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Katz BR, Khadanga S, Middleton WA, Mahoney K, Savage PD, DeSarno M, Ades PA, Gaalema DE. Self-Reported Executive Function in Hospitalized Cardiac Patients and Associations With Patient Characteristics and Cardiac Rehabilitation Attendance. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2023; 43:433-437. [PMID: 36857090 PMCID: PMC10474250 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Executive function (ExF), the ability to do complex cognitive tasks like planning and refraining from impulsive behavior, is associated with compliance with medical recommendations. The present study identified associations between self-reported ExF and demographics of patients with cardiac disease as well as with cardiac rehabilitation (CR) attendance. METHODS Self-reported ExF impairment was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) on 316 individuals hospitalized for CR-qualifying cardiac events. Scores were calculated for a global measure (Global Executive Composite [GEC]) and the two BRIEF indices: Behavioral Regulation Index and Metacognition Index (MCI). Participants were followed up post-discharge to determine CR attendance. Univariate logistic regressions between ExF measures and demographic variables were conducted, as were multiple logistic regressions to identify significant, independent predictors. Analyses were conducted using clinical (T scores ≥ 65) and subclinical (T scores ≥ 60) criteria for significant ExF impairment as outcomes. One-way analyses of variance were performed between ExF impairment and CR attendance. RESULTS Self-reported ExF deficits were relatively rare; 8.9% had at least subclinical scores on the GEC. Using the subclinical criterion for the MCI, having diabetes mellitus (DM) and being male were significant, independent predictors of MCI impairment. No significant relationship was found between ExF and CR attendance. CONCLUSION Using the subclinical criterion only, individuals with DM and males were significantly more likely to have MCI impairment. No significant effect of ExF impairment on CR attendance was found, suggesting that self-reported ExF measured in the hospital may not be an appropriate measure for predicting behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Katz
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Burlington VT
| | - Sherrie Khadanga
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Medical Center Division of Cardiology, Burlington VT
| | - William A. Middleton
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Burlington VT
| | - Katharine Mahoney
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Burlington VT
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Patrick D. Savage
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Medical Center Division of Cardiology, Burlington VT
| | - Michael DeSarno
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Department of Medical Biostatistics, Burlington VT
| | - Philip A. Ades
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Medical Center Division of Cardiology, Burlington VT
| | - Diann E. Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT
- University of Vermont Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Burlington VT
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Tang CSK, Gan KQ, Lui WK. The Associations between Obsessive Compulsive Personality Traits, Self-Efficacy, and Exercise Addiction. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:857. [PMID: 37887507 PMCID: PMC10603988 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise addiction refers to maladaptive exercise patterns involving compulsivity and addiction-like behaviors. Exercise addiction has been found to relate to negative physical and mental health outcomes such as heart abnormalities, physical injuries, and interpersonal conflicts. Based on the social cognitive theory, this study investigated the extent to which the interplay of obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) traits and self-efficacy beliefs would influence the development and maintenance of exercise addiction. A total of 1228 college students in the United States responded to an online survey. Based on cut-off scores of the Revised Exercise Addiction Inventory, the prevalence estimates of exercise addiction were 4.0% for males and 1.8% for females. Results showed that males are more prone to exercise addiction than females. Also, OCPD traits and self-efficacy significantly predicted exercise addiction after controlling for age and sex. Self-efficacy acted as a moderator in influencing the relationship between OCPD traits and exercise addiction, especially for females. At high levels of self-efficacy, more OCPD traits were significantly associated with a higher risk of exercise addiction. However, at low levels of self-efficacy, there was no association between OCPD traits and exercise addiction. The findings suggest that public education and intervention for exercise addiction should attend to the interplay between personality factors and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine So Kum Tang
- Department of Counselling & Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Qi Gan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Wai Kin Lui
- Department of Counselling & Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, China
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Dunlap E, Alhalimi T, McLaurin N, Tanaka H. Hypotensive Effects of Aquatic Exercise Training in Older Adults. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:588-592. [PMID: 37439409 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although regular exercise can help reduce blood pressure (BP), older adults often struggle with adhering to land-based exercise due to barriers such as arthritis pain, functional limitations, and fear of falling. Aquatic exercise is a good alternative mode of exercise that may reduce barriers and improve adherence. However, limited evidence is available on the effectiveness of aquatic exercise in reducing BP in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension. This study aimed to determine the effects of an 8-week aquatic exercise program on arterial BP in older adults. METHODS Twenty-five participants were randomized to a control (n = 12, 81 ± 8 years) or aquatic exercise group (n = 13, 83 ± 7 years). The exercise group received aquatic cognitive-motor training at a moderate-intensity for 45 minutes per session three times per week for 8 weeks. The non-exercising control group received a 1-hour fall prevention seminar and was asked to maintain their normal physical activity level. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were not different between the groups. After 8 weeks, the exercise group had reductions in systolic BP (135 ± 11 vs. 126 ± 13 mm Hg, P < 0.01) and pulse pressure (PP) (68 ± 8 vs. 60 ± 8 mm Hg, P < 0.01) without significant change in diastolic BP. There were no significant changes in the control group. CONCLUSION Aquatic cognitive-motor training performed at a moderate-intensity was effective in inducing clinically meaningful reductions in systolic BP and PP in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dunlap
- Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Taha Alhalimi
- Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie McLaurin
- Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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4
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Kulak A, Toros T, Ogras EB, Etiler IE, Bagci E, Gokyurek B, Bilgin U. The Impact of Sustainable Exercise on Self-Efficacy and Life Satisfaction in Women before and after Menopause. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:759. [PMID: 37754037 PMCID: PMC10525491 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims at elucidating the association between sustainable exercise and its influence on self-efficacy and life satisfaction in women during their premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. A relational screening model was employed on a sample of 422 women, with 215 premenopausal and 207 postmenopausal participants, utilizing convenience sampling. Participants' regularity of exercise and its duration was taken into consideration. Evaluation tools included the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Data were analyzed using a statistical software package with significance set at 0.05. Sustainable exercise demonstrated no significant difference in SWLS or GSES subdimensions among premenopausal women. However, postmenopausal women engaging in regular exercise reported significantly higher scores in SWLS and all GSES subdimensions. Moreover, positive correlations between age and SWLS scores, as well as between age and certain GSES subdimensions, were found in both pre- and postmenopausal periods. While sustainable exercise does not evidently impact the life satisfaction and self-efficacy of premenopausal women, it significantly enhances these parameters in postmenopausal women. Additionally, age appears to influence life satisfaction and specific self-efficacy subdimensions across both phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Kulak
- Physical Education and Sports School, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63300, Turkey
| | - Turhan Toros
- Department of Coaching Education, Mersin University, Mersin 33000, Turkey
| | - Emre Bulent Ogras
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin 33000, Turkey; (E.B.O.); (I.E.E.)
| | - Ibrahim Efe Etiler
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin 33000, Turkey; (E.B.O.); (I.E.E.)
| | - Emre Bagci
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Belgin Gokyurek
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Ulviye Bilgin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
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Wiebe DJ, Berg CA, Munion AK, Loyola MDR, Mello D, Butner JE, Suchy Y, Marino JA. Executive Functioning, Daily Self-Regulation, and Diabetes Management while Transitioning into Emerging Adulthood. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:676-686. [PMID: 37163736 PMCID: PMC10354839 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functioning (EF) predicts better Type 1 diabetes (T1D) management in the high-risk years after high school, but the daily self-regulation processes involved are unclear. PURPOSE To examine whether EF is associated with daily self-regulation that minimizes one's exposure or buffers adverse reactions to daily diabetes problems, and to determine whether these patterns become stronger during the transition out of high school. METHODS A measurement burst design with convenience sampling was used. Seniors in high school with T1D (N = 207; 66% female) completed self-report (i.e., Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning) and performance measures of EF (i.e., Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System). A 14-day daily diary assessing self-regulation failures, diabetes problems, affect, and indicators of diabetes management was completed at baseline and 1 year later. RESULTS Correlations and multilevel modeling were conducted. Lower self-reported EF problems were associated with lower average levels of daily self-regulation failures, and these variables were associated with fewer daily diabetes problems. In contrast, better EF performance was unrelated to average daily self-regulation failures, and was unexpectedly associated with more frequent diabetes problems in year 2. Equally across years, on days participants reported lower than their average levels of daily self-regulation failures, they had fewer diabetes problems, regardless of EF. On days with lower than average diabetes problems, participants reported better diabetes management indicators. EF generally did not buffer daily associations in either year. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of EF, promoting daily self-regulation may prevent diabetes problems and promote T1D management in daily life at this high-risk transitional time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Wiebe
- Department of Psychological Sciences and the Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Cynthia A Berg
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Ascher K Munion
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
| | - Maria D Ramirez Loyola
- Department of Psychological Sciences and the Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Daniel Mello
- Department of Psychological Sciences and the Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
| | | | - Yana Suchy
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jessica A Marino
- Department of Psychological Sciences and the Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA
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Nath K, Ferguson I, Puleio A, Wall K, Stark J, Clark S, Story C, Cohen B, Anderson-Hanley C. Brain Health Indicators Following Acute Neuro-Exergaming: Biomarker and Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) after Pedal-n-Play (iPACES). Brain Sci 2023; 13:844. [PMID: 37371324 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Facing an unrelenting rise in dementia cases worldwide, researchers are exploring non-pharmacological ways to ameliorate cognitive decline in later life. Twenty older adults completed assessments before and after a single bout of interactive physical and cognitive exercise, by playing a neuro-exergame that required pedaling and steering to control progress in a tablet-based video game tailored to impact executive function (the interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System; iPACES v2). This study explored the cognitive and biomarker outcomes for participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normative older adults after 20 min of pedal-to-play exercise. Neuropsychological and salivary assessments were performed pre- and post-exercise to assess the impact. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significant interaction effects, with MCI participants experiencing greater changes in executive function and alpha-amylase levels than normative older adults; within-group changes were also significant. This study provides further data regarding cognitive effects and potential mechanisms of action for exercise as an intervention for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Nath
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | | | - Alexa Puleio
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Kathryn Wall
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Jessica Stark
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Sean Clark
- Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Rd, Wenham, MA 01984, USA
| | - Craig Story
- Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Rd, Wenham, MA 01984, USA
| | - Brian Cohen
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Cay Anderson-Hanley
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
- iPACES LLC, 56 Clifton Country Road, Suite 104 (Box#11), Clifton Park, NY 12065, USA
