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Huang H, Lv Y, Chen Q, Huang X, Qin J, Liu Y, Liao Q, Xing X, Chen L, Liu Q, Li S, Long Z, Wang Q, Chen W, Wei Q, Hou M, Hu Q, Xiao Y. Empirical analysis of lead neurotoxicity mode of action and its application in health risk assessment. Environ Res 2024; 251:118708. [PMID: 38493858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The mode of action (MOA) framework is proposed to inform a biological link between chemical exposures and adverse health effects. Despite a significant increase in knowledge and awareness, the application of MOA in human health risk assessment (RA) remains limited. This study aims to discuss the adoption of MOA for health RA within a regulatory context, taking our previously proposed but not yet validated MOA for lead neurotoxicity as an example. We first conducted a quantitative weight of evidence (qWOE) assessment, which revealed that the MOA has a moderate confidence. Then, targeted bioassays were performed within an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model to quantitatively validate the scientific validity of key events (KEs) in terms of essentiality and concordance of empirical support (dose/temporal concordance), which increases confidence in utilizing the MOA for RA. Building upon the quantitative validation data, we further conducted benchmark dose (BMD) analysis to map dose-response relationships for the critical toxicity pathways, and the lower limit of BMD at a 5% response (BMDL5) was identified as the point of departure (POD) value for adverse health effects. Notably, perturbation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) signaling pathway exhibited the lowest POD value, measured at 0.0062 μM. Considering bioavailability, we further calculated a provisional health-based guidance value (HBGV) for children's lead intake, determining it to be 2.56 μg/day. Finally, the health risk associated with the HBGV was assessed using the hazard quotient (HQ) approach, which indicated that the HBGV established in this study is a relative safe reference value for lead intake. In summary, our study described the procedure for utilizing MOA in health RA and set an example for MOA-based human health risk regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehai Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Occupational Health, Public Health Service Center, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, 518126, China
| | - Yanrong Lv
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qingfei Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jingyao Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qilong Liao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuangqi Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zihao Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mengjun Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Sun Y, Wang S, Liu B, Hu W, Zhu Y. Host-Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10820. [PMID: 37445997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury refers to the damage caused to intracranial tissues by an external force acting on the head, leading to both immediate and prolonged harmful effects. Neuroinflammatory responses play a critical role in exacerbating the primary injury during the acute and chronic phases of TBI. Research has demonstrated that numerous neuroinflammatory responses are mediated through the "microbiota-gut-brain axis," which signifies the functional connection between the gut microbiota and the brain. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a vital role in facilitating communication between the host and microbiota through recognizing specific ligands produced directly or indirectly by the microbiota. Tryptophan (trp), an indispensable amino acid in animals and humans, represents one of the key endogenous ligands for AhR. The metabolites of trp have significant effects on the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) through activating AHR signalling, thereby establishing bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. These interactions are mediated through immune, metabolic, and neural signalling mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize the co-metabolism of tryptophan in the gut microbiota and the signalling pathway mediated by AHR following TBI. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of these mechanisms on the underlying processes involved in traumatic brain injury, while also addressing potential future targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Bingwei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Salminen A. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in Alzheimer's disease: role of tryptophan metabolites generated by gut host-microbiota. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:201-222. [PMID: 36757399 PMCID: PMC10036442 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota in interaction with intestinal host tissues influences many brain functions and microbial dysbiosis has been linked with brain disorders, such as neuropsychiatric conditions and Alzheimer's disease (AD). L-tryptophan metabolites and short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) are major messengers in the microbiota-brain axis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) are main targets of tryptophan metabolites in brain microvessels which possess an enriched expression of AhR protein. The Ah receptor is an evolutionarily conserved, ligand-activated transcription factor which is not only a sensor of xenobiotic toxins but also a pleiotropic regulator of both developmental processes and age-related tissue degeneration. Major microbiota-produced tryptophan metabolites involve indole derivatives, e.g., indole 3-pyruvic acid, indole 3-acetaldehyde, and indoxyl sulfate, whereas indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO/TDO) of intestine host cells activate the kynurenine (KYN) pathway generating KYN metabolites, many of which are activators of AhR signaling. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the serum level of indoxyl sulfate which promotes AD pathogenesis, e.g., it disrupts integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and impairs cognitive functions. Activation of AhR signaling disturbs vascular homeostasis in brain; (i) it controls blood flow via the renin-angiotensin system, (ii) it inactivates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), thus impairing NO production and vasodilatation, and (iii) it induces oxidative stress, stimulates inflammation, promotes cellular senescence, and enhances calcification of vascular walls. All these alterations are evident in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in AD pathology. Moreover, AhR signaling can disturb circadian regulation and probably affect glymphatic flow. It seems plausible that dysbiosis of gut microbiota impairs the integrity of BBB via the activation of AhR signaling and thus aggravates AD pathology. KEY MESSAGES: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Tryptophan metabolites are major messengers from the gut host-microbiota to brain. Tryptophan metabolites activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling in brain. The expression of AhR protein is enriched in brain microvessels and blood-brain barrier. Tryptophan metabolites disturb brain vascular integrity via AhR signaling. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota promotes inflammation and AD pathology via AhR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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Imran SJ, Vagaska B, Kriska J, Anderova M, Bortolozzi M, Gerosa G, Ferretti P, Vrzal R. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)-Mediated Signaling in iPSC-Derived Human Motor Neurons. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070828. [PMID: 35890127 PMCID: PMC9321538 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants and endogenous metabolites that induce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression has been suggested to affect cognitive development and, particularly in boys, also motor function. As current knowledge is based on epidemiological and animal studies, in vitro models are needed to better understand the effects of these compounds in the human nervous system at the molecular level. Here, we investigated expression of AhR pathway components and how they are regulated by AhR ligands in human motor neurons. Motor neurons generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were characterized at the molecular level and by electrophysiology. mRNA levels of AhR target genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 (cytochromes P450 1A1/1B1), and AhR signaling components were monitored in hiPSCs and in differentiated neurons following treatment with AhR ligands, 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), L-kynurenine (L-Kyn), and kynurenic acid (KA), by RT-qPCR. Changes in AhR cellular localization and CYP1A1 activity in neurons treated with AhR ligands were also assessed. The neurons we generated express motor neuron-specific markers and are functional. Transcript levels of CYP1B1, AhR nuclear translocators (ARNT1 and ARNT2) and the AhR repressor (AhRR) change with neuronal differentiation, being significantly higher in neurons than hiPSCs. In contrast, CYP1A1 and AhR transcript levels are slightly lower in neurons than in hiPSCs. The response to TCDD treatment differs in hiPSCs and neurons, with only the latter showing significant CYP1A1 up-regulation. In contrast, TCDD slightly up-regulates CYP1B1 mRNA in hiPSCs, but downregulates it in neurons. Comparison of the effects of different AhR ligands on AhR and some of its target genes in neurons shows that L-Kyn and KA, but not TCDD, regulate AhR expression and differently affect CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression. Finally, although TCDD does not significantly affect AhR transcript levels, it induces AhR protein translocation to the nucleus and increases CYP1A1 activity. This is in contrast to L-Kyn and KA, which either do not affect or reduce, respectively, CYP1A1 activity. Expression of components of the AhR signaling pathway are regulated with neuronal differentiation and are differently affected by TCDD, suggesting that pluripotent stem cells might be less sensitive to this toxin than neurons. Crucially, AhR signaling is affected differently by TCDD and other AhR ligands in human motor neurons, suggesting that they can provide a valuable tool for assessing the impact of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Jalil Imran
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (B.V.); (P.F.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.J.I.); (R.V.); Tel.: +39-498212410 (S.J.I.); +420-58-5634904 (R.V.)
| | - Barbora Vagaska
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (B.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.A.)
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (B.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (S.J.I.); (R.V.); Tel.: +39-498212410 (S.J.I.); +420-58-5634904 (R.V.)
