 31678418 PMCID: PMC6939129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a progressive and heterogeneous inherited peripheral neuropathy. A myriad of genetic factors have been identified that contribute to the degeneration of motor and sensory axons in a length-dependent manner. Emerging biological themes underlying disease include defects in axonal trafficking, dysfunction in RNA metabolism and protein homeostasis, as well deficits in the cellular stress response. Moreover, genetic contributions to CMT can have overlap with other neuropathies, motor neuron diseases (MNDs) and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent progress in understanding the molecular biology of CMT and overlapping syndromes aids in the search for necessary therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige B Martin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Amy N Hicks
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sarah E Holbrook
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Gregory A Cox
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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27
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Mazón-Cabrera R, Vandormael P, Somers V. Antigenic Targets of Patient and Maternal Autoantibodies in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1474. [PMID: 31379804 PMCID: PMC6659315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose behavioral symptoms become apparent in early childhood. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are only partially understood and the clinical manifestations are heterogeneous in nature, which poses a major challenge for diagnosis, prognosis and intervention. In the last years, an important role of a dysregulated immune system in ASD has emerged, but the mechanisms connecting this to a disruption of brain development are still largely unknown. Although ASD is not considered as a typical autoimmune disease, self-reactive antibodies or autoantibodies against a wide variety of targets have been found in a subset of ASD patients. In addition, autoantibodies reactive to fetal brain proteins have also been described in the prenatal stage of neurodevelopment, where they can be transferred from the mother to the fetus by transplacental transport. In this review, we give an extensive overview of the antibodies described in ASD according to their target antigens, their different origins, and timing of exposure during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veerle Somers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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28
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Jahic A, Günther S, Muschol N, Fossøy Stadheim B, Braaten Ø, Kjensli Hyldebrandt H, Kuiper GA, Tylee K, Wijburg FA, Beetz C. "Missing mutations" in MPS I: Identification of two novel copy number variations by an IDUA-specific in house MLPA assay. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00615. [PMID: 31319022 PMCID: PMC6732313 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare, recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder, characterized by progressive multi‐systemic disease. It is caused by a reduced or absent alpha‐l iduronidase (IDUA) enzyme activity secondary to biallelic loss‐of‐function variants in the IDUA. Over 200 causative variants in IDUA have been identified. Nevertheless, there is a fraction of MPS I patients with only a single mutated IDUA allele detectable. Methods As genetic testing of MPS I is usually based on sequencing methods, copy number variations (CNVs) in IDUA can be missed and therefore presumably remain underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was the detection of CNVs using an IDUA‐specific in house multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay. Results A total of five unrelated MPS I patient samples were re‐analyzed after only a single heterozygous IDUA mutation c.979G>C (p.A327P), c.1469T>C (p.L490P), c.1598C>G (p.P533R), c.1205G>A (p.W402X), c.973‐7C>G (p.?) could be identified. We detected a novel splice site variant c.973‐7C>G (p.?), as well as two novel CNVs, a large deletion of IDUA exon 14 and 3’UTR c.(1828 + 1_1829‐1)_(*1963_?)del, and a large duplication extending from IDUA exon 2 to intron 12 c.(157 + 1_158‐1)_(1727 + 1_1728‐1)dup. Conclusion Together with the CNVs we previously identified, a total of four pathogenic IDUACNVs have now been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahic
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Günther
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Muschol
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Øivind Braaten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gé-Ann Kuiper
- Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karen Tylee
- Manchester Center for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Frits A Wijburg
- Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Beetz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Centogene AG, Rostock, Germany
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29