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Tometich DB, Mosher CE, Cyders M, McDonald BC, Saykin AJ, Small BJ, Zhai W, Zhou X, Jim HSL, Jacobsen P, Ahles TA, Root JC, Graham D, Patel SK, Mandelblatt J. An Examination of the Longitudinal Relationship Between Cognitive Function and Physical Activity Among Older Breast Cancer Survivors in the Thinking and Living With Cancer Study. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:237-248. [PMID: 36356044 PMCID: PMC10074030 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older cancer survivors are at risk for cognitive decline. Physical activity can improve cognition, and better cognitive function may facilitate greater physical activity. PURPOSE We examined the potential bidirectional relationship between cognitive function and physical activity in older breast cancer survivors and controls. METHODS The sample included women with newly diagnosed, nonmetastatic breast cancer (n = 395) and women without cancer (n = 374) ages 60-98. Participants were recruited as part of a larger multisite study, assessed prior to systemic therapy, and followed yearly for 36 months. Attention, processing speed, and executive function was measured using six neuropsychological tests, self-reported cognitive function using the Perceived Cognitive Impairments subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function , and physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. Separate random intercepts cross-lagged panel models were used to examine the between- and within-person effects for survivors and controls, controlling for age, education, and study site. RESULTS Survivors reported significantly less physical activity than controls at baseline (1,284.92 vs. 2,085.98 MET min/week, p < .05). When survivors reported higher activity, they simultaneously had better objective cognition at 12 months (β = 0.24, p = .04) and reported better perceived cognition at 12 and 24 months (β = 0.25, p = .03), but this relationship was not seen in controls. Cognition did not predict subsequent physical activity or vice versa in either group. CONCLUSIONS Cognition and physical activity are cross-sectionally associated in survivors, but the expected prospective relationships were not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B Tometich
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Catherine E Mosher
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brenna C McDonald
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brent J Small
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wanting Zhai
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heather S L Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul Jacobsen
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim A Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - James C Root
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Deena Graham
- Department of Oncology, John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Sunita K Patel
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Mandelblatt
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
Objective: To explore the views and experiences of adult patients with bronchiectasis towards exercise. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with ten patients with bronchiectasis were conducted to explore perceptions of exercise, potential barriers and facilitators of exercise. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify key themes. Findings: Five main themes: 1. The language of exercise 2. Facilitators to exercise 3. Barriers to exercise 4. Exercise has a positive impact on health and life expectancy 5. Grief regarding loss of ability Discussion: Participants perceived exercise as positive, but there was variance regarding what this entailed. Findings suggest healthcare professionals should consider the language used when prescribing exercise and provide clarity for patients and reflect on their own role in advising on exercise. There were both common and differing barriers and facilitators to exercise between participants. Holistic needs and the identification of these potential barriers and facilitators to exercise could aid compliance. Further research is needed to explore generalisability and the effectiveness of behaviour change models to improve engagement with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Royle
- School of Health and Care Professions, 8629University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
| | - Carol Kelly
- Respiratory Research Centre, Health Research Institute, 6249Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Gürdere C, Strobach T, Pastore M, Pfeffer I. Do executive functions predict physical activity behavior? A meta-analysis. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:33. [PMID: 36732818 PMCID: PMC9893561 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions (EFs) are important determinants of health behaviors. In the present study, a meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between EFs and physical activity (PA) behavior. METHODS Systematic searches were carried out in PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases throughout April 2021. Prospective empirical studies conducted with general healthy populations across the lifespan, which reported the relationship between baseline EFs and later PA behavior were selected. RESULTS Eight studies were found eligible. Results of the multilevel meta-analysis revealed a small but significant total effect size for EFs on PA behavior of z = 0.12. High heterogeneity was observed among studies. When potential moderators were tested, residual heterogeneity remained significant and the effects of the moderators were not significant. The effect size dropped when accounted for publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations, the study provided evidence for EFs' determinant role on PA behavior. More research is however encouraged to inform PA promotion programs that are well-prepared for individual differences in EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Gürdere
- grid.18376.3b0000 0001 0723 2427Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tilo Strobach
- grid.461732.5Institute of Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Pastore
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ines Pfeffer
- grid.461732.5Institute of Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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de Ruijter MJT, Dahlén AD, Rukh G, Schiöth HB. Job satisfaction has differential associations with delay discounting and risk-taking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:754. [PMID: 36641497 PMCID: PMC9840618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low job satisfaction has been associated with both negative health and negative organizational outcomes. Knowledge on which factors influence job satisfaction remains limited. This study assesses the associations between job satisfaction and three personality traits related to cognitive- and inhibitory control: delay discounting, risk-taking and sensation seeking (DRS-traits). Delay discounting and sensation seeking were inferred using self-reported behavioral data and health measurements for 80,676 participants in the UK Biobank. Multiple linear regression analysis produced beta coefficients and confidence intervals for each DRS-trait and job satisfaction. Analyses were adjusted for age, socioeconomic status and sleep quality. A combination of the three DRS-traits (CDRS) was assessed as well. Delay discounting and risk-taking were associated with, respectively, lower and higher job satisfaction in both sexes. Sensation seeking had no significant association with job satisfaction for either sex. The combined score, CDRS, was only negatively associated with job satisfaction in females but not in males. We discuss that the negative association between delay discounting and job satisfaction may be due to career related delay discounting effects, but also highlight that low job satisfaction itself may also lead to increased delay discounting. Additionally, we discuss why increased risk-taking behavior may have a positive effect on job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelia D Dahlén
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Szabo-Reed AN, Martin LE, Savage CR, Washburn RA, Donnelly JE. Pre-post intervention exploring cognitive function and relationships with weight loss, intervention adherence and dropout. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2162528. [PMID: 36632603 PMCID: PMC9828788 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the association between baseline cognitive function, intervention dropout, adherence and 3-month weight loss (WL) when controlling for confounding demographic variables. Methods 107 (Mage = 40.9 yrs.), BMI in the overweight and obese range (BMI = 35.6 kg/m2), men (N = 17) and women (N = 90) completed a 3-month WL intervention. Participants attended weekly behavioral sessions, comply with a reduced calorie diet, and complete 100 min of physical activity (PA)/wk. Cognitive function tasks at baseline included Flanker (attention), Stroop (executive control) and working memory, demographics, body weight and cardiovascular fitness were assessed at baseline. Session attendance, adherence to PA and diet were recorded weekly. Results Baseline attention was positively correlated with age (p < .05), education (p < .05), attendance (p < .05), diet (p < .05) and PA (p < .05). Baseline executive control (p < .05) and working memory (p < .05) were each associated with % WL. Baseline executive control (p < .01) and working memory (p < .001) were also each associated with education. ANOVA indicated that baseline attention (p < .01) was associated with WL, specifically for comparing those who achieved 5-10% WL (p < .01) and those who achieved greater than 10% WL (p < .01) to those who dropped. Significance Results suggest that stronger baseline attention is associated with completion of a 3-mo. WL intervention. Executive control and working memory are associated with amount of WL achieved. NCT registration US NIH Clinical Trials, NCT01664715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Szabo-Reed
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS, USA, Amanda N. Szabo-Reed Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas, KS66160, USA
| | - Laura E. Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS, USA
| | - Cary R. Savage
- Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard A. Washburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS, USA
| | - Joseph E. Donnelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS, USA
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El Haddad L, Peiris CL, Taylor NF, McLean S. Determinants of Non-Adherence to Exercise or Physical Activity in People with Metabolic Syndrome: A Mixed Methods Review. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:311-329. [PMID: 36760232 PMCID: PMC9904214 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s383482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term adherence to exercise or physical activity (EPA) is necessary for effective first-line management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Little is known about the determinants of adherence in this population. This systematic review aims to identify the determinants of adherence to EPA in people with MetS. METHODS Six databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)) were searched for studies published before April 26, 2021. Primary research studies investigating factors affecting EPA adherence in adults with MetS in outpatient settings were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS (Quality in Prognostic Factor Studies) and CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Program) tools, for quantitative and qualitative methodologies, respectively. RESULTS Four quantitative studies (n = 766) and one qualitative (n = 21) study were included in the review, evaluating 34 determinants of adherence to EPA in MetS. Limited evidence was found for an association between ten determinants and non-adherence to EPA: lower self-rated health, lower baseline EPA, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fewer walk-friendly routes within 1 km, less consciousness raising, lower self-re-evaluation, lower self-liberation, reporting more arguments against EPA (cons), lower social support, and fewer positive psychological constructs. There was limited evidence of no association or conflicting evidence for the remaining 24 determinants. CONCLUSION A small number of included studies, most of low methodological quality, resulted in limited confidence in the findings for all determinants. The identified determinants associated with non-adherence are all potentially modifiable, thus further high-quality studies are required to increase confidence in the determinants of EPA in people with MetS, and test interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila El Haddad
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Casey L Peiris
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas F Taylor
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Allied Health Clinical Research Office, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sionnadh McLean
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Correspondence: Sionnadh McLean, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, L108, 36 Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK, Tel +447342 092 340, Email
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13
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Cushman GK, West KB, Davis M, LaMotte J, Eaton CK, Gutierrez-Colina AM, Suveg C, Blount RL. The role of executive functioning, healthcare management, and self-efficacy in college students' health-related quality of life. J Am Coll Health 2022; 70:2356-2364. [PMID: 33400895 PMCID: PMC8255329 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1862128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Examine how executive functioning (EF), healthcare management, and self-efficacy relate to college students' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Participants: Undergraduates completed questionnaires at baseline (Time 1; n = 387) and 18-24 months later (Time 2; n = 102). Methods: Participants reported on their EF and healthcare management skills at Time 1 and self-efficacy and mental and physical HRQOL at Time 2. Results: Students with fewer EF problems reported higher mental and physical HRQOL at both timepoints and those with higher healthcare management skills had higher mental and physical HRQOL at Time 1. Higher self-efficacy mediated the relation between EF and mental HRQOL, and the relation between healthcare management and mental HRQOL. Conclusions: Findings illustrate two potential pathways by which self-management, in healthcare settings or daily living, contributes to mental HRQOL during emerging adulthood. Assessing EF and healthcare management could help identify those at risk of low HRQOL and provide information that can inform interventions in college settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara B West
- The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Molly Davis
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia LaMotte
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cyd K Eaton
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Shi H. Inhibition modulated by self-efficacy: An event-related potential study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:904132. [PMID: 36237702 PMCID: PMC9552172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition, associated with self-efficacy, enables people to control thought and action and inhibit disturbing stimulus and impulsion and has certain evolutionary significance. This study analyzed the neural correlates of inhibition modulated by self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was assessed by using the survey adapted from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Fifty college students divided into low and high self-efficacy groups participated in the experiments. Their ability to conduct inhibitory control was studied through Go/No-Go tasks. During the tasks, we recorded students’ brain activity, focusing on N2 and P3 components in the event-related potential (ERP). Larger No-Go N2 amplitudes for the high self-efficacy group were found compared with the low self-efficacy group. Conflict detection as represented by N2 was modulated by self-efficacy, whereas conflict inhibition as represented by P3 was not modulated by self-efficacy. The highly self-efficacious students were more capable of detecting conflicts but not necessarily more capable of inhibiting action given that conflict was detected. Taken together, these findings offer neurophysiological evidence of the important regulatory role of self-efficacy in inhibitory control ability development.