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Lee YG, Chou HC, Chen YT, Tung SY, Ko TL, Buyandelger B, Wen LL, Juan SH. L-Carnitine reduces reactive oxygen species/endoplasmic reticulum stress and maintains mitochondrial function during autophagy-mediated cell apoptosis in perfluorooctanesulfonate-treated renal tubular cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4673. [PMID: 35304586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) causes autophagy-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells (RTCs) through a mechanism dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase. This study extended our findings and determined the therapeutic potency of l-Carnitine in PFOS-treated RTCs. l-Carnitine (10 mM) reversed the effects of PFOS (100 µM) on autophagy induction and impaired autophagy flux. Furthermore, it downregulated the protein level of p47Phox, which is partly related to PFOS-induced increased cytosolic ROS in RTCs. Moreover, l-Carnitine reduced ROS production in mitochondria and restored PFOS-impeded mitochondrial function, leading to sustained normal adenosine triphosphate synthesis and oxygen consumption and reduced proton leakage in a Seahorse XF stress test. The increased inositol-requiring enzyme 1α expression by PFOS, which indicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation, was associated with PFOS-mediated autophagy activation that could be attenuated through 4-phenylbutyrate (5 mM, an ER stress inhibitor) and l-Carnitine pretreatment. Therefore, by reducing the level of IRE1α, l-Carnitine reduced the levels of Beclin and LC3BII, consequently reducing the level of apoptotic biomarkers including Bax and cleaving PARP and caspase 3. Collectively, these results indicate that through the elimination of oxidative stress, extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation, and ER stress, l-Carnitine reduced cell autophagy/apoptosis and concomitantly increased cell viability in RTCs. This study clarified the potential mechanism of PFOS-mediated RTC apoptosis and provided a new strategy for using l-Carnitine to prevent and treat PFOS-induced RTC apoptosis.
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Riemann S, Kolibabka M, Busch S, Lin J, Hoffmann S, Gretz N, Feng Y, Wohlfart P, Hammes HP. Microglial Activation Is Associated With Vasoprotection in a Rat Model of Inflammatory Retinal Vasoregression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660164. [PMID: 33981252 PMCID: PMC8107726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction and vasoregression are hallmarks of a variety of inflammatory central nervous system disorders and inflammation-related retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy. Activation of microglia and the humoral innate immune system are contributing factors. Anti-inflammatory approaches have been proposed as therapies for neurovascular diseases, which include the modulation of microglial activation. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of microglial activation by clodronate-coated liposomes on vasoregression in a model of retinal degeneration. Clodronate treatment over 5 weeks led to an increase in activated CD74+ microglia and completely prevented acellular capillaries and pericyte loss. Gene expression analyses indicated that vasoprotection was due to the induction of vasoprotective factors such as Egr1, Stat3, and Ahr while expression of pro-inflammatory genes remained unchanged. We concluded that activated microglia led to a shift toward induction of pleiotropic protective pathways supporting vasoprotection in neurovascular retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Riemann
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Kolibabka
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie Busch
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jihong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sigrid Hoffmann
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuxi Feng
- Experimental Pharmacology, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes R&D, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Singleman C, Holtzman NG. PCB and TCDD derived embryonic cardiac defects result from a novel AhR pathway. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 233:105794. [PMID: 33662880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are environmental contaminants known to impact cardiac development, a key step in the embryonic development of most animals. To date, little is understood of the molecular mechanism driving the observed cardiac defects in exposed fishes. The literature shows PCB & TCDD derived cardiac defects are concurrent with, but not caused by, expression of cyp1A, due to activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) gene activation pathway. However, in this study, detailed visualization of fish hearts exposed to PCBs and TCDD show that, in addition to a failure of cardiac looping in early heart development, the inner endocardial lining of the heart fails to maintain proper cell adhesion and tissue integrity. The resulting gap between the endocardium and myocardium in both zebrafish and Atlantic sturgeon suggested functional faults in endothelial adherens junction formation. Thus, we explored the molecular mechanism triggering cardiac defects using immunohistochemistry to identify the location and phosphorylation state of key regulatory and adhesion molecules. We hypothesized that PCB and TCDD activates AhR, phosphorylating Src, which then phosphorylates the endothelial adherens junction protein, VEcadherin. When phosphorylated, VEcadherin dimers, found in the endocardium and vasculature, separate, reducing tissue integrity. In zebrafish, treatment with PCB and TCDD contaminants leads to higher phosphorylation of VEcadherin in cardiac tissue suggesting that these cells have reduced connectivity. Small molecule inhibition of Src phosphorylation prevents contaminant stimulated phosphorylation of VEcadherin and rescues both cardiac function and gross morphology. Atlantic sturgeon hearts show parallels to contaminant exposed zebrafish cardiac phenotype at the tissue level. These data suggest that the mechanism for PCB and TCDD action in the heart is, in part, distinct from the canonical mechanism described in the literature and that cardiac defects are impacted by this nongenomic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Singleman
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens NY 11367-1597, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nathalia G Holtzman
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens NY 11367-1597, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was initially discovered as a cellular protein involved in mediating the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Extensive research in the past two decades has identified several families of physiological ligands and uncovered important functions of AHR in normal development and homeostasis. Deficiency in AHR expression disrupts major signaling systems and transcriptional programs, which appear to be responsible for the development of numerous developmental abnormalities including cardiac hypertrophy and epidermal hyperplasia. This mini review primarily summarizes recent advances in our understanding of AHR functions in normal physiology with an emphasis on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, integumentary, nervous, and immunomodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States.