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yanni J, Qureshi MA, Logantha SJRJ, Kassab S, Boyett MR, Gardiner NJ, Sun H, Howarth FC, Dobrzynski H. Electrical Conduction System Remodeling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rat Heart. Front Physiol 2019; 10:826. [PMID: 31338036 PMCID: PMC6628866 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are common in type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) and there is an increased risk of arrhythmias as a result of dysfunction of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). We have previously shown that, in vivo, there is a decrease in the heart rate and prolongation of the QRS complex in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats indicating dysfunction of the CCS. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of the ex vivo CCS and key proteins that are involved in pacemaker mechanisms in TIDM. RR interval, PR interval and QRS complex duration were significantly increased in diabetic rats. The beating rate of the isolated sinoatrial node (SAN) preparation was significantly decreased in diabetic rats. The funny current density and cell capacitance were significantly decreased in diabetic nodal cells. Western blot showed that proteins involved in the function of the CCS were significantly decreased in diabetic rats, namely: HCN4, Cav1.3, Cav3.1, Cx45, and NCX1 in the SAN; RyR2 and NCX1 in the atrioventricular junction and Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and RyR2 in the Purkinje network. We conclude that there are complex functional and cellular changes in the CCS in TIDM. The changes in the proteins involved in the function of this electrical system are expected to adversely affect action potential generation and propagation, and these changes are likely to be arrhythmogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Yanni
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Anwar Qureshi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sunil Jit R J Logantha
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kassab
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Boyett
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Gardiner
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Halina Dobrzynski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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30
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Callegari I, Gemelli C, Geroldi A, Veneri F, Mandich P, D’antonio M, Pareyson D, Shy ME, Schenone A, Prada V, Grandis M. Mutation update for myelin protein zero-related neuropathies and the increasing role of variants causing a late-onset phenotype. J Neurol 2019; 266:2629-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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32
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Gentile F, Scarlino S, Falzone YM, Lunetta C, Tremolizzo L, Quattrini A, Riva N. The Peripheral Nervous System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Opportunities for Translational Research. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:601. [PMID: 31293369 PMCID: PMC6603245 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been considered as a disorder of the motor neuron (MN) cell body, recent evidences show the non-cell-autonomous pathogenic nature of the disease. Axonal degeneration, loss of peripheral axons and destruction of nerve terminals are early events in the disease pathogenic cascade, anticipating MN degeneration, and the onset of clinical symptoms. Therefore, although ALS and peripheral axonal neuropathies should be differentiated in clinical practice, they also share damage to common molecular pathways, including axonal transport, RNA metabolism and proteostasis. Thus, an extensive evaluation of the molecular events occurring in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) could be fundamental to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS, favoring the discovery of potential disease biomarkers, and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Scarlino
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri Matteo Falzone
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- Neurology Unit, ALS Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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33
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Didonna A, Opal P. The role of neurofilament aggregation in neurodegeneration: lessons from rare inherited neurological disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31097008 PMCID: PMC6524292 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are well known to involve the accumulation of disease-specific proteins. Less well known are the accumulations of another set of proteins, neuronal intermediate filaments (NFs), which have been observed in these diseases for decades. NFs belong to the family of cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins (IFs) that give cells their shape; they determine axonal caliber, which controls signal conduction; and they regulate the transport of synaptic vesicles and modulate synaptic plasticity by binding to neurotransmitter receptors. In the last two decades, a number of rare disorders caused by mutations in genes that encode NFs or regulate their metabolism have been discovered. These less prevalent disorders are providing novel insights into the role of NF aggregation in the more common neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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34