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15
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Morris TP, Burzynska A, Voss M, Fanning J, Salerno EA, Prakash R, Gothe NP, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Hillman CH, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Brain Structure and Function Predict Adherence to an Exercise Intervention in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1483-1492. [PMID: 35482769 PMCID: PMC9378462 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individual differences in brain structure and function in older adults are potential proxies of brain reserve or maintenance and may provide mechanistic predictions of adherence to exercise. We hypothesized that multimodal neuroimaging features would predict adherence to a 6-month randomized controlled trial of exercise in 131 older adults (age, 65.79 ± 4.65 yr, 63% female), alone and in combination with psychosocial, cognitive, and health measures. METHODS Regularized elastic net regression within a nested cross-validation framework was applied to predict adherence to the intervention in three separate models (brain structure and function only; psychosocial, health, and demographic data only; and a multimodal model). RESULTS Higher cortical thickness in somatosensory and inferior frontal regions and less surface area in primary visual and inferior frontal regions predicted adherence. Higher nodal functional connectivity (degree count) in default, frontoparietal, and attentional networks and less nodal strength in primary visual and temporoparietal networks predicted exercise adherence ( r = 0.24, P = 0.004). Survey and clinical measures of gait and walking self-efficacy, biological sex, and perceived stress also predicted adherence ( r = 0.17, P = 0.056); however, this prediction was not significant when tested against a null test statistic. A combined multimodal model achieved the highest predictive strength ( r = 0.28, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there is a substantial utility of using brain-based measures in future research into precision and individualized exercise interventions older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Burzynska
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Michelle Voss
- Deptartment of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
IA
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest
University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elizabeth A. Salerno
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery,
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ruchika Prakash
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH
| | - Neha P. Gothe
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston,
MA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston,
MA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and
Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Edward McAuley
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston,
MA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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16
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Najjuka SM, Ngabirano TD, Balizzakiwa T, Nabadda R, Kaggwa MM, Kateete DP, Kalungi S, Beyeza-Kashesya J, Kiguli S. Health Care Workers' Perceived Self-Efficacy to Manage COVID-19 Patients in Central Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1253-1270. [PMID: 35769499 PMCID: PMC9234180 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s356410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic placed health workers at the frontline of the emergency task force response; a duty that requires professional expertise and confidence to rapidly identify and treat patients with COVID-19. This study explored perceived self-efficacy (PSE) of health care workers (HCWs) in the management of patients with COVID-19 and associated factors in central Uganda. Methods We recruited 418 HCWs from four national referral hospitals in Uganda. Multivariate linear regression analysis was utilized to determine factors associated with PSE. A p-value > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Majority of the participants were female, about half were nurses/midwives, and had 10 years of work experience on average. Overall, HCWs reported moderate PSE in managing COVID-19 patients which reduced with increasing severity of the COVID-19 illness. Having a PhD, being a medical doctor, agreeing or completely agreeing that one has knowledge about COVID-19 management, and having COVID-19 management training were significantly associated with increase in one’s level of PSE. Conclusion This study highlights an unsatisfactory, moderate level of PSE among HCWs in the management of patients with COVID-19 in central Uganda. The health sector should focus on improving HCWs’ self-efficacy through continuous training of all HCWs in the clinical management of especially the severe and critically ill cases of COVID-19. Non-doctor HCWs should be given priority as they scored lower levels of PSE; yet they are the corner stone of the primary health care system and make majority of the health human resource in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions towards creating a safe working environment for HCWs through provision of adequate infection prevention and control strategies are essential in boosting HCWs confidence to manage COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Denis Ngabirano
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Rebecca Nabadda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mark Mohan Kaggwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - David Patrick Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Kalungi
- Department of Pathology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jolly Beyeza-Kashesya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mulago Specialized Women and Neonatal Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kiguli
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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Szabo-Reed A, Clutton J, White S, Van Sciver A, White D, Morris J, Martin L, Lepping R, Shaw A, Puchalt JP, Montgomery R, Mahnken J, Washburn R, Burns J, Vidoni ED. COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) to improve cognition in older adults: Rationale and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 118:106805. [PMID: 35636733 PMCID: PMC9354507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests physical exercise may sustain cognitive function and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's Disease (1, 2). Current public health recommendations call for older adults to do at least 150 min a week of aerobic exercise (e.g. walking) and twice a week resistance exercise (e.g. weight lifting) for physical health. Yet, much remains unknown about how these exercise modalities support brain health independently or in combination. The COMbined Exercise Trial (COMET) is designed to test the combined and independent effects of aerobic and resistance training specifically focusing on exercise-related changes in 1) cognitive performance, 2) regional brain volume, 3) physical function, and 4) blood-based factors. To explore these questions, we will enroll 280 cognitively normal older adults, age 65-80 years, into a 52-week community-based exercise program. Participants will be randomized into one of four arms: 1) flexibility/toning- control 2) 150 min of aerobic exercise only, 3) progressive resistance training only, or 4) combined aerobic and progressive resistance training. Outcomes assessed include a comprehensive cognitive battery, blood biomarkers, brain magnetic resonance imaging, physiological biomarkers, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and battery of psychosocial questionnaires is assessed at baseline, 6 and 12-months. COMET will provide rigorous randomized controlled trial data to understand the effects of the most common exercise modalities, and their combination (i.e., the standard public health recommendation), on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | | | - Sydney White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - Dreu White
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Jill Morris
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Laura Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebecca Lepping
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kanas City, KS, USA
| | - Ashley Shaw
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jaime Perales Puchalt
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert Montgomery
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Richard Washburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Burns
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- KU Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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18
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Alizadeh M, Dehghanizade J. The effect of functional training on level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and functional performance in women with obesity. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113798. [PMID: 35378105 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the underlying cause of various health conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. It is associated with low self-confidence, emotional disorder, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and suicide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of functional training on obese women's brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and executive functioning. To this end, 25 obese women were randomly assigned to 3 different groups labelled as active obese women-functional training, inactive obese women-functional training, and control group. The subjects performed 24 one-hour-long sessions of functional training three times a week. The intensity of activity for the research groups was moderate, which was equivalent to a level of 6-7 on the Borg scale. The analysis of intragroup results indicated that functional training increased serum BDNF significantly in both active and inactive obese women. It was also observed to improve executive functioning in both groups of the obese women via decreasing the number of errors, increasing the number of true responses, and reducing reaction time. The analysis of intergroup results, on the other hand, revealed that there were no significant differences between active and inactive obese women in terms of serum BDNF and executive functioning after functional training. Training promotes cognitive health, and this study adds that functional training may be important for improvement and maintenance of brain health and functional performance. Therefore, by increasing BDNF level through functional exercises, it is possible to help improve the cognitive functions of obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alizadeh
- M.A Student in Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Jalal Dehghanizade
- Assistant Professor in Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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19
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RANTALAINEN TIMO, KOIVUNEN KAISA, PORTEGIJS ERJA, RANTANEN TAINA, PALMBERG LOTTA, KARAVIRTA LAURA, CHASTIN SEBASTIEN. Is Complexity of Daily Activity Associated with Physical Function and Life-Space Mobility among Older Adults? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1210-1217. [PMID: 35220366 PMCID: PMC9208811 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Information about mobility and physical function may be encoded in the complexity of daily activity pattern. Therefore, daily activity pattern complexity metrics could provide novel insight into the relationship between daily activity behavior and health. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between the complexity of daily activity behavior and the mobility and physical function among community-dwelling older adults 75, 80, and 85 yr of age. METHODS A total of 309 participants wore accelerometers concurrently on the thigh and the trunk for at least three consecutive days. Five activity states (lying, sitting, standing, walking, or activity other than walking) were defined in three different temporal grains (5 s, 1 min, and 5 min), and Lempel-Ziv complexity was evaluated. We assessed complexity of daily activity behavior using the life-space mobility and physical function with distance in preferred pace 6-min walk and the Short Physical Performance Battery. RESULTS Weak positive associations were observed between the complexity of daily activity and the mobility and physical function at the finest temporal grains in both sexes (Spearman rho = 0.19 to 0.27, P < 0.05). No significant associations were observed in the coarsest temporal grain in either sex. CONCLUSIONS Lempel-Ziv estimates of daily activity complexity with a fine temporal grain seem to be associated with community-dwelling older adults' physical function. The coarsest 5-min temporal grain may have smoothed out physiologically meaningful short activity bouts. Because complexity encodes information related to timing, intensity, and patterning of behavior, complexity of activity could be an informative indicator of future physical function and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- TIMO RANTALAINEN
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - KAISA KOIVUNEN
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - ERJA PORTEGIJS
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - TAINA RANTANEN
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - LOTTA PALMBERG
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - LAURA KARAVIRTA
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - SEBASTIEN CHASTIN
- School of Health and Life Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM
- Department of movement and sport sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
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20
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Qin W. A diagnosis of diabetes and health behavior maintenance in middle-aged and older adults in the United States: The role of self-efficacy and social support. Prev Med 2022; 155:106958. [PMID: 35065973 PMCID: PMC9015723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between a diagnosis of diabetes and the maintenance of health behaviors, and whether self-efficacy and social support moderate the relationship. The study sample came from the 2006 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study in the United States (N = 13,143). A diagnosis of diabetes was ascertained by self-reported physician-diagnosed condition. Self-efficacy was measured using a 5-item scale. Social support from family and friends were measured separately by a 3-item scale. Three health behaviors were examined, namely alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to test the study aims. Respondents who reported a diagnosis of diabetes were 1.50 times more likely to fail to maintain physical activity (95% CI = 1.26, 1.77). This relationship was moderated by social support from family, which was related to lower hazards of failure to maintain physical activity among individuals who had a diagnosis of diabetes compared to those without a diagnosis. The study suggests that a diagnosis of diabetes may be a stressful health event that negatively affects physical activity maintenance. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of incorporating strategies to mobilize social support from family, which may help individuals sustain their efforts to maintaining health-promoting behaviors after a diabetes diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Qin
- Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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21
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Richards EA, Woodcox S, Forster A. What Works and for Whom? Outcome Evaluation of an E-mail Walking Program Delivered Through Cooperative Extension. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319211070683. [PMID: 35094592 PMCID: PMC8801713 DOI: 10.1177/21501319211070683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Get WalkIN’ is a 12-week, e-mail-based walking promotion program. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare sociodemographics of participants who enrolled versus completed the program; and (2) evaluate program feasibility/acceptability from perspectives of program participants and county-based Extension Educators who implemented the program. Methods: Participants (N = 875), recruited by county-based Extension Educators, were asked Likert-scale questions (eg, ease of reading the e-mails and frequency of e-mails) to assess program acceptability and open-ended questions regarding improvements. Educators (N = 55) were asked Likert-scale and open-ended questions regarding program training, recruitment, strengths, and areas for improvement. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics, acceptability, and feasibility data. Open-ended responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: There were no significant sociodemographic differences between participants (N = 875) who started the program and completed the program (n = 438). Participants reported intervention e-mails were easy to read (mean = 4.5 ± 0.7), understand (mean = 4.5 ± 0.7), and encouraged more walking (mean = 4.1 ± 0.9). Participants would like to connect/interact with other participants/Educators, have more monitoring tools for accountability, and more visuals/videos embedded within e-mails. Educators reported program training was adequate, e-mail messages were helpful and easy to use, and requested more visuals (eg, videos) to help with recruitment. Educators thought adding a social component (eg, kick-off walk or walking group) would be helpful. Conclusions: This Extension-delivered walking program is acceptable to participants and feasible to deliver. However, participants and Educators reported they would like more interaction, even if virtual. Future e-mail-based programs should consider ways to incorporate social interaction among users as well as provide a wide variety of recruitment resources.