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Wen LL, Chen YT, Lee YG, Ko TL, Chou HC, Juan SH. Perfluorooctane sulfonate induces autophagy-associated apoptosis through oxidative stress and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in renal tubular cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245442. [PMID: 33471797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is among the most abundant organic pollutants and is widely distributed in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Its toxic effects and biological hazards are associated with its long elimination half-life in humans. However, how it affects renal tubular cells (RTCs) remains unclear. In this study, PFOS was observed to mediate the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, followed by the activation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, which induced autophagy in RTCs. Although PFOS treatment induced autophagy after 6 h, prolonged treatment (24 h) reduced the autophagic flux by increasing lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP), leading to increased p62 protein accumulation and subsequent apoptosis. The increase in LMP was visualized through increased green fluorescence with acridine orange staining, and this was attenuated by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. N-acetyl cysteine and an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (U0126) attenuated autophagy and apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that ROS activation and ROS-mediated phosphorylated ERK1/2 activation are essential to activate autophagy, resulting in the apoptosis of PFOS-treated RTCs. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism of PFOS-mediated renal toxicity.
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Huang Q, Huang QY, Sun Y, Wu S. High-Throughput Data Reveals Novel Circular RNAs via Competitive Endogenous RNA Networks Associated with Human Intracranial Aneurysms. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4819-4830. [PMID: 31254341 PMCID: PMC6615076 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about epigenetic regulation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Circular non-coding RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial roles in cardiovascular diseases, but they have received scant research attention regarding their relationship with IAs. This study aimed to explore new pathological mechanisms of IA through circRNA expression profiles and to provide novel therapeutic strategies. Material/Methods The comprehensive circRNA and mRNA expression profiles were detected by RNA-Seq in human IA walls and superficial temporal arteries (STAs). The RNA-Seq findings were validated by qRT-PCR. GO and KEGG analyses indicated the functions of these circRNAs. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed to reveal the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA relationship. Two newly discovered circRNAs were further detected in peripheral blood of IA patients and healthy people to clarify their expression patterns in the periphery. Results Many differentially expressed circRNAs are closely involved in immune/inflammatory response and cell adhesion/adherens junction. The novel circRNAs (hsa_circ_0072309 and hsa_circ_0008433) regulate DDR2 and MMP2, respectively, which are associated with SMC dysfunction and vascular injury through ceRNA. Moreover, we found differential expression of these 2 circRNAs in the peripheral blood of IA patients, and the expression pattern of hsa_circ_0072309 had central and peripheral consistency. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to perform circRNA sequencing analysis of IAs. hsa_circ_0072309 and hsa_circ_0008433 are novel and pivotal circRNAs related to IAs. This study provides new insights into therapeutic targets and biomarkers for IA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland).,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Qiu-Yu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Sun
- The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Siying Wu
- The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
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Chang CC, Huang KH, Hsu SP, Lee YCG, Sue YM, Juan SH. Simvastatin reduces the carcinogenic effect of 3-methylcholanthrene in renal epithelial cells through histone deacetylase 1 inhibition and RhoA reactivation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4606. [PMID: 30872677 PMCID: PMC6418087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of simvastatin for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are controversial. In this study, the effects of simvastatin on the carcinogenic properties of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC; an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor [AhR] agonist) in human renal epithelial cells (hRECs) were investigated. We exposed in vitro and in vivo models to 3MC to induce RCC onset. 3MC upregulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor biomarkers; the models exhibited the reciprocal expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and RhoA, namely increased HDAC1 and decreased RhoA expression, through hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)- and AhR-dependent mechanisms. In addition to inducing EMT biomarkers, 3MC decreased von Hippel-Lindau protein levels (a risk factor for RCC) and increased CD44 expression in hRECs, which were reversed by digoxin (a HIF inhibitor) and HDAC inhibitors (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and trichostatin A [TSA]). Simvastatin abolished the detrimental effects of 3MC by reducing HDAC1 expression, with resulting RhoA upregulation, and reactivating RhoA in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the protective effects of simvastatin were negated by an HDAC activator (ITSA) through TSA suppression. The crucial role of RhoA in RCC carcinogenesis was verified by the overexpression of constitutively active RhoA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that simvastatin restores RhoA function through HDAC1 inhibition; therefore, simvastatin might serve as adjunct therapy for RCC induced by 3MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- National Taiwan University Hospital; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chii G Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Mou Sue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Juricek L, Coumoul X. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2504. [PMID: 30149528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (or AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor of pollutants. It translocates into the nucleus upon binding to its ligands, and forms a heterodimer with ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator). The heterodimer is a transcription factor, which regulates the transcription of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Expressed in many cells in vertebrates, it is mostly present in neuronal cell types in invertebrates, where it regulates dendritic morphology or feeding behavior. Surprisingly, few investigations have been conducted to unravel the function of the AhR in the central or peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates. In this review, we will present how the AhR regulates neural functions in both invertebrates and vertebrates as deduced mainly from the effects of xenobiotics. We will introduce some of the molecular mechanisms triggered by the well-known AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which impact on neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Finally, we will point out the common features found in mice that are exposed to pollutants, and in AhR knockout mice.