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Vijayakumar UG, Milla V, Cynthia Stafford MY, Bjourson AJ, Duddy W, Duguez SMR. A Systematic Review of Suggested Molecular Strata, Biomarkers and Their Tissue Sources in ALS. Front Neurol 2019; 10:400. [PMID: 31139131 PMCID: PMC6527847 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease, is an incurable neurodegenerative condition, characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. It affects 1–1.8/100,000 individuals worldwide, and the number of cases is projected to increase as the population ages. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify both therapeutic targets and disease-specific biomarkers–biomarkers that would be useful to diagnose and stratify patients into different sub-groups for therapeutic strategies, as well as biomarkers to follow the efficacy of any treatment tested during clinical trials. There is a lack of knowledge about pathogenesis and many hypotheses. Numerous “omics” studies have been conducted on ALS in the past decade to identify a disease-signature in tissues and circulating biomarkers. The first goal of the present review was to group the molecular pathways that have been implicated in monogenic forms of ALS, to enable the description of patient strata corresponding to each pathway grouping. This strategy allowed us to suggest 14 strata, each potentially targetable by different pharmacological strategies. The second goal of this review was to identify diagnostic/prognostic biomarker candidates consistently observed across the literature. For this purpose, we explore previous biomarker-relevant “omics” studies of ALS and summarize their findings, focusing on potential circulating biomarker candidates. We systematically review 118 papers on biomarkers published during the last decade. Several candidate markers were consistently shared across the results of different studies in either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood (leukocyte or serum/plasma). Although these candidates still need to be validated in a systematic manner, we suggest the use of combinations of biomarkers that would likely reflect the “health status” of different tissues, including motor neuron health (e.g., pNFH and NF-L, cystatin C, Transthyretin), inflammation status (e.g., MCP-1, miR451), muscle health (miR-338-3p, miR-206) and metabolism (homocysteine, glutamate, cholesterol). In light of these studies and because ALS is increasingly perceived as a multi-system disease, the identification of a panel of biomarkers that accurately reflect features of pathology is a priority, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for prognostic or predictive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Geetha Vijayakumar
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Milla
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Yu Cynthia Stafford
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Bjourson
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - William Duddy
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Marie-Rose Duguez
- Northern Ireland Center for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, United Kingdom
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35
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Ikenberg E, Reilich P, Abicht A, Heller C, Schoser B, Walter MC. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC due to a frameshift mutation of the neurofilament heavy polypeptide gene in an Austrian family. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:392-397. [PMID: 30992180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilaments are structural components of motor axons. Recently different variants resulting in translation of a cryptic amyloidogenic element of the neurofilament-heavy polypeptide (NEFH) gene have been described to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC (CMT2CC) by forming amyloidogenic toxic protein aggregation. Until now only few CMT2CC patients have been described. Clinical features include progressive muscle weakness and atrophy mainly affecting the lower limbs, hyporeflexia and distal sensory impairment. In addition to classic CMT features, some patients were reported to have increased serum creatine kinase levels, an electrophysiologic pattern suggestive for myopathies, and pyramidal signs. Ambulation is progressively impaired, most patients are non-ambulant in the 5th decade. Nerve conduction testing shows a symmetrical, distal and proximal sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. Here we describe the first Austrian pedigree suffering from CMT2CC and give an overview on the phenotype of CMT2CC described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ikenberg
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Reilich
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Abicht
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany; Medical Genetics Centre - MGZ, Bayerstraße 3, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Corina Heller
- CeGaT GmbH und Praxis für Humangenetik, Paul Ehrlich Straße 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maggie C Walter
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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36