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22
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Wang R, Blom V, Nooijen CFJ, Kallings LV, Ekblom Ö, Ekblom MM. The Role of Executive Function in the Effectiveness of Multi-Component Interventions Targeting Physical Activity Behavior in Office Workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:266. [PMID: 35010526 PMCID: PMC8751160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge gap remains in understanding how to improve the intervention effectiveness in office workers targeting physically active (PA) behavior. We aim to identify the modifying effect of executive function (EF) on the intervention effectiveness targeting PA-behaviors, and to verify whether the observed effect varies by Job Demand Control (JDC) categories. This workplace-based intervention study included 245 participants who were randomized into a control group and two intervention arms-promoting physical activity (iPA) group or reducing sedentary behavior (iSED) group. The interventions were conducted through counselling-based cognitive behavioral therapy and team activities over 6 months. PA-behaviors were measured by an accelerometer. EF was assessed by the Trail Making Test-B, Stroop, and n-back test. The JDC categories were measured by the demand control questionnaire. Higher EF level at baseline was significantly associated with the intervention effect on increased sleep time (β-coefficient: 3.33, p = 0.003) and decreased sedentary time (-2.76, p = 0.049) in the iSED-group. Participants with active jobs (high job demands, high control) presented significantly increased light-intensity PA in the iSED-group in comparison to the control group. Among participants with a high level of EF and active jobs, relative to the control group, the iPA-group showed a substantial increase in light-intensity PA (1.58, p = 0.036) and the iSED-group showed a tendency of reducing sedentary behavior (-5.35, p = 0.054). The findings suggest that office workers with a high EF and active jobs may benefit most from an intervention study targeting PA-behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11433 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.B.); (C.F.J.N.); (L.V.K.); (Ö.E.); (M.M.E.)
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Victoria Blom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11433 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.B.); (C.F.J.N.); (L.V.K.); (Ö.E.); (M.M.E.)
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla F. J. Nooijen
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11433 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.B.); (C.F.J.N.); (L.V.K.); (Ö.E.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Lena V. Kallings
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11433 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.B.); (C.F.J.N.); (L.V.K.); (Ö.E.); (M.M.E.)
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Örjan Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11433 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.B.); (C.F.J.N.); (L.V.K.); (Ö.E.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Maria M. Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11433 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.B.); (C.F.J.N.); (L.V.K.); (Ö.E.); (M.M.E.)
- The Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Performance of endurance exercise is associated with a broad range of cognitive benefits, with notable improvements shown across a wide variety of populations including healthy populations as well as those with impaired cognition. By examining the effects of exercise in general populations, as well in populations where cognitive deficits are pronounced, and critical to self-care, we can learn more about using exercise to ameliorate cognitive issues and apply that knowledge to other patient populations, such as those eligible for cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Cognitive challenges are a concern within CR, as management of a chronic disease is cognitively taxing, and, as expected, deficits in cognition predict worse outcomes, including lower attendance at CR. Some subsets of patients within CR may be particularly at high risk for cognitive challenges including those with heart failure with low ejection fraction, recent coronary bypass surgery, multiple chronic conditions, and patients of lower socioeconomic status. Attendance at CR is associated with cognitive gains, likely through the progressive exercise component, with larger amounts of exercise over longer periods having greater benefits. Programs should identify at-risk patients, who could gain the most from completing CR, and provide additional support to keep those patients engaged. While engaged in CR, patients should be encouraged to exercise, at least at moderate intensity, and transitioned to a long-term exercise regimen. Overall, CR programs are well-positioned to support these patients and make significant contributions to their long-term well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann E Gaalema
- University of Vermont, Burlington (Dr Gaalema and Ms Mahoney); and Stanford University, Stanford, California (Dr Ballon)
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24
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Savikangas T, Törmäkangas T, Tirkkonen A, Alen M, Fielding RA, Kivipelto M, Rantalainen T, Stigsdotter Neely A, Sipilä S. The effects of a physical and cognitive training intervention vs. physical training alone on older adults' physical activity: A randomized controlled trial with extended follow-up during COVID-19. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258559. [PMID: 34644357 PMCID: PMC8513828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions underlie self-regulation and are thus important for physical activity and adaptation to new situations. The aim was to investigate, if yearlong physical and cognitive training (PTCT) had greater effects on physical activity among older adults than physical training (PT) alone, and if executive functions predicted physical activity at baseline, after six (6m) and twelve months (12m) of the interventions, one-year post-intervention follow-up and an extended follow-up during COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS Data from a single-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial (PASSWORD-study, ISRCTN52388040) were utilized. Participants were 70-85 years old community-dwelling men and women from Jyväskylä, Finland. PT (n = 159) included supervised resistance, walking and balance training, home-exercises and self-administered moderate activity. PTCT (n = 155) included PT and cognitive training targeting executive functions on a computer program. Physical activity was assessed with a one-item, seven-scale question. Executive functions were assessed with color-word Stroop, Trail Making Test (TMT) B-A and Letter Fluency. Changes in physical activity were modeled with multinomial logistic models and the impact of executive functions on physical activity with latent change score models. RESULTS No significant group-by-time interaction was observed for physical activity (p>0.1). The subjects were likely to select an activity category higher than baseline throughout the study (pooled data: B = 0.720-1.614, p<0.001-0.046). Higher baseline Stroop predicted higher physical activity through all subsequent time-points (pooled data: B = 0.011-0.013, p = 0.015-0.030). Higher baseline TMT B-A predicted higher physical activity at 6m (pooled data: B = 0.007, p = 0.006) and during COVID-19 (B = 0.005, p = 0.030). In the PT group, higher baseline Letter Fluency predicted higher physical activity at 12m (B = -0.028, p = 0.030) and follow-up (B = -0.042, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Cognitive training did not have additive effects over physical training alone on physical activity, but multicomponent training and higher executive function at baseline may support adaptation to and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Savikangas
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Tirkkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Markku Alen
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Roger A. Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Stigsdotter Neely
- Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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25
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Foret JT, Oleson S, Hickson B, Valek S, Tanaka H, Haley AP. Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Function in Midlife. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:897-907. [PMID: 33283221 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with cognitive decline. We investigated the relationship between MetS and cognition in middle-aged adults. We hypothesized that higher numbers of MetS components will relate to poorer performance on executive function (EF) tasks as frontal lobe regions critical to EF are particularly vulnerable to cardiovascular disease. METHODS 197 adults (ages 40-60) participated. MetS was evaluated using established criteria. Composite scores for cognitive domains were computed as follows: Global cognitive function (subtests from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2nd Edition), EF (Stroop Color Word, Digit Span Backward, and Trails A and B), and memory (California Verbal Learning Test, 2 Edition). RESULTS Higher number of MetS components was related to weaker EF-F(4, 191) = 3.94, p = .004, MetS components ß = -.14, p = .044. A similar relationship was detected for tests of memory-F(4, 192) = 7.86, p < .001, MetS components ß = -.15, p = .032. Diagnosis of MetS was not significantly associated with EF domain score (ß = -.05, p = .506) but was significantly associated with memory scores-F(4, 189) = 8.81, p < .001, MetS diagnosis ß = -.19, p = .006. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support prior research linking MetS components at midlife to executive dysfunction and demonstrate that MetS, and its components are also associated with poorer memory function. This suggests that cognitive vulnerability can be detected at midlife. Interventions for MetS at midlife could alter cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle T Foret
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Oleson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brennan Hickson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Valek
- McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Eichen DM, Pasquale EK, Twamley EW, Boutelle KN. Targeting executive function for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113540. [PMID: 34331958 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a multitude of negative health sequalae. Behavioral weight loss (BWL) is currently the recommended behavioral treatment for obesity; however, it is not effective for approximately half of the individuals who participate. BWL requires individuals to carry out many tasks requiring executive function (EF; i.e., higher order cognitive functions such as planning and problem solving) in order to be successful. Growing research supports that lower EF may be associated with attenuated weight loss following BWL, and targeting EF in treatment could improve outcomes. This paper aims to describe the rationale for the development of Novel Executive Function Training for Obesity (NEXT), which adapts Compensatory Cognitive Training to be delivered in conjunction with BWL. We summarize evidence relating EF to obesity and reduced weight loss following BWL, as well as the past success of cognitive training on EF. Then we describe the treatment model for NEXT followed by initial data suggesting that NEXT is feasible and acceptable and may impact EF and weight. Obesity treatments incorporating cognitive training, especially those that train compensatory strategies, may improve weight-loss outcomes and provide a more durable treatment than traditional interventions, but larger randomized control trials are necessary.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Out-of-class mindfulness meditation practice is a health behavior that is considered to be a crucial ingredient in mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), yet participant adherence to practice recommendations is often inconsistent. Furthermore, MBIs may enhance factors that lead to greater adherence to medical regimens in other contexts. This study examined baseline factors previously found to relate to adherence to medical regimen, MBI-related changes in these baseline factors, and treatment-related factors as predictors of meditation adherence in an 8-week MBI. METHODS Baseline traits (personality, depressive symptoms, and executive function) were entered into regression models (n = 96) to predict intervention and postintervention out-of-class meditation adherence. Trait changes and treatment-related factors were entered into models to predict postintervention meditation adherence. RESULTS Baseline conscientiousness (β = 0.33, p = .002), openness (β = 0.23, p = .019), and depressive symptoms (β = 0.19, p = .042) predicted intervention meditation adherence, whereas conscientiousness (β = 0.21, p = .044) and depressive symptoms (β = 0.22, p = .020) predicted postintervention meditation adherence. Although all trait variables except for agreeableness changed significantly pre-to-post intervention, these changes did not predict postintervention meditation adherence. Retreat attendance (β = 0.38, p = .029) and instructor/group-related therapeutic factors collectively predicted postintervention meditation adherence (R2 = 0.21, p = .019). CONCLUSIONS The identified baseline trait factors could be used to increase adherence in these interventions as a method of increasing their effectiveness. An emphasis on the MBI retreat and social factors during the intervention may be important for participant out-of-class practice postintervention.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.govNCT01831362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K. Canby
- Department of Psychology, Clark University
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Kristina Eichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Sarah I. Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Hadley Rahrig
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Willoughby B. Britton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
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28
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McMullan II, Bunting BP, Blackburn NE, Wilson JJ, Deidda M, Caserotti P, Smith L, Dallmeier D, Roque M, Weinmayr G, Giné-Garriga M, Coll-Planas L, Tully MA; SITLESS group. The Mediating Role of Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy on Physical Activity Change in Community-Dwelling Older Adults (≥65 Years): An Experimental Cross-Lagged Analysis Using Data From SITLESS. J Aging Phys Act 2021;:1-10. [PMID: 34135127 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Improving the capacity for physical activity interventions to maintain behavior change is a key public health concern and an important strategy for the health and independence of older adults. Ways of ensuring effective maintenance of physical activity levels in older adults are unclear. This study includes the objective measure of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); self-reported self-efficacy; and self-regulation at four timepoints (baseline, intervention completion at 4 months, 12-, and 18-month follow-up) from the SITLESS study, a clinical trial conducted with a cohort of community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) from Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A cross-lagged analysis found that self-regulation and self-efficacy may be key determinants of MVPA behavior in community-dwelling older adults. More specifically, the use of behavioral support strategies represents an important correlate of MVPA behavior, and its association with MVPA may be mediated by self-regulation and self-efficacy in older adults in the short and long term.
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An E, Irwin MR, Doering LV, Brecht M, Watson KE, Corwin E, Macey PM. Mindfulness effects on lifestyle behavior and blood pressure: A randomized controlled trial. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e296. [PMID: 34136657 PMCID: PMC8178963 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS HTN affects nearly 50% of U.S. adults and is the leading modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. A healthy diet and exercise can improve BP control, but adherence to these interventions is low. We tested whether a multimodal mind-body program, Mindful Awareness Practices (MAP) could improve BP and lifestyle behaviors associated with HTN when compared to a Health Promotion Program (HPP). METHODS Adults with BP >120/80 were randomized to MAP or HPP. Outcome measurements of BP, self-reported diet, and exercise were analyzed with intent-to-treat group comparisons using repeated measures linear mixed models. RESULTS There was an MAP-HPP between-group difference in interactions of time-by-systolic BP (P = 0.005) and time-by-diastolic BP (P = .003). The mean drops in SBP from baseline to week 13 for the MAP group was 19 mm Hg (138 ± 15 mm Hg-119 ± 6 mm Hg) compared to 7 mm Hg (134 ± 18 mm Hg-127 ± 22 mm Hg) in the HPP group. Similarly, a greater reduction in DBP was observed in the MAP group compared to the HPP group, 12 mm Hg (89 mm Hg ± 11-77 ± 7 mm Hg) and 1 mm Hg (81 ± 16 mm Hg-80 ± 18 mm Hg), respectively. Mediational analysis of the MAP group showed the total effect of mindfulness practice minutes on SBP with indirect effect (ab) of -.057 was significant, resulting in a 40% lower SBP for total effect (c) compared to direct (c') effect alone. The mediational model suggests MAP has a modest positive influence on participants initiating lifestyle behavior change, which partially explains the greater reduction in BP by the MAP group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a multimodal mind-body program involving mindfulness practice may improve BP control in adults with HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo An
- School of NursingColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCA
- Brain Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul M. Macey
- Brain Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- School of NursingUCLACalifornia
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Qin S, Basak C. Comparing the effects of two cardiovascular health factors on working memory capacity in healthy aging: separate and combined effects of arterial elasticity and physical fitness. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:94-103. [PMID: 33914083 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arterial elasticity and physical fitness are two important cardiovascular health factors that influence cognition in older adults. Working memory capacity (WMC), a core component underlying cognitive aging across many cognitive domains, may be affected by individual differences in cardiovascular health in older adults. The current study aims to identify in older adults: 1) separate and combined effects of these two cardiovascular health factors on WMC, and 2) which of the two factors is more critical in influencing WMC. METHOD WMC in 89 healthy older adults was assessed by two complex span tasks. Arterial elasticity was assessed by pulse pressure (PsP). Physical fitness was measured by an established proxy of VO2Max (MET). Effects of PsP and MET on WMC were evaluated via step-wise regressions. RESULTS After controlling for age, sex, and education, PsP and MET were separately predictive of WMC in older adults. Together, the combined effect of PsP and MET was more predictive of WMC than fitness alone, but not more than PsP alone. Mediation analysis indicates that the relationship between MET and WMC was completely mediated by PsP. DISCUSSION The current study innovatively demonstrates that though arterial elasticity and physical fitness separately predict WMC, the former completely mediates the relationship between fitness and WMC. This suggests that biologically-based cardiovascular health factors like arterial elasticity are crucial individual difference variables that should be measured and monitored in cognitive aging studies as well as in physical interventions that are designed to improve cognition in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qin
- Center for Vital Longevity, the University of Texas at Dallas
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31
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Barreiro RG, Lopes MVDO, Cavalcante LDP. Middle-Range Theory for the Nursing Diagnosis of Low Self-Efficacy in Health. Rev Bras Enferm 2021; 73:e20190370. [PMID: 32638935 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES theoretical validation of the concept of low self-efficacy in health as a nursing diagnosis construct. METHODS construction of a middle-range theory for validating diagnoses, comprised of five stages: definition of the approach for building the theory; definition of the main concepts; creation of a pictorial diagram; formulation of proposals; establishment of causal relationships and evidence for clinical practice. The main concepts were identified through a literature review and the studies were taken from the LILACS, SCOPUS, CINAHL and PubMed/MEDLINE databases. The final sample was comprised of 92 articles. RESULTS eighteen etiological factors and 16 clinical indicators were identified; characterized as antecedents and manifestations for inferring a diagnosis of low self-efficacy in health. CONCLUSIONS the related concepts of the new nursing diagnosis of low self-efficacy in health, to be applied in clinical nursing practice, were identified and defined.