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13
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Chou HC, Wen LL, Chang CC, Lin CY, Jin L, Juan SH. From the Cover: l-Carnitine via PPARγ- and Sirt1-Dependent Mechanisms Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Renal Fibrosis Caused by Perfluorooctanesulfonate. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:217-229. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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14
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Deng S, Liu H, Qiu K, You H, Lei Q, Lu W. Role of the Golgi Apparatus in the Blood-Brain Barrier: Golgi Protection May Be a Targeted Therapy for Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4788-4801. [PMID: 28730529 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from toxic material in the blood, provides nutrients for brain tissues, and screens harmful substances from the brain. The specific brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), tight junction between endothelial cells, and astrocytes ensure proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Pathological factors disrupt the integrity of the BBB by destroying the normal function of endothelial cells and decreasing the production of tight junction proteins or the expression of proteins specifically localized on astrocytes. Interestingly, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is observed in neurological diseases and is involved in the destruction of the BBB function. The Golgi acts as a processing center in which proteins are transported after being processed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Besides reprocessing, classifying, and packaging proteins, the Golgi apparatus (GA) also acts as a signaling platform and calcium pool. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the potential relationship between the Golgi and endothelial cells, tight junction, and astrocytes. The normal function of the BBB is maintained as long as the normal function and morphology of the GA are not disturbed. Furthermore, we speculate that protecting the Golgi may be a novel therapeutic approach to protect the BBB and treat neurological diseases due to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Lee HU, McPherson ZE, Tan B, Korecka A, Pettersson S. Host-microbiome interactions: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the central nervous system. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:29-39. [PMID: 27858116 PMCID: PMC5225196 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome located within a given host and its organs forms a holobiont, an intimate functional entity with evolutionarily designed interactions to support nutritional intake and reproduction. Thus, all organs in a holobiont respond to changes within the microbiome. The development and function of the central nervous system and its homeostatic mechanisms are no exception and are also subject to regulation by the gut microbiome. In order for the holobiont to function effectively, the microbiome and host must communicate. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is an evolutionarily conserved receptor recognizing environmental compounds, including a number of ligands produced directly and indirectly by the microbiome. This review focuses on the microbiome-gut-brain axis in regard to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway and its impact on underlying mechanisms in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ung Lee
- The LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zachary E McPherson
- The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Bryan Tan
- The School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Agata Korecka
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sven Pettersson
- The LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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16
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Yang SH, Lin HY, Changou CA, Chen CH, Liu YR, Wang J, Jiang X, Luh F, Yen Y. Integrin β3 and LKB1 are independently involved in the inhibition of proliferation by lovastatin in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:362-73. [PMID: 26517522 PMCID: PMC4808004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are one of the most difficult cancers to treat. In our study, Lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, demonstrated anticancer properties by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cell migration and cell adhesion. Lovastatin inhibited the expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Furthermore, lovastatin inhibited the expressions of integrin β1 and integrin β3 but not integrin αv or integrin β5. While Lovastatin's inhibitory effects on TGFβ1, COX2, and ICAM-1 expression were independently controlled by the tumor suppressor LKB1, integrin β3 expression was not affected. Lovastatin's inhibitory effect on cell adhesion was associated with the decreased expression of integrin β3 and cell surface heterodimer integrin αvβ3. Quantitative real time PCR, fluorescent microscopy, and cell migration assays all confirmed that Lovastatin inhibits integrin αvβ3 downstream signaling including FAK activation, and β-catenin, vimentin, ZO-1, and β-actin. Overall, Lovastatin reduced tumor cell proliferation and migration by modifying the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and other critical cellular processes. Our study highlights novel anti-cancer properties of Lovastatin and supports further exploration of statins in the context of cholangiocarcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Yang
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun A Changou
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrated Laboratory, Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinghan Wang
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank Luh
- School of medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Sino-American Cancer Foundation, Arcadia, California, United States
| | - Yun Yen