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Yoshimura A, Yuan JH, Hashiguchi A, Ando M, Higuchi Y, Nakamura T, Okamoto Y, Nakagawa M, Takashima H. Genetic profile and onset features of 1005 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in Japan. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:195-202. [PMID: 30257968 PMCID: PMC6518473 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : To identify the genetic characteristics in a large-scale of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). METHODS: From May 2012 to August 2016, we collected 1005 cases with suspected CMT throughout Japan, whereas PMP22 duplication/deletion were excluded in advance for demyelinating CMT cases. We performed next-generation sequencing targeting CMT-related gene panels using Illumina MiSeq or Ion Proton, then analysed the gene-specific onset age of the identified cases and geographical differences in terms of their genetic spectrum. RESULTS : From 40 genes, we identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 301 cases (30.0%). The most common causative genes were GJB1 (n=66, 21.9%), MFN2 (n=66, 21.9%) and MPZ (n=51, 16.9%). In demyelinating CMT, variants were detected in 45.7% cases, and the most common reasons were GJB1 (40.3%), MPZ (27.1%), PMP22 point mutations (6.2%) and NEFL (4.7%). Axonal CMT yielded a relatively lower detection rate (22.9%), and the leading causes, occupying 72.4%, were MFN2 (37.2%), MPZ (9.0%), HSPB1 (8.3%), GJB1 (7.7%), GDAP1 (5.1%) and MME (5.1%). First decade of life was found as the most common disease onset period, and early-onset CMT cases were most likely to receive a molecular diagnosis. Geographical distribution analysis indicated distinctive genetic spectrums in different regions of Japan. CONCLUSIONS : Our results updated the genetic profile within a large-scale of Japanese CMT cases. Subsequent analyses regarding onset age and geographical distribution advanced our understanding of CMT, which would be beneficial for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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37
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Nam DE, Jung SC, Yoo DH, Choi SS, Seo SY, Kim GH, Kim SJ, Nam SH, Choi BO, Chung KW. Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy concurrent with distal and proximal weakness by translational elongation of the 3' UTR in NEFH. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2018; 22:200-207. [PMID: 28544463 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the NEFH gene encoding the heavy neurofilament protein are usually associated with neuronal damage and susceptibility to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, frameshift variants in NEFH (p.Asp1004Glnfs*58 and p.Pro1008Alafs*56) have been reported to be the underlying cause of axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC (CMT2CC). The frameshift mutation resulted in a stop loss and translation of a cryptic amyloidogenic element (CAE) encoded by the 3' untranslated region (UTR). This study also identified a de novo c.3015_3027dup frameshift mutation predicting p.Lys1010Glnfs*57 in NEFH from a CMT2 family with an atypical clinical symptom of prominent proximal weakness. This mutation is located near the previously reported frameshift mutations, suggesting a mutational hotspot. Lower limb magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed marked hyperintense signal changes in the thigh muscles compared with those in the calf muscles. Therefore, this study suggests that the stop loss and translational elongations by the 3' UTR of the NEFH mutations may be a relatively frequent genetic cause of axonal peripheral neuropathy with the specific characteristics of proximal dominant weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da Hye Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Sun Seong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea.,Department of Neurology, and Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, and Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and related neuropathies represent a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders. The present review will discuss the most recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Knowledge of CMT epidemiology and frequency of the main associated genes is increasing, with an overall prevalence estimated at 10-28/100 000. In the last years, the huge number of newly uncovered genes, thanks to next-generation sequencing techniques, is challenging the current classification of CMT. During the last 18 months other genes have been associated with CMT, such as PMP2, MORC2, NEFH, MME, and DGAT2. For the most common forms of CMT, numerous promising compounds are under study in cellular and animal models, mainly targeting either the protein degradation pathway or the protein overexpression. Consequently, efforts are devoted to develop responsive outcome measures and biomarkers for this overall slowly progressive disorder, with quantitative muscle MRI resulting the most sensitive-to-change measure. SUMMARY This is a rapidly evolving field where better understanding of pathophysiology is paving the way to develop potentially effective treatments, part of which will soon be tested in patients. Intense research is currently devoted to prepare clinical trials and develop responsive outcome measures.
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39
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Bian X, Lin P, Li J, Long F, Duan R, Yuan Q, Li Y, Gao F, Gao S, Wei S, Li X, Sun W, Gong Y, Yan C, Liu Q. Whole-Genome Linkage Analysis with Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Frameshift Variant in NEFH in a Chinese Family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2: A Novel Variant in NEFH for Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018; 18:74-83. [PMID: 29587262 DOI: 10.1159/000487754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder of the peripheral nervous system. More than 50 genes/loci were found associated with the disease. We found a family with autosomal-dominant CMT2. OBJECTIVE To reveal the pathogenic gene of the family and further investigate the function of the variant. METHODS DNA underwent whole-genome linkage analysis for all family members and whole-exome sequencing for 2 affected members. Neurofilament light polypeptide and