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32
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Appelhans BM, Thomas AS, Roisman GI, Booth-LaForce C, Bleil ME. Preexisting Executive Function Deficits and Change in Health Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Behav Med 2021; 28:813-819. [PMID: 33649889 PMCID: PMC7920747 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-021-09974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions (EF) support engagement in goal-directed behaviors, including several health behaviors. Stressful and cognitively demanding events can disrupt EFs and interfere with health behavior, possibly to a greater extent in those with preexisting EF deficits. This study examined the association between preexisting EF deficits and subsequent negative changes in eating patterns, physical activity, sedentariness, and alcohol/substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD Participants were 374 young adults in a follow-up study of the longitudinal, multisite Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD). Preexisting EF deficits were assessed with the Barkley Deficits in Executive Function Scales-Short Form, and personally impactful negative changes in four health behaviors (physical activity, unhealthy eating, sedentary time, alcohol/substance use) during the COVID-19 pandemic were subsequently assessed with the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory. RESULTS In ordered logistic regression models, higher preexisting total EF deficits were associated with greater negative impactful changes in physical activity and unhealthy eating, independent of sociodemographic variables, obesity, and (as relevant) accelerometer-based physical activity and pre-COVID-19 diet quality. Socioeconomic status moderated the association between total EF deficits and impactful change in alcohol/substance use, with EF deficits linked to greater impactful change in alcohol/substance use only in higher socioeconomic strata. CONCLUSION Individuals with preexisting EF deficits appear more vulnerable to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on several key health behaviors. As the pandemic unfolds, strategies may be needed to identify those with EF deficits (e.g., screening tools) and provide them with tailored support for chronic disease risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Appelhans
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Alexis S Thomas
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357262, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Glenn I Roisman
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cathryn Booth-LaForce
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357262, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Maria E Bleil
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357262, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Hawkins MA, Colaizzi JM, Cole AB, Keirns NG, Smith CE, Stout M, Chaney J, Sawhney M, Gahn D. Pilot Trial of Acceptance-Based Behavioral Weight Loss and Neurocognition Among American Indians. Behav Ther 2021; 52:350-364. [PMID: 33622505 PMCID: PMC8694275 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acceptance-based behavioral therapies (ABTs) for obesity may be superior to standard behavioral therapies but have not been adequately tested with American Indians (AIs). Neurocognitive function is also unexamined in relation to behavioral weight loss among AIs despite findings that neurocognition predicts outcomes in general samples, may help explain some of the benefits of ABTs, and may be relevant to marginalized groups. The primary objective of this pilot was to examine the feasibility/acceptability of ABT in an AI sample. Exploratory analyses examined the relationship between neurocognition and weight loss. Forty-eight AI adults with overweight/obesity (ages 43.3 ± 10.3 years, 85% female; baseline body mass index = 36.8 ± 4.4 kg/m2) enrolled in a 6-month open ABT weight loss trial. Feasibility indices, including screening/enrollment, session attendance, retention rates for posttreatment assessments, and program acceptability were examined. Percent weight loss (%WL) was assessed as well as fluid and crystalized neurocognition (National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery [NIHTB-CB]). We enrolled 79% of the eligible sample and retained 75% (N = 36) at posttreatment assessments. Program completers lost an average of 5.2 ± 4.9% of initial body weight (dz = 1.14), whereas intent-to-treat analyses show a mean loss of 4.1 ± 4.7%. Participants reported high satisfaction, effectiveness, and cultural appropriateness. Exploratory analyses of neurocognitive domains suggested that crystalized cognition was higher among completers, and higher baseline cognitive flexibility predicted greater %WL (β = .34, p = .05). ABT resulted in clinically significant weight loss in an AI sample. A controlled trial of ABT in a larger, more diverse sample is warranted to determine whether (a) the findings are robust, generalizable, and/or superior to other treatments and (b) neurocognitive factors moderate outcomes.
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Davis JC, Khan K, Mansournia MA, Khosravi A, Rhodes RE, Chan P, Zhao M, Jehu DA, Parmar N, Liu-Ambrose T. A 'case-mix' approach to understand adherence trajectories for a falls prevention exercise intervention: A longitudinal cohort study. Maturitas 2021; 147:1-6. [PMID: 33832641 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We identified adherence-based case-mixes from participants' longitudinal adherence to falls prevention exercise interventions over 12 months. Second, we identified modifiable baseline predictors (cognition, mobility and functional status) based on participants' case-mix adherence trajectories. STUDY DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES This study was a 12-month longitudinal secondary analysis of data from 172 participants who received the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) in a randomized controlled trial. Adherence to the OEP was ascertained monthly via self-report. Case-mixes, groups of individuals who followed similar adherence trajectories, were visually defined using 12-month longitudinal trajectories; we used latent class growth modeling. Baseline predictors of adherence were examined for the following categories: 1) cognition, 2) mobility and 3) functional status. RESULTS Four distinct case-mixes were identified. The "non-adherent" case-mix (18 %) was distinguished by a non-adherent and decreasing adherence trajectory over time. The "low adherence" case-mix (45 %) did not have complete adherence or consistent adherence over the 12-month follow-up. The "moderate adherence" case-mix (27 %) was characterized by a stable (i.e., non-variable) adherence trajectory with a slightly increasing pattern at midpoint. The "high adherence" case-mix (10 %) demonstrated consistent and high adherence over the 12-month follow-up. For individuals with "moderate adherence", the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) significantly predicted adherence (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.12 (0.95 CI: 1.0-1.26); p = 0.049). For individuals with "high adherence", the Digits Forward minus Digits Backward (RRR = 0.43 (0.95 CI: 0.23-0.79); p = 0.002) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (RRR = 0.36 (0.95 CI: 0.16-0.81); p = 0.01) significantly predicted adherence. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive profile and activities of daily living at baseline may predict the longitudinal pattern of adherence.
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Waltman N, Cole MA, Kupzyk KA, Lappe JM, Mack LR, Bilek LD. Promoting adherence to bone-loading exercises in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2021; 34:50-61. [PMID: 33560754 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently completed a parent study (Bone Loading Exercises versus Risedronate on Bone Health in Post-menopausal Women [NIH# R01NR015029]) examining bone-loading exercises to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Forty-three million US women have low bone mass and increased risk for fractures. Bone-loading exercises (weight-bearing and resistance training) can preserve bone mass and decrease risk of fractures. However, multiple barriers prevent women from exercising and adherence rates are low. PURPOSE This secondary analysis of the parent study (a) examined barriers specific to women participating in bone-loading exercises; (b) described effectiveness of self-efficacy strategies used in the parent study for increasing confidence in knowledge and reducing barriers; and (c) applied study findings and principles of self-efficacy and self-regulation in development of guidelines for promoting adherence to exercises. METHODS Seventy-two women were randomized to the exercise group and completed 12 months of exercises. Instruments for self-efficacy were completed at 2 weeks and barriers interference at 6 months. Percent adherence was measured as the number of exercise sessions attended divided by the number prescribed. RESULTS In the 12-month study, average adherence to exercises was 58.9%. Lower adherers reported lack of self-regulation skills such as "lack of time" as the most frequent barriers to exercise. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Guidelines developed included promotion of skills for self-regulation (such as regulation of time) as well as self-efficacy to improve adherence rates. Nurse practitioners may be the most motivated of all providers to use guidelines promoting exercise for women in their clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Waltman
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Nursing, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Melissa A Cole
- Research Study Project, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kevin A Kupzyk
- Center for Nursing Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Joan M Lappe
- Creighton Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Lynn R Mack
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Laura D Bilek
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Abstract
Behavioral weight loss programs combining energy restriction and increased physical activity (PA) are generally successful in producing clinically significant weight loss (≥5%) over 3-6 mos. However, weight maintenance (≥ 2 yrs.) continues to be problematic, due in part to an inability of individuals to continue adherence to diet and PA recommendations. It is hypothesized that neurocognitive processes, specifically executive functions (EFs, i.e., inhibition, working memory, mental flexibility), underlie self-regulation, self-efficacy, and are essential for the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Behavioral weight loss programs generally attempt to improve self-regulation; however, these skills are difficult to implement long-term. Strengthening EFs through cognitive training may improve weight maintenance by improving self-efficacy and self-regulation, resulting in improved program attendance and improved adherence to dietary and PA recommendations. Although randomized trials have not been conducted to specifically evaluate this hypothesis, results from the available literature suggest the potential for cognitive training to improve weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Szabo-Reed
- Department of Weight Management, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160 USA
| | - Joseph E Donnelly
- Department of Weight Management, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160 USA
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Pugliese M, Wolff A. The Value of Communication, Education, and Self-Management in Providing Guideline-Based Care: Lessons Learned from Musculoskeletal Telerehabilitation During the COVID-19 Crisis. HSS J 2020; 16:160-163. [PMID: 32837411 PMCID: PMC7397961 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-020-09784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pugliese
- Physical Therapy Department, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Aviva Wolff
- Hand Therapy Department, Hospital for Special Therapy, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Butryn ML, Martinelli MK, Remmert JE, Roberts SR, Zhang F, Forman EM, Manasse SM. Executive Functioning as a Predictor of Weight Loss and Physical Activity Outcomes. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:909-917. [PMID: 30689688 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functioning, which is fundamental for carrying out goal-directed behaviors, may be an underappreciated predictor of outcomes in lifestyle modification programs for adults with obesity. PURPOSE This study tested the hypotheses that higher levels of baseline executive functioning would predict greater weight loss and physical activity after 6 months of behavioral treatment. METHODS Participants (N = 320) were recruited from the community and provided with 16 treatment sessions. Executive functioning was measured with the tower task component of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). At months 0 and 6, weight was measured in the clinic and physical activity was measured with tri-axial accelerometers. RESULTS Baseline D-KEFS achievement score, rule violations, and completion time significantly predicted weight loss at 6 months. For example, among participants without any rule violations (n = 162), weight loss averaged 11.0%, while those with rule violations (n = 158) averaged 8.7% weight loss. Rule violations also significantly predicted physical activity at 6 months. Among participants without any rule violations, physical activity at 6 months averaged 169.8 min/week, versus 127.2 min/week among those with rule violations. CONCLUSIONS Particular aspects of executive functioning may predict the relative ease or difficulty of changing eating and exercise-related behaviors, albeit with small effect sizes. This study is the first to our knowledge to detect a predictive relationship between components of executive functioning and objectively measured physical activity in adult lifestyle modification, and one of the first to predict weight loss in adults using an objective measure of executive functioning. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02363010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Butryn