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Chang CC, Hsu YH, Chou HC, Lee YCG, Juan SH. 3-Methylcholanthrene/Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Hypertension Through eNOS Inactivation. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1020-1029. [PMID: 27442426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) modulates vascular blood pressure and is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells and activated through the protein kinase B (Akt/PKB)-dependent pathway. We previously reported that 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and reduces PI3K/Akt phosphorylation. This study investigated the mechanism underlying the downregulatory effects of 3-MC on nitric oxide (NO) production occurring through the AhR/RhoA/Akt-mediated mechanism. The mechanism underlying the effects of 3-MC on eNOS activity and blood pressure was examined in vitro and in vivo through genetic and pharmacological approaches. Results indicated that 3-MC modified heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), caveolin-1, dynein, and eNOS mRNA and protein expression through the AhR/RhoA-dependent mechanism in mouse cerebral vascular endothelial cells (MCVECs) and that 3-MC reduced eNOS phosphorylation through the AhR/RhoA-mediated inactivation of Akt1. The upregulation of dynein expression was associated with decreased eNOS dimer formation (eNOS dimer; an activated form of the enzyme). Coimmunoprecipitation assay results indicated that 3-MC significantly reduced the interaction between eNOS and its regulatory proteins, including Akt1 and HSP90, but increased the interaction between eNOS and caveolin-1. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis revealed that 3-MC reduced the amount of membrane-bound activated eNOS, and a modified Griess assay revealed that 3-MC concomitantly reduced NO production. However, simvastatin reduced 3-MC-mediated murine hypertension. Our study results indicate that AhR, RhoA, and eNOS have major roles in blood pressure regulation. Statin intervention might provide a potential therapeutic approach for reducing hypertension caused by 3-MC. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1020-1029, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chang
- Departmentof Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chu Chou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chii G Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Juan
- Departmentof Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Imran S, Ferretti P, Vrzal R. Different regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes in response to dioxin in undifferentiated and neuronally differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:689-97. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1070227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Imran
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic and
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic and
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19
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Schneider AJ, Branam AM, Peterson RE. Intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling in development, health, and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17852-85. [PMID: 25286307 PMCID: PMC4227194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and Wnt (wingless-related MMTV integration site) signaling pathways have been conserved throughout evolution. Appropriately regulated signaling through each pathway is necessary for normal development and health, while dysregulation can lead to developmental defects and disease. Though both pathways have been vigorously studied, there is relatively little research exploring the possibility of crosstalk between these pathways. In this review, we provide a brief background on (1) the roles of both AHR and Wnt signaling in development and disease, and (2) the molecular mechanisms that characterize activation of each pathway. We also discuss the need for careful and complete experimental evaluation of each pathway and describe existing research that explores the intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling. Lastly, to illustrate in detail the intersection of AHR and Wnt signaling, we summarize our recent findings which show that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced disruption of Wnt signaling impairs fetal prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schneider
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Amanda M Branam
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Richard E Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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20
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Pinzón-Daza ML, Salaroglio IC, Kopecka J, Garzòn R, Couraud PO, Ghigo D, Riganti C. The cross-talk between canonical and non-canonical Wnt-dependent pathways regulates P-glycoprotein expression in human blood-brain barrier cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1258-69. [PMID: 24896565 PMCID: PMC4126086 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate if and how transducers of the 'canonical' Wnt pathway, i.e., Wnt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/β-catenin, and transducers of the 'non-canonical' Wnt pathway, i.e., Wnt/RhoA/RhoA kinase (RhoAK), cooperate to control the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in blood-brain barrier (BBB) cells. By analyzing human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells constitutively activated for RhoA, silenced for RhoA or treated with the RhoAK inhibitor Y27632, we found that RhoAK phosphorylated and activated the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which dephosphorylated tyrosine 216 of GSK3, decreasing the GSK3-mediated inhibition of β-catenin. By contrast, the inhibition of RhoA/RhoAK axis prevented the activation of PTP1B, enhanced the GSK3-induced phosphorylation and ubiquitination of β-catenin, and reduced the β-catenin-driven transcription of Pgp. The RhoAK inhibition increased the delivery of Pgp substrates like doxorubicin across the BBB and improved the doxorubicin efficacy against glioblastoma cells co-cultured under a BBB monolayer. Our data demonstrate that in human BBB cells the expression of Pgp is controlled by a cross-talk between canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. The disruption of this cross-talk, e.g., by inhibiting RhoAK, downregulates Pgp and increases the delivery of Pgp substrates across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Pinzón-Daza