wild-type or mutant neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NEFH) were co-transfected into SW13 (vim-) cells. The nefh-knockdown zebrafish model was produced by using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. RESULTS We identified a novel insertion variant (c.3057insG) in NEFH in the family. The variant led to the loss of a stop codon and an extended 41 amino acids in the protein. Immunofluorescence results revealed that mutant NEFH disrupted the neurofilament network and induced aggregation of NEFH protein. Knockdown of nefh in zebrafish caused a slightly or severely curled tail. The motor ability of nefh-knockdown embryos was impaired or even absent, and the embryos showed developmental defects of axons in motor neurons. The abnormal phenotype and axonal developmental defects could be rescued by injection of human wild-type but not human mutant NEFH mRNA. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel stop loss variant in NEFH that is likely pathogenic for CMT2, and the results provide further evidence for the role of an aberrant assembly of neurofilament in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Bian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Long
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruonan Duan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shijun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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40
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Kalmar B, Innes A, Wanisch K, Kolaszynska AK, Pandraud A, Kelly G, Abramov AY, Reilly MM, Schiavo G, Greensmith L. Mitochondrial deficits and abnormal mitochondrial retrograde axonal transport play a role in the pathogenesis of mutant Hsp27-induced Charcot Marie Tooth Disease. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3313-3326. [PMID: 28595321 PMCID: PMC5808738 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the small heat shock protein Hsp27, encoded by the HSPB1 gene, have been shown to cause Charcot Marie Tooth Disease type 2 (CMT-2) or distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN). Protein aggregation and axonal transport deficits have been implicated in the disease. In this study, we conducted analysis of bidirectional movements of mitochondria in primary motor neuron axons expressing wild type and mutant Hsp27. We found significantly slower retrograde transport of mitochondria in Ser135Phe, Pro39Leu and Arg140Gly mutant Hsp27 expressing motor neurons than in wild type Hsp27 neurons, although anterograde movement velocities remained normal. Retrograde transport of other important cargoes, such as the p75 neurotrophic factor receptor was minimally altered in mutant Hsp27 neurons, implicating that axonal transport deficits primarily affect mitochondria and the axonal transport machinery itself is less affected. Investigation of mitochondrial function revealed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in mutant Hsp27 expressing motor axons, as well as a reduction in mitochondrial complex 1 activity, increased vulnerability of mitochondria to mitochondrial stressors, leading to elevated superoxide release and reduced mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) levels, although cytosolic GSH remained normal. This mitochondrial redox imbalance in mutant Hsp27 motor neurons is likely to cause low level of oxidative stress, which in turn will contribute to, and indeed may be the underlying cause of the deficits in mitochondrial axonal transport. Together, these findings suggest that the mitochondrial abnormalities in mutant Hsp27-induced neuropathies may be a primary cause of pathology, leading to further deficits in the mitochondrial axonal transport and onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Innes
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders.,MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases
| | - Klaus Wanisch
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Amelie Pandraud
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1?1AT, UK
| | | | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders.,MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases
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41
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the commonest inherited neuromuscular diseases with a population prevalence of 1 in 2500. This review will cover recent advances in the genetics and pathomechanisms of CMT and how these are leading to the development of rational therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Pathomechanistic and therapeutic target advances in CMT include the identification of the ErbB receptor signalling pathway as a therapeutic target in CMT1A and pharmacological modification of the unfolded protein response in CMT1B. In CMT2D, due to mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase, vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated stimulation of the Nrp1 receptor has been identified as a therapeutic target. Preclinical advances have been accompanied by the publication of large natural history cohorts and the identification of a sensitive biomarker of disease (muscle MRI) that is able to detect disease progression in CMT1A over 1 year. SUMMARY Advances in next-generation sequencing technology, cell biology and animal models of CMT are paving the way for rational treatments. The combination of robust natural history data and the identification of sensitive biomarkers mean that we are now entering an exciting therapeutic era in the field of the genetic neuropathies.