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fengqing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan M Forman
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Qin S, Basak C. Influence of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Task-Switching in Older Adults: An fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:561877. [PMID: 33033477 PMCID: PMC7509111 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.561877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not only are the effects of cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure and low fitness on executive functions and brain activations in older adults scarcely investigated, no fMRI study has investigated the combined effects of multiple risk factors on brain activations in older adults. This fMRI study examined the independent and combined effects of two cardiovascular risk factors, arterial plasticity, and physical fitness, on brain activations during task-switching in older adults. The effects of these two risk factors on age-related differences in activation between older and younger adults were also examined. Independently, low physical fitness and low arterial plasticity were related to reduced suppressions of occipital brain regions. The combined effects of these two risks on occipital regions were greater than the independent effects of either risk factor. Age-related overactivations in frontal cortex were observed in low fitness older adults. Brain-behavior correlation indicates that these frontal overactivations are maladaptive to older adults' task performance. It is possible that the resulting effects of cardiovascular risks on the aging brain, especially the maladaptive overactivations of frontal brain regions by high risk older adults, contribute to often found posterior-anterior shift in aging (PASA) brain activations. Furthermore, observed age-related differences in brain activations during task-switching can be partially attributed to individual differences in cardiovascular risks among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qin
- Center for Vital Longevity, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chandramallika Basak
- Center for Vital Longevity, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
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Fairman CM, Nilsen TS, Newton RU, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Chambers SK, Robinson ZP, Hart NH, Zourdos MC, Focht BC, Peddle-McIntyre CJ, Galvão DA. Reporting of Resistance Training Dose, Adherence, and Tolerance in Exercise Oncology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:315-322. [PMID: 31436734 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While general guidelines (such as CONSORT or Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template) exist to enhance the reporting of exercise interventions in the field of exercise science, there is inadequate detail facilitating the standardized reporting of resistance training adherence in the oncology setting. The purpose of this study was to apply a novel method to report resistance training dose, adherence, and tolerance in patients with cancer. METHODS A total of 47 prostate cancer patients (70.1 ± 8.9 yr, body mass index, 28.6 ± 4.0) with bone metastatic disease completed an exercise program for 12 wk. We assessed traditional metrics of adherence (attendance and loss to follow-up), in addition to novel proposed metrics (exercise-relative dose intensity, dose modification, and exercise interruption). Total training volume in kilograms (repetitions × sets × training load (weight)) was calculated for each patient. RESULTS Attendance assessed from traditional metrics was 79.5% ± 17.0% and four patients (9%) were lost to follow-up. The prescribed and actual cumulative total dose of resistance training was 139,886 ± 69,150 kg and 112,835 ± 83,499 kg, respectively, with a mean exercise-relative dose intensity of 77.4% ± 16.6% (range: 19.4% -99.4%). Resistance training was missed (1-2 consecutive sessions) or interrupted (missed ≥3 consecutive sessions) in 41 (87%) and 24 (51%) participants, respectively. Training dose was modified (reduction in sets, repetitions, or weight) in 40 (85%) of patients. Importantly, using attendance as a traditional metric of adherence, these sessions would have all counted as adherence to the protocol. CONCLUSIONS Traditional reporting metrics of resistance training in exercise oncology may overestimate exercise adherence. Our proposed metrics to capture resistance training dose, adherence, and tolerance may have important applications for future studies and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tormod S Nilsen
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zac P Robinson
- Exercise and Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Michael C Zourdos
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Brian C Focht
- Exercise and Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Diehl M, Nehrkorn-Bailey A, Thompson K, Rodriguez D, Li K, Rebok GW, Roth DL, Chung SE, Bland C, Feltner S, Forsyth G, Hulett N, Klein B, Mars P, Martinez K, Mast S, Monasterio R, Moore K, Schoenberg H, Thomson E, Tseng HY. The Aging PLUS trial: Design of a randomized controlled trial to increase physical activity in middle-aged and older adults. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 96:106105. [PMID: 32791322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative views of aging (NVOA), low self-efficacy beliefs, and poor goal planning skills represent risk factors that undermine adults' motivation to engage in physical activity (PA). Targeting these three risk factors may motivate adults to become physically active. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of AgingPLUS, a 4-week educational program that explicitly targets NVOA, low self-efficacy beliefs, and poor goal planning skills compared to a 4-week health education program. The study also examines the role of NVOA, self-efficacy beliefs, and goal planning as the mechanisms underlying change in PA. DESIGN This randomized controlled trial (RCT) utilizes the experimental medicine approach to assess change in PA as a function of modifying three risk factors. The RCT recruitment target includes 288 mostly sedentary adults ranging in age from 45 to 75 years. METHODS Eligible middle-aged and older adults are recruited through community sources. Participants are randomized to either the AgingPLUS or the control group. Participants in both groups are enrolled in the trial for 8 months total, with four assessment points: Baseline (pre-test), Week 4 (immediate post-test), Week 8 (delayed post-test), and Month 6 (long-term follow-up). The intervention takes place over 4 consecutive weeks with 2-h sessions each week. PA engagement is the primary outcome variable. Positive changes in NVOA, self-efficacy beliefs, and goal planning are the intervention targets and hypothesized mediators of increases in PA. SUMMARY By utilizing a multi-component approach and targeting a cluster of psychological mechanisms, the AgingPLUS program implements the experimental medicine approach to health behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States.
| | - Abigail Nehrkorn-Bailey
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Katherine Thompson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Kaigang Li
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David L Roth
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shang-En Chung
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christina Bland
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Skylar Feltner
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Garrett Forsyth
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Nicholas Hulett
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Berkeley Klein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Paloma Mars
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Karla Martinez
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Sarah Mast
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rachel Monasterio
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
| | - Kristen Moore
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Hayden Schoenberg
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Thomson
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Han-Yun Tseng
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570, United States
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Dube SL, Sigmon S, Althoff RR, Dittus K, Gaalema DE, Ogden DE, Phillips J, Ades P, Potter AS. Association of self-reported executive function and mood with executive function task performance across adult populations. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2020; 29:605-616. [PMID: 32744868 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1794869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) impacts behavior associated with health outcomes. EF can be measured using self-report and/or performance measures, but the correlations between these types of measures are mixed in the extant literature. This study examined self-report and performance-based measures of EF using data from 6 studies, including community and clinical populations (410 participants, ages 19-80, 71% female). Partial correlations revealed significant relationships between performance on the Trail making, Delay Discounting, and Stop Signal tasks with self-reported EF (p < .006 after controlling for age). Mood scores were significantly related to all self-reported domains of EF (p < .0001), and mood and EF scores were correlated over time. When also controlling for mood, correlations between delay discounting and stop signal tasks with self-reported EF remained significant (p < .006). Finally, examining EF scores in participants with and without clinically elevated mood scores showed a wider distribution of self-reported EF scores among those with clinically elevated mood symptoms than among those without. We conclude that self-reported EF is associated with tasks measuring delay discounting and response inhibition in our large, heterogenous population and that assessing EF may be particularly important for those with high levels of mood symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarahjane L Dube
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Stacey Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Vermont Center for Children Youth and Families Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kim Dittus
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Doris E Ogden
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julie Phillips
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip Ades
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra S Potter
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Schaffer K, Panneerselvam N, Loh KP, Herrmann R, Kleckner IR, Dunne RF, Lin PJ, Heckler CE, Gerbino N, Bruckner LB, Storozynsky E, Ky B, Baran A, Mohile SG, Mustian KM, Fung C. Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Exercise Interventions Using Digital Activity Trackers in Patients With Cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 17:57-63. [PMID: 30659130 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2018.7082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exercise can ameliorate cancer- and treatment-related toxicities, but poor adherence to exercise regimens is a barrier. Exercise interventions using digital activity trackers (E-DATs) may improve exercise adherence, but data are limited for patients with cancer. We conducted a systematic review examining the feasibility of E-DATs in cancer survivors and effects on activity level, body composition, objective fitness outcomes, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), self-reported symptoms, and biomarkers. Methods: We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of E-DATs in adult cancer survivors published in English between January 1, 2008, and July 27, 2017. Two authors independently reviewed article titles (n=160), removed duplicates (n=50), and reviewed the remaining 110 articles for eligibility. Results: A total of 12 RCTs met eligibility criteria, including 1,450 patients (mean age, 50-70 years) with the following cancers: breast (n=5), colon or breast (n=2), prostate (n=1), acute leukemia (n=1), or others (n=3). Duration of E-DATs ranged from 4 to 24 weeks, and the follow-up period ranged from 4 to 52 weeks, with retention rates of 54% to 95%. The technology component of E-DATs included pedometers (n=8); pedometers with smartphone application (n=1), Wii Fit (n=1), heart rate monitor (n=1); and a wireless sensor with accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer (n=1). Adherence by at least one measure to E-DATs was >70% in 8 of 8 RCTs. Compared with controls, E-DATs significantly improved patients' step count in 3 of 5 RCTs, activity level in 6 of 9 RCTs, and HRQoL in 7 of 9 RCTs (all P≤05), with no significant changes in biomarkers (eg, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, C-reactive protein, c-peptide, lipid panel) in 3 RCTs. Duration of E-DAT was not significantly correlated with adherence or study retention. Conclusions: This systematic review shows that E-DATs are feasible to implement in cancer survivors. Future research should examine the optimal type, dose, and schedule of E-DATs for cancer survivors.