- 1] Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy [2] Unidad de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Iris C Salaroglio
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ruth Garzòn
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U567, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dario Ghigo
- 1] Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy [2] Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- 1] Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy [2] Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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21
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Lanham KA, Plavicki J, Peterson RE, Heideman W. Cardiac myocyte-specific AHR activation phenocopies TCDD-induced toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:141-54. [PMID: 25037585 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of zebrafish embryos to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) activates the zebrafish aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR) to produce developmental and cardiovascular toxicity. AHR is found in the heart; however, AHR activation by TCDD is not confined to the heart and occurs throughout the organism. In order to understand the cause of cardiotoxicity, we constructed a constitutively active AHR (caAHR) based on the zebrafish AHR2 and expressed it specifically in cardiomyocytes. We show that AHR activation within the cardiomyocytes can account for the heart failure induced by TCDD. Expression of the caAHR within the heart produced cardiac malformations, loss of circulation, and pericardial edema. The heart-specific activation of AHR reproduced several other well-characterized endpoints of TCDD toxicity outside of the cardiovascular system, including defects in swim bladder and craniofacial development. This work identifies a single cellular site of TCDD action, the myocardial cell, that can account for the severe cardiovascular collapse observed following early life stage exposure to TCDD, and contributes to other forms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Lanham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 777 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222
| | - Jessica Plavicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 777 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 777 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222
| | - Warren Heideman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 777 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222
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22
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Hsu YH, Chang CC, Yang NJ, Lee YH, Juan SH. RhoA-Mediated Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Cell Mobility: Positive Feedback Through Reduced Cytosolic p21 and p27. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1455-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ho Hsu
- Department of Nephrology; Taipei Medical University-Shuan-Ho Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Nian-Jie Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Juan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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23
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Chang CC, Sue YM, Yang NJ, Lee YH, Juan SH. 3-Methylcholanthrene, an AhR agonist, caused cell-cycle arrest by histone deacetylation through a RhoA-dependent recruitment of HDAC1 and pRb2 to E2F1 complex. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92793. [PMID: 24658119 PMCID: PMC3962457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that treating vascular endothelial cells with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) caused cell-cycle arrest in the Go/G1 phase; this resulted from the induction of p21 and p27 and a decreased level and activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk2. We further investigated the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell-cycle regulatory proteins through the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) dependent epigenetic modification of histone. AhR/RhoA activation mediated by 3MC was essential for the upregulation of retinoblastoma 2 (pRb2) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), whereas their nuclear translocation was primarily modulated by RhoA activation. The combination of increased phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) activity and decreased phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation by 3MC led to the inactivation of the Ras-cRaf pathway, which contributed to pRb2 hypophosphorylation. Increased HDAC1/pRb2 recruitment to the E2F1 complex decreased E2F1-transactivational activity and H3/H4 deacetylation, resulting in the downregulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins (Cdk2/4 and Cyclin D3/E). Co-immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) results showed that simvastatin prevented the 3MC-increased binding activities of E2F1 proteins in their promoter regions. Additionally, RhoA inhibitors (statins) reversed the effect of 3MC in inhibiting DNA synthesis by decreasing the nuclear translocation of pRb2/HDAC1, leading to a recovery of the levels of cell-cycle regulatory proteins. In summary, 3MC decreased cell proliferation by the epigenetic modification of histone through an AhR/RhoA-dependent mechanism that can be rescued by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Mou Sue
- Department of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Jie Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Xu G, Zhou Q, Wan C, Wang Y, Liu J, Li Y, Nie X, Cheng C, Chen G. 2,3,7,8-TCDD induces neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis in the rat brain cortex and PC12 cell line through the down-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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