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42
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Bock AS, Günther S, Mohr J, Goldberg LV, Jahic A, Klisch C, Hübner CA, Biskup S, Beetz C. A nonstop variant in REEP1 causes peripheral neuropathy by unmasking a 3'UTR-encoded, aggregation-inducing motif. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:193-196. [PMID: 29124833 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide variants that abolish the stop codon ("nonstop" alterations) are a unique type of substitution in genomic DNA. Whether they confer instability of the mutant mRNA or result in expression of a C-terminally extended protein depends on the absence or presence of a downstream in-frame stop codon, respectively. Of the predicted protein extensions, only few have been functionally characterized. In a family with autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, that is, an axonopathy affecting sensory neurons as well as lower motor neurons, we identified a heterozygous nonstop variant in REEP1. Mutations in this gene have classically been associated with the upper motor neuron disorder hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). We show that the C-terminal extension resulting from the nonstop variant triggers self-aggregation of REEP1 and of several reporters. Our findings support the recently proposed concept of 3'UTR-encoded "cryptic amyloidogenic elements." Together with a previous report on an aggregation-prone REEP1 deletion variant in distal hereditary motor neuropathy, they also suggest that toxic gain of REEP1 function, rather than loss-of-function as relevant for HSP, specifically affects lower motor neurons. A search for similar correlations between genotype, phenotype, and effect of mutant protein may help to explain the wide clinical spectra also in other genetically determined disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Bock
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Günther
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Mohr
- CeGaT GmbH und Praxis für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa V Goldberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amir Jahic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH und Praxis für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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43
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Adriaenssens E, Geuens T, Baets J, Echaniz-Laguna A, Timmerman V. Novel insights in the disease biology of mutant small heat shock proteins in neuromuscular diseases. Brain 2017; 140:2541-2549. [PMID: 28969372 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that exert diverse cellular functions. To date, mutations in the coding regions of HSPB1 (Hsp27) and HSPB8 (Hsp22) were reported to cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Recently, the clinical spectrum of HSPB1 and HSPB8 mutations was expanded to also include myopathies. Here we provide an update on the molecular genetics and biology of small heat shock protein mutations in neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Adriaenssens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Geuens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease Center (CERNEST), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Ando M, Okamoto Y, Yoshimura A, Yuan JH, Hiramatsu Y, Higuchi Y, Hashiguchi A, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Fukumura S, Matsushima M, Ochi N, Tsugawa J, Morishita S, Tsuji S, Takashima H. Clinical and mutational spectrum of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z caused by MORC2 variants in Japan. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:1274-1282. [PMID: 28771897 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 gene (MORC2) was newly identified as a causative gene of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) type 2Z in 2016. We aimed to describe the clinical and mutational spectrum of patients with CMT harboring MORC2 mutations in Japan. METHODS We analyzed samples from 781 unrelated patients clinically diagnosed with CMT using deoxyribonucleic acid microarray or targeted resequencing by next-generation sequencing, and samples from 434 mutation-negative patients were subjected to whole-exome sequencing. We extracted MORC2 variants from these whole-exome sequencing data and classified them according to American College of Medical Genetics standards and guidelines. RESULTS We identified MORC2 variants in 13 patients. As the second most common causative gene of CMT type 2 after MFN2, MORC2 variants were detected in 2.7% of patients with CMT type 2. The mean age of onset was 10.3 ± 8.7 years, and the inheritance pattern was mostly sporadic (11/13 patients, 84.6%). The clinical phenotype was typically length-dependent polyneuropathy, and electrophysiological studies revealed sensory-dominant axonal neuropathy. Mental retardation was identified in 4/13 patients (30.8%). p.Arg190Trp, as a mutational hotspot, was observed in eight unrelated families. We also identified two novel probably pathogenic variants, p.Cys345Tyr and p.Ala369Val, and one novel uncertain significance variant, p.Tyr332Cys. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the largest report of patients harboring MORC2 variants. We revealed a clinical and mutational spectrum of Japanese patients with MORC2 variants. More attention should be paid to cognitive impairment, and the responsible mechanism requires further research for elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ando
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - Y Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - A Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - J-H Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - Y Hiramatsu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - Y Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - A Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
| | - J Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - H Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - S Fukumura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo
| | - M Matsushima
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo