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Szabo‐Reed AN, Martin LE, Hu J, Yeh H, Powell J, Lepping RJ, Patrician TM, Breslin FJ, Donnelly JE, Savage CR. Modeling interactions between brain function, diet adherence behaviors, and weight loss success. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:282-292. [PMID: 32523717 PMCID: PMC7278911 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is linked to altered activation in reward and control brain circuitry; however, the associated brain activity related to successful or unsuccessful weight loss (WL) is unclear. METHODS Adults with obesity (N = 75) completed a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan before entering a WL intervention (ie,3-month diet and physical activity [PA] program). We conducted an exploratory analysis to identify the contributions of baseline brain activation, adherence behavior patterns, and the associated connections to WL at the conclusion of a 3-month WL intervention. Food cue-reactivity brain regions were functionally identified using fMRI to index brain activation to food vs nonfood cues. Food consumption, PA, and class attendance were collected weekly during the 3-month intervention. RESULTS The left middle frontal gyrus (L-MFG, BA 46) and right middle frontal gyrus (R-MFG; BA 9) were positively activated when viewing food compared with nonfood images. Structural equation modeling with bootstrapping was used to investigate a hypothesized path model and revealed the following significant paths: (1) attendance to 3-month WL, (2) R-MFG to attendance, and (3) indirect effects of R-MFG through attendance on WL. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that brain activation to appetitive food cues predicts future WL through mediating session attendance, diet, and PA. This study contributes to the growing evidence of the importance of food cue reactivity and self-regulation brain regions and their impact on WL outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Szabo‐Reed
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Laura E. Martin
- Department of Population Health HealthUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
- Hoglund Brain Imaging CenterUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Jinxiang Hu
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Hung‐Wen Yeh
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Joshua Powell
- Graduate School of Social WorkUniversity of DenverDenverColorado
| | - Rebecca J. Lepping
- Hoglund Brain Imaging CenterUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Trisha M. Patrician
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Florance J. Breslin
- Center for Brain, Biology and BehaviorUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska
| | - Joseph E. Donnelly
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
| | - Cary R. Savage
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansas
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Nicosia FM, Lisha NE, Chesney MA, Subak LL, Plaut TM, Huang A. Strategies for evaluating self-efficacy and observed success in the practice of yoga postures for therapeutic indications: methods from a yoga intervention for urinary incontinence among middle-aged and older women. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:148. [PMID: 32408868 PMCID: PMC7227071 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most clinical investigations involving yoga lack adequate description of the specific yoga elements, including physical postures. Few studies have measured self-efficacy regarding the performance of yoga postures or assessed observed success in performing postures. METHODS We developed and piloted several tools to evaluate self-efficacy and observed success in practicing yoga in the context of a randomized feasibility trial of an Iyengar-based yoga intervention for urinary incontinence in ambulatory women ≥50 years. At the end of the 12-week yoga intervention involving twice weekly group yoga classes and once weekly home practice, participants rated their self-efficacy in performing each of the included 15 yoga postures on a 5-point Likert scale. During the 12th week, an expert yoga consultant observed participants and rated their competency in performing postures on a 5-point scale. Participants completed a questionnaire about self-efficacy in adhering to home yoga practice. We examined the distribution of and correlations between scores on the above measures. RESULTS Among 27 participants (mean age 65 years), the range of means for self-efficacy ratings for individual postures was 3.6 to 4.5. The range of means for observed competency ratings for individual postures was 3.3 to 5.0. Mean self-efficacy rating for confidence in adhering to the assigned once-weekly home yoga practice was 2.8 (range 1 to 5). Posture self-efficacy was inversely correlated with participant age (p = 0.01) and positively correlated with self-reported physical function (p = 0.03) and mobility (p = 0.01). No significant correlations were found between posture self-efficacy scale scores and expert-observed yoga competency ratings or practice adherence self-efficacy scores. CONCLUSIONS These measures hold promise for advancing yoga research and practice by describing methods to: 1) measure self-efficacy in performing specific yoga postures; 2) use an expert observer to assess participants' competence in performing yoga postures; and 3) measure self-efficacy in adhering to home practice. These proposed measures can be used to describe specific components of yoga interventions, to assess whether study participants are able to learn to practice physical aspects of yoga and/or maintain this practice over time, as well as to investigate relationships between self-efficacy and competency in performing yoga postures to achieve specific health outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02342678, January 21, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Nicosia
- Division of Geriatrics and Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, USA. .,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 4150 Clement Street, 151-R, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Nadra E Lisha
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus, Ste 366, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1390, USA
| | - Margaret A Chesney
- Department of Medicine and Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1545 Divisadero, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Leslee L Subak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, HG332, Office #G-303A, Stanford, California, 94305-5317, USA
| | - Traci M Plaut
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Street Suite 201, Sutter, 2320, USA
| | - Alison Huang
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
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Reed RG, Combs HL, Segerstrom SC. The Structure of Self-Regulation and Its Psychological and Physical Health Correlates in Older Adults. Collabra Psychol 2020; 6. [PMID: 32457933 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation refers to effortful control over one's thoughts, emotions, choices, impulses, and behaviors, and has implications for older adults' health. Executive function, physiological, and subjective indices have all been proposed to reflect self-regulation. Pairwise associations among these indices have been previously examined; however, a self-regulation constellation encompassing all of these indices has never been tested in older adults. The present study described the relationships among indices of self-regulation and tested their between- and within-person associations with upstream personality factors (conscientiousness) and downstream psychological and physical health in 149 older adults aged 60-93 years, assessed semi-annually for five years (up to 10 waves). Indices of self-regulation were only modestly correlated with each other but were each associated with health. Better executive function was associated with better psychological and physical health between and within people, whereas higher heart rate variability was associated with psychological health within people. Better subjective self-regulation had the most between- and within-person associations with better psychological and physical health. Conscientiousness was associated with subjective self-regulation and better psychological and physical health. These findings support the non-unitary nature of self-regulation in older adults and the health relevance of each of its indices between and within older adults. The aging process may change how the indices relate to each other, and older adults may draw more on certain self-regulatory components over others, given limited resources. Subjective self-regulation may be an important final common pathway to psychological and physical health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Reed
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, US.,Formerly affiliated with the Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, US
| | - Hannah L Combs
- Houston Methodist Sugar Land Neurology Associates, Sugar Land, TX, US.,Formerly affiliated with the Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, US
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Hawkins M, Ciciolla L, Colaizzi J, Keirns N, Smith C, Stout M, Addante S, Armans M, Erato G. Adverse childhood experiences and cognitive function among adults with excess adiposity. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:47-56. [PMID: 32128242 PMCID: PMC7042117 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and obesity are independently associated with brain/neurocognitive health. Despite a growing emphasis on the importance of early life adversity on health, the relationship between ACEs and neurocognition in adults with overweight/obesity is unclear. The objective was to examine associations between self-reported ACEs and measured neurocognitive domains in a sample of adults with overweight/obesity. METHODS Participants were 95 predominantly white, highly educated adult women (76% female, 81% Caucasian, and 75% ≥ bachelor's degree) with excess adiposity enrolled in the Cognitive and Self-regulatory Mechanisms of Obesity Study. ACEs and fluid/crystallized neurocognitive domains were measured at baseline using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale and the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric, respectively. RESULTS Higher ACEs scores were negatively correlated with fluid cognition (r = -.34, P < .001) but not crystallized cognition (r = .01, ns). Individuals with 3 and 4+ ACEs displayed significantly lower fluid cognition scores than those with fewer ACEs F 4,89 = 3.24, P < .05. After accounting for body mass index (BMI), age, sex, race, and education, higher ACEs scores were still associated with poorer performance on overall fluid cognition (β = -.36, P < .01), along with the following subtests: Stroop Colour/Word test (β = -.23, P < .05), Go/No-Go omissions (β = .29, P < .01), and Picture Sequence Memory task (β = -.30, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The role of ACEs in health may be related to their associations with executive function and episodic neurocognitive domains essential to cognitive processing and self-regulation. Obesity science should further examine the role of ACEs and neurocognition in obesity prevention, prognosis, and treatment using more rigorous, prospective designs and more diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty Hawkins
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Lucia Ciciolla
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | | | - Natalie Keirns
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Caitlin Smith
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Madison Stout
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Samantha Addante
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Mira Armans
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Gina Erato
- Department of PsychologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
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Gheysen F, Herman K, Van Dyck D. Cognitive Functioning as a Moderator in the Relationship Between the Perceived Neighborhood Physical Environment and Physical Activity in Belgian Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:890-8. [PMID: 31034319 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether the relationship of neighborhood environmental factors with physical activity (PA) is moderated by cognitive functioning in Belgian older adults. Methods: Seventy-one older adults completed validated questionnaires on PA and environmental perceptions, wore an accelerometer, and completed a computerized assessment of cognitive functioning. Moderated linear regression analyses were conducted in SPSS 24.0. Results: Overall cognitive functioning significantly moderated the associations of traffic safety and street connectivity with PA. Detailed analyses showed that these factors were only positively associated with PA in older adults with lower cognitive functioning. In addition, particularly, performance on tests assessing visuospatial and episodic memory moderated these associations. Discussion: Living in traffic-safe neighborhoods with short and many alternative routes might motivate older adults with lower cognitive functioning to be active. As such, the increase in PA might improve their cognitive abilities. This knowledge is crucial for health practitioners to develop effective PA promotion initiatives.
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Gaalema DE, Dube S, Potter A, Elliott RJ, Mahoney K, Sigmon SC, Higgins ST, Ades PA. The effect of executive function on adherence with a cardiac secondary prevention program and its interaction with an incentive-based intervention. Prev Med 2019; 128:105865. [PMID: 31662210 PMCID: PMC6939881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Participation in secondary prevention programs such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces morbidity, mortality, and hospitalizations while improving quality of life. Executive function (EF) is a complex set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate behavior. EF predicts many health-related behaviors, but how EF interacts with interventions to improve treatment adherence is not well understood. The objective of this study is to examine if EF predicts CR treatment adherence and how EF interacts with an intervention to improve adherence. Data were collected from 2013 to 2018 in Vermont, USA. 130 Medicaid-enrolled individuals who had experienced a qualifying cardiac event were enrolled in a controlled clinical trial and randomized 1:1 to receive financial incentives for completing secondary prevention sessions or to usual care. In this secondary analysis, effects of EF on CR adherence (defined as completing ≥30/36 sessions) were examined in 112 participants (57 usual care, 55 intervention) who completed an EF battery. Delay-discounting, a measure of impulsivity, predicted CR adherence (p = 0.01) and interacted with the incentive intervention, such that those who exhibited greater discounting of future rewards benefitted more from the intervention than those who discounted less (F(1, 104) = 5.23, p = 0.02). Better cognitive flexibility, measured with the trail-making-task, also predicted CR adherence (p = 0.02). While EF has been associated with adherence to a variety of treatment regimens, this interaction between an incentive-based intervention to promote treatment adherence and EF is novel. This work illustrates the value of considering individual differences in EF when designing and implementing interventions to promote health-related behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann E Gaalema
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America.
| | - Sarahjane Dube
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Potter
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stacey C Sigmon
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Philip A Ades
- University of Vermont, United States of America; University of Vermont Medical Center, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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Abstract
Separate lines of epidemiological research suggest that individuals with high trait self-regulation (e.g. conscientious individuals) and individuals with higher cognitive ability (e.g. executive control/intelligence) each tend to enjoy superior health and well-being outcomes. However, it remains largely unexplored whether these personological and cognitive contributions to physical health are shared, independent, or interdependent. In the current study, we examined associations between trait self-regulation, cognitive control, self-reported physical health, and subjective well-being. A domain-general model revealed little shared variance between trait self-regulation and cognitive control but revealed significant unique relationships between each predictor and physical health. Results of a latent moderation analysis suggested that cognitive control moderated the contribution of self-regulation to health but not subjective well-being. This moderation effect was characterized by a strengthened relationship between trait self-regulation and health with decreases in cognitive control. Together, our results suggest that self-regulation and cognitive control may independently contribute to health outcomes in young adults and that self-regulation may be increasingly important for individuals lower in cognitive control.
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