1
|
Maldonado-Pereira L, Barnaba C, Medina-Meza IG. Oxidative Status of Ultra-Processed Foods in the Western Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:4873. [PMID: 38068731 PMCID: PMC10708126 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have gained substantial attention in the scientific community due to their surging consumption and potential health repercussions. In addition to their well-established poor nutritional profile, UPFs have been implicated in containing various dietary oxidized sterols (DOxSs). These DOxSs are associated with a spectrum of chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic conditions, cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we present a comprehensive database documenting the presence of DOxSs and other dietary metabolites in >60 UPFs commonly consumed as part of the Western diet. Significant differences were found in DOxS and phytosterol content between ready-to-eat (RTE) and fast foods (FFs). Biomarker analysis revealed that DOxS accumulation, particularly 25-OH and triol, can potentially discriminate between RTEs and FFs. This work underscores the potential utility of dietary biomarkers in early disease detection and prevention. However, an essential next step is conducting exposure assessments to better comprehend the levels of DOxS exposure and their association with chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisaura Maldonado-Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ilce Gabriela Medina-Meza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joseph PL, Gonçalves C, Fleary SA. Psychosocial correlates in patterns of adolescent emotional eating and dietary consumption. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285446. [PMID: 37224099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy eating behaviors, such as consumption of unhealthy diet and emotional eating, are common in adolescence and tend to co-occur. However, how these behaviors are patterned may vary among adolescents. This study identified patterns of dietary consumption and emotional eating behaviors in adolescents and examined the sociodemographic and psychosocial (e.g., self-efficacy beliefs and motivation) covariates associated with these eating patterns. Data were from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating study. Latent class analysis was used to estimate adolescent dietary patterns from dietary consumption (i.e., fruits, vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages, junk food, etc.) and emotional eating variables (i.e., eating when feeling sad or anxious). The sample included 1,568 adolescents (Mean age = 14.48-years-old, 49% girls, 55% White). A four-class solution best fit the data (e.g., Bayesian Information Criteria [BIC] = 12263.568, three-class model BIC = 12271.622). Four unhealthy eating behavior patterns were identified: poor diet/high emotional eating, mixed diet/high emotional eating, poor diet/low emotional eating, and mixed diet/low emotional eating. Compared to the poor diet/high emotional eating group, the other groups were less likely to include older adolescents, girls, and adolescents who experienced food insecurity, and more likely to have higher self-efficacy for eating fruits and vegetables and limiting junk foods as well as motivation for consuming fruits and vegetables and limiting junk foods. Our findings highlight adolescents' complex dietary patterns that include dietary consumption and emotional eating behaviors. Future studies should examine other potential dietary patterns that include emotional eating. Efforts to address unhealthy patterns of adolescents' dietary consumption and emotional eating behaviors should be expanded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrece L Joseph
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Carolina Gonçalves
- Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Sasha A Fleary
- Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan W, Lin S, Wu D, Shi Y, Dou L, Li X. Processed Food-Sweets Patterns and Related Behaviors with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Children: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36904252 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have focused on the associations between core symptoms and dietary intake in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have explored how dietary patterns and behaviors relate to the risk of ADHD. The aim of our study is to explore the associations between dietary patterns and behaviors and the risk of ADHD, which could provide evidence for follow-up and treatments for children with ADHD. METHODS We conducted a case-control study, including 102 children diagnosed with ADHD and 102 healthy children. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the children's eating behavior questionnaire (CEBQ) were used to investigate food consumption and eating behaviors. We applied exploratory factor analysis for constructing dietary patterns, and the factor scores were adopted for log-binomial regression to assess the associations between how dietary patterns and eating behaviors affect the risk of ADHD. RESULTS We extracted five dietary patterns with a cumulative contribution rate of 54.63%. Processed food-sweets scores revealed positive associations with an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 1.451, 95% CI: 1.041-2.085). Moreover, processed food-sweets tertile 3 was associated with an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 2.646, 95% CI: 1.213-5.933). In terms of eating behaviors, the group with a higher score relating to a desire to drink was also positively correlated with the risk of ADHD (OR = 2.075, 95% CI: 1.137-3.830). CONCLUSIONS In the treatment and follow-up of children with ADHD, dietary intake and eating behaviors should be considered.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mehar P, Bera R, Swarnim S, Mishra D. Composition of Common Junk Food Items and Their Contribution to the Dietary Requirement of Children and Adolescents. Indian Pediatr 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-023-2839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
5
|
Gketsios I, Tsiampalis T, Kanellopoulou A, Vassilakou T, Notara V, Antonogeorgos G, Rojas-Gil AP, Kornilaki EN, Lagiou A, Panagiotakos DB, Kosti RI. The Synergetic Effect of Soft Drinks and Sweet/Salty Snacks Consumption and the Moderating Role of Obesity on Preadolescents' Emotions and Behavior: A School-Based Epidemiological Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:633. [PMID: 36983792 PMCID: PMC10053451 DOI: 10.3390/life13030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is high along with the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among children and adolescents. The present study sought to investigate the synergetic effect of soft drinks and sweet/salty snacks consumption, and the moderating role of obesity on preadolescents' emotions and behavior. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1728 Greek preadolescents aged 10-12 and their parents, during the school years 2014-2016. Parental and child characteristics were collected anonymously, through self-administered and validated questionnaires. Among others, soft drinks and sweet/salty snacks consumption was recorded, classifying preadolescents as low or at least moderate consumers, while anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI)) were also recorded. Approximately 6 out of 10 preadolescents were characterized by at least moderate consumption of either sweet/salty snacks, or soft drinks, while 22.7% of the participants had at least moderate consumption of both soft drinks and sweet/salty snacks. Boys and preadolescents with a lower level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, as well as those living in a more obesogenic family environment were more likely to be in the higher consumption groups. When compared to just either the moderate consumption of sweet/salty snacks, or the moderate consumption of soft drinks, the combination of both unhealthy eating habits was associated with significantly higher odds of both aggressiveness and loneliness, while the examined relationships were significantly stronger in overweight/obese children. The positive synergistic effect of soft drinks and sweet/salty snacks consumption on preadolescents' emotions of loneliness and aggressive behavior is even burdened by obesity status highlighting the urgent need for policymakers to take preventive measures to halt the detrimental consequences of UPFs consumption on health outcomes, particularly in overweight/obese children. The importance of the improvement of children's unhealthy eating habits by emphasizing the association between food intake and emotional and behavioral status is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gketsios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Thomas Tsiampalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kanellopoulou
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Venetia Notara
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - George Antonogeorgos
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Paola Rojas-Gil
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece
| | - Ekaterina N. Kornilaki
- Department of Preschool Education, School of Education, University of Crete, 74100 Rethimno, Greece
| | - Areti Lagiou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia
| | - Rena I. Kosti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sports and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Voltas N, Jardí C, Hernández-Martínez C, Arija V, Canals J. Association between free sugars intake and early psychopathological problems. J Child Health Care 2022:13674935221135106. [PMID: 36282888 DOI: 10.1177/13674935221135106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mental health problems are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence and may be associated with nutritional intake. It has recently been shown that a high percentage of infants and children consume large amounts of free sugars. In this paper, we analyse the relationship between free sugar consumption at 12 and 30 months and the risk of developing psychological problems at 30 months in a community sample of 86 children evaluated longitudinally. Socio-family and anthropometric data, and the amount of free sugars consumed were collected at both ages. At 30 months, the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 was administered to parents and an interview was conducted to identify psychological disorders in accordance with DC: 0-3's classification. We report a relationship between high free sugar consumption at 30 months and the concurrent presence of sleeping problems, ADHD and anxiety symptoms. However, no significant association was observed between free sugar consumption at 12 months and the subsequent development of psychological problems. Early detection of emotional and behavioural manifestations and high sugar consumption in children may help to prevent the persistence of psychological problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Voltas
- Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Serra Húnter fellow; , Department of Psychology, 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jardí
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Nutrition and Public Health Unit, 73047Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Martínez
- Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Victoria Arija
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Nutrition and Public Health Unit, 73047Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Josefa Canals
- Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), 16777Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nawangwulan EE, Pamungkasari EP, Widyaningsih V. The Influence of Health, Social, and Economic Determinants on the Obesity to Teenagers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is fat accumulation in the human body that increases or excessive weight. This case may cause diseases appearing in the human body, such as hypertension, cardiovascular, diabetes, and stroke. The number of obesities increased when the Covid-19 virus started to infect Indonesia. This study was conducted in October 2021 to discover the dominant factor of health, social, and economic determinants on the obesity that increased during the pandemic, especially to the first grade in SMKN 7 Malang. This study is used analytical observational with the cross-sectional study approach. This study's population is 465 students; however, the study divides them into the sample using purposive sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hence, the final samples of the study are 102. There primarily taken from interviews and observations, also secondary data related to the name, age, gender, address of respondents. The data collection will analyze by multivariate analysis. This study found that the father's education level/mother and parents' income do not influence obesity. Then, food management, physical activity, and street food consumption have influenced obesity. In addition, the considered variable can explain the obesity variable on the teenager around 37,2%.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kendig MD, Hasebe K, McCague R, Lee F, Leigh SJ, Arnold R, Morris MJ. Adolescent exposure to a solid high-fat, high-sugar ‘cafeteria’ diet leads to more pronounced changes in metabolic measures and gut microbiome composition than liquid sugar in female rats. Appetite 2022; 172:105973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
9
|
Valizadeh P, Popkin BM, Ng SW. Linking a sugar-sweetened beverage tax with fruit and vegetable subsidies: A simulation analysis of the impact on the poor. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:244-255. [PMID: 34610088 PMCID: PMC8755035 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND US individuals, particularly from low-income subpopulations, have very poor diet quality. Policies encouraging shifts from consuming unhealthy food towards healthy food consumption are needed. OBJECTIVES We simulate the differential impacts of a national sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax and combinations of SSB taxes with fruit and vegetable (FV) subsidies targeted to low-income households on SSB and FV purchases of lower and higher SSB purchasers. METHODS We considered a 1-cent-per-ounce SSB tax and 2 FV subsidy rates of 30% and 50% and used longitudinal grocery purchase data for 79,044 urban/semiurban US households from 2010-2014 Nielsen Homescan data. We used demand elasticities for lower and higher SSB purchasers, estimated via longitudinal quantile regression, to simulate policies' differential effects. RESULTS Higher-SSB-purchasing households made larger reductions (per adult equivalent) in SSB purchases than lower SSB purchasers due to the tax (e.g., 4.4 oz/day at SSB purchase percentile 90 compared with 0.5 oz/day at percentile 25; P < 0.05). Our analyses by household income indicated low-income households would make larger reductions than higher-income households at all SSB purchase levels. Targeted FV subsidies induced similar, but nutritionally insignificant, increases in FV purchases of low-income households, regardless of their SSB purchase levels. Subsidies, however, were effective in mitigating the tax burdens. All low-income households experienced a net financial gain when the tax was combined with a 50% FV subsidy, but net gains were smaller among higher SSB purchasers. Further, low-income households with children gained smaller net financial benefits than households without children and incurred net financial losses under a 30% subsidy rate. CONCLUSIONS SSB taxes can effectively reduce SSB consumption. FV subsidies would increase FV purchases, but nutritionally meaningful increases are limited due to low purchase levels before policy implementation. Expanding taxes beyond SSBs, providing larger FV subsidies, or offering subsidies beyond FVs, particularly for low-income households with children, may be more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Valizadeh
- Agricultural & Food Policy Center, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Barry M Popkin
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shu Wen Ng
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bennett AE, Mockler D, Cunningham C, Glennon-Slattery C, Johnston Molloy C. A Review of Experiential School-Based Culinary Interventions for 5–12-Year-Old Children. Children 2021; 8:children8121080. [PMID: 34943276 PMCID: PMC8699905 DOI: 10.3390/children8121080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cooking is an essential skill and the acquisition of cooking skills at an early age is associated with higher diet quality. This review aimed to describe the characteristics of school-based experiential culinary interventions and to determine the value of these to child (5–12 years) health outcomes. Interventions were eligible for inclusion if they took place in school during school hours, included ≥3 classes, and had a control group. Interventions published up to May 2021 were included. The databases searched were PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE, and the grey literature was searched for published reports. The search strategy yielded 7222 articles. After screening, five published studies remained for analysis. Four studies targeted children aged 7–11 years, and one targeted children aged 5–12 years. The interventions included food tasting, food gardening, and/or nutrition education alongside experiential cooking opportunities. Improvements were evident in self-reported attitudes toward vegetables, fruits, and cooking, and two studies reported small objective increases in vegetable intake. School-based experiential cookery interventions have the potential to positively impact health-related aspects of the relationship children develop with food. However, a greater number of long-term methodologically rigorous interventions are needed to definitively quantify the benefits of such interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie E. Bennett
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’ Healthcare Campus, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
| | - David Mockler
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’ Healthcare Campus, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Cara Cunningham
- Community Nutrition and Dietetic Service, Health Service Executive, Clonbrusk, Athlone, N37 P8P8 Co Westmeath, Ireland;
| | - Corina Glennon-Slattery
- Primary Care Network 7, Health Service Executive, Primary Care Centre, Harbour Road, Mullingar, N91 V6R9 Co Westmeath, Ireland;
| | - Charlotte Johnston Molloy
- Community Nutrition and Dietetic Service, Health Service Executive, St Loman’s Healthcare Campus, Mullingar, N91 X36E Co Westmeath, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bennett AM, Murray K, Ambrosini GL, Oddy WH, Walsh JP, Zhu K. Prospective Associations of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption During Adolescence with Body Composition and Bone Mass at Early Adulthood. J Nutr 2021; 152:399-407. [PMID: 34791346 PMCID: PMC8826835 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents have a higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) than other age groups, but little is known of the impact of SSB intake during adolescence on body composition and bone mass in early adulthood. OBJECTIVES Associations of SSB intake from 14 to 20 y with fat, lean, and bone mass at 20 y of age were evaluated. METHODS Study participants were 1137 offspring (562 females) from the Raine Study. Food intake, including SSB consumption in servings/d (1 serving = 250 mL), was estimated using FFQs at 14, 17, and 20 y of age. DXA scanning at 20 y measured whole body fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content (BMC). Using latent class growth analysis, 4 SSB intake trajectory classes were identified: consistently low (n = 540, intakes mostly <0.5 serving/d), increasing (n = 65), decreasing (n = 258), and consistently high (n = 274, intakes mostly >1.3 servings/d). RESULTS Median total SSB intake was 0.8, 0.7, and 0.5 serving/d, and median carbonated SSB intake was 0.3, 0.3, and 0.4 serving/d at 14, 17, and 20 y, respectively. Mean ± SD BMI (in kg/m2) was 23.9 ± 4.2 at 20 y. After adjustment for covariates including sex, demographic, energy intake, and maternal factors, individuals with "consistently high" SSB consumption had significantly higher total body fat mass at 20 y than those with "consistently low" consumption (23.3 ± 0.6 compared with 21.2 ± 0.4 kg, P = 0.004), which remained significant after further adjustment for "Healthy" and "Western" dietary patterns (23.2 ± 0.6 compared with 21.2 ± 0.4 kg, P = 0.011). No significant associations were observed between SSB intake trajectory classes and lean body mass or BMC at 20 y. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, consistently higher consumption of SSBs in adolescence and early adulthood are associated with increased fat mass but not with bone mass at 20 y of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gina L Ambrosini
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia,Discipline of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia,Discipline of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Jensen
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA.,School of Nutrition, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marlene B Schwartz
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA.,Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dunford EK, Popkin B, Ng SW. Junk Food Intake Among Adults in the United States. J Nutr 2021; 152:492-500. [PMID: 34224563 PMCID: PMC8826924 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on how to define "junk food." In 2016, Chile implemented the most comprehensive set of obesity-preventive regulations in the world, including criteria to define unhealthy foods. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the amount of energy, sodium, sugar, and saturated fat consumed by US adults defined as junk food using the Chilean criteria. METHODS We used 2 nationally representative surveys of food intake in 10,001 US adults: NHANES 2015-2016 and NHANES 2017-2018. The main outcome measures were the contributions of energy, total sugars, saturated fat, and sodium deriving from junk food sources. Mean intake and proportion of energy, sugar, saturated fat, and sodium for junk food overall and each food category were calculated. RESULTS Overall, 47% of energy, 75% of total sugar, 46% of sodium, and 48% of saturated fat consumed by US adults derived from junk food sources. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) were responsible for more than 40% of total sugar intake deriving from junk foods. Non-Hispanic black adults had the highest mean energy, total sugar, and sodium intake deriving from junk foods, with non-Hispanic white adults having the highest saturated fat intake. Non-Hispanic black adults had the highest intake of total sugar deriving from junk food sources of SSBs (26.7 g/d), with SSBs representing >40% of total sugar intake deriving from junk food sources for all race/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Foods that meet the Chilean criteria for junk food provide approximately half or more daily energy and food components to limit in the diet of US adults, with important differences observed between race/ethnic groups. Policy efforts to reduce junk food intake, particularly the intake of SSBs, must be expanded to improve the cardiometabolic health equitably in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Popkin
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings Global School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shu Wen Ng