| | - N Ochi
- Aichi Prefectural Mikawa Aoitori and Rehabilitation Center for Developmental Disabilities, Aichi
| | - J Tsugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka
| | - S Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - H Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima
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45
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Jacquier A, Delorme C, Belotti E, Juntas-Morales R, Solé G, Dubourg O, Giroux M, Maurage CA, Castellani V, Rebelo A, Abrams A, Züchner S, Stojkovic T, Schaeffer L, Latour P. Cryptic amyloidogenic elements in mutant NEFH causing Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2 trigger aggresome formation and neuronal death. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:55. [PMID: 28709447 PMCID: PMC5513089 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament heavy chain (NEFH) gene was recently identified to cause autosomal dominant axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT2cc). However, the clinical spectrum of this condition and the physio-pathological pathway remain to be delineated. We report 12 patients from two French families with axonal dominantly inherited form of CMT caused by two new mutations in the NEFH gene. A remarkable feature was the early involvement of proximal muscles of the lower limbs associated with pyramidal signs in some patients. Nerve conduction velocity studies indicated a predominantly motor axonal neuropathy. Unique deletions of two nucleotides causing frameshifts near the end of the NEFH coding sequence were identified: in family 1, c.3008_3009del (p.Lys1003Argfs*59), and in family 2 c.3043_3044del (p.Lys1015Glyfs*47). Both frameshifts lead to 40 additional amino acids translation encoding a cryptic amyloidogenic element. Consistently, we show that these mutations cause protein aggregation which are recognised by the autophagic pathway in motoneurons and triggered caspase 3 activation leading to apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Using electroporation of chick embryo spinal cord, we confirm that NEFH mutants form aggregates in vivo and trigger apoptosis of spinal cord neurons. Thus, our results provide a physiological explanation for the overlap between CMT and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinical features in affected patients.
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46
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Manganelli F, Parisi S, Nolano M, Tao F, Paladino S, Pisciotta C, Tozza S, Nesti C, Rebelo AP, Provitera V, Santorelli FM, Shy ME, Russo T, Zuchner S, Santoro L. Novel mutations in dystonin provide clues to the pathomechanisms of HSAN-VI. Neurology 2017; 88:2132-2140. [PMID: 28468842 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a second hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI) family harboring 2 novel heterozygous mutations in the dystonin (DST) gene and to evaluate their effect on neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). METHODS The family consisted of 3 affected siblings from nonconsanguineous healthy parents. All members underwent clinical and electrophysiologic evaluation and genetic analysis. Two patients underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST), cardiovascular reflexes, dynamic sweat test, and skin biopsy to evaluate somatic and autonomic cutaneous innervation and to get fibroblast cultures for developing iPSC-derived neurons. RESULTS Onset occurred in the first decade, with painless and progressive mutilating distal ulcerations leading to amputation and joint deformity. Sensation to pain, touch, and vibration was reduced. Autonomic disturbances included hypohidrosis, pupillary abnormalities, and gastrointestinal and sexual dysfunction. Nerve conduction studies showed a severe axonal sensory neuropathy. QST and autonomic functional studies were abnormal. Skin biopsy revealed a lack of sensory and autonomic nerve fibers. Genetic analysis revealed 2 pathogenic mutations in the DST gene affecting exclusively the DST neuronal isoform-a2. Neurons derived from iPSC showed absence or very low levels of DST protein and short and dystrophic neuritis or no projections at all. CONCLUSIONS Unlike the previous HSAN-VI family, our description indicates that DST mutations may be associated with a nonlethal and nonsyndromic phenotype. Neuronal loss affects large and small sensory nerve fibers as well as autonomic ones. Induced-PSC findings suggest that dystonin defect might alter proper development of the peripheral nerves. Dystonin-a2 plays a major role in the HSAN-VI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiore Manganelli
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Silvia Parisi
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Maria Nolano
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Feifei Tao
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Simona Paladino
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Chiara Pisciotta
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Stefano Tozza
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Claudia Nesti
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Adriana P Rebelo
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Vincenzo Provitera
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Michael E Shy
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Tommaso Russo
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Lucio Santoro
- From the Departments of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology (F.M., C.P., S.T., L.S.) and Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (S. Parisi, S. Paladino, T.R.), University of Naples "Federico II"; Neurology Department (M.N., V.P.), "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation IRCCS-Medical Center of Telese, Telese Terme, Italy; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (F.T., A.P.R., S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Molecular Medicine Laboratory (C.N., F.M.S.), Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy; and Department of Neurology (M.E.S.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City.
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