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings Global School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu J, Lee Y, Micha R, Li Y, Mozaffarian D. Trends in junk food consumption among US children and adults, 2001-2018. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1039-1048. [PMID: 34020459 PMCID: PMC8408879 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trends in junk food consumption, a risk for obesity, are not well established. OBJECTIVES We examined national trends in types of junk food (excluding beverages) and their sources (grocery, restaurants, schools, etc.), overall and in population subgroups. METHODS We assessed 29,970 children (aged 2-19 y) and 44,501 adults (aged ≥20 y) with 24-h dietary recall data from 9 NHANES cycles (2001-2002 to 2017-2018). Trends in junk food were assessed over time using 1-d values for individuals with single recalls and 2-d means for others. RESULTS From 2001 to 2018, percent energy (%E) from junk food remained stable for children (from 18.1% to 17.5%, P-trend = 0.25) and decreased for adults (14.1% to 13.0%, P-trend = 0.002). Among children, increases occurred in %E from crackers (1.19% to 1.35%) and snack/meal bars (0.38% to 0.69%) and decreases in candy (2.58% to 1.96%) and other desserts (3.11% to 2.48%) (all P-trends < 0.01). Among adults, increases occurred in snack/meal bars (0.31% to 0.78%, P-trend < 0.001) and decreases in candy (1.97% to 1.55%; P-trend < 0.001), sweet bakery products (5.52% to 4.98%; P-trend = 0.04), and other desserts (2.19% to 1.86%; P-trend = 0.001). In 2017-2018, grocery stores provided the largest proportion of junk food (72.7% for children, 77.1% for adults), followed by other sources (13.1%, 12.1%), restaurants (8.05%, 9.11%), schools (4.86%), and worksites (1.99%). In both children and adults, junk food intake was higher among non-Hispanic white and black Americans compared with Mexican Americans, among those with higher compared with lower education, among women compared with men, and among older compared with younger adults. In sensitivity analyses using only 1-d recalls, mean junk food intake each cycle was ∼0.8-1.0 and 0.3-0.4%E units higher in children and adults, respectively, with otherwise similar trends and subgroup differences over time. CONCLUSIONS From 2001 to 2018, %E from junk food represented nearly 1 in 5 calories among children, without change, and nearly 1 in 7 calories, with modest decrease, among adults, with disparities in subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Address correspondence to JL (e-mails: ; )
| | - Yujin Lee
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanistic role of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) in the etiology of obesity is undetermined. We address whether, compared to other foods, does consumption of SSB (1) automatically lead to failure to compensate for the energy it contains? (2) fail to elicit homeostatic hormone responses? (3) promote hedonic eating through activation of the brain's reward pathways? We followed the evidence to address: (4) Would restriction of targeted marketing of SSB and other unhealthy foods to vulnerable populations decrease their prevalence of obesity? RECENT FINDINGS The data are lacking to demonstrate that SSB consumption promotes body weight gain compared with isocaloric consumption of other beverages or foods and that this is linked to its failure to elicit adequate homeostatic hormone responses. However, more recent data have linked body weight gain to reward activation in the brain to palatable food cues and suggest that sweet tastes and SSB consumption heightens the reward response to food cues. Studies investigating the specificity of these responses have not been conducted. Nevertheless, the current data provide a biological basis to the body of evidence demonstrating that the targeted marketing (real life palatable food cues) of SSB and other unhealthy foods to vulnerable populations, including children and people of color and low socioeconomic status, is increasing their risk for obesity. While the mechanisms for the association between SSB consumption and body weight gain cannot be identified, current scientific evidence strongly suggests that proactive environmental measures to reduce exposure to palatable food cues in the form of targeting marketing will decrease the risk of obesity in vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M. Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California (UC), Davis, 2211 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California (UC), Davis, 2211 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gibson LA, Lawman HG, Bleich SN, Yan J, Mitra N, LeVasseur MT, Lowery CM, Roberto CA. No Evidence of Food or Alcohol Substitution in Response to a Sweetened Beverage Tax. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:e49-e57. [PMID: 33349471 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests real-world beverage taxes reduce sweetened beverage purchases, but it is unknown if consumers consequently increase food or alcohol purchases. This study examines whether Philadelphia's 1.5 cents/ounce beverage tax was associated with substitution to 3 kinds of hypothesized substitutes: snacks, nontaxed beverage concentrates, and alcohol. METHODS Using commercial retail sales data and a difference-in-differences approach, analyses compared logged volume and dollar sales of snacks and beverage concentrates between 2016 (pretax) and 2017 (post-tax) at chain food retail stores in Philadelphia (n=180) and Baltimore (nontaxed control city; n=60), and logged volume and dollar sales of wine and spirits at liquor stores in Philadelphia (n=44) and nearby Pennsylvania counties (alternate control; n=66). Additional food analyses examined change in logged volume sales of hypothesized products compared to control products (other foods). Analyses were conducted in 2020. RESULTS Across store types, analyses showed no statistically significant increases in logged volume or dollar sales of snacks or spirits in Philadelphia stores compared to control sites (decreased, ranging from -10% to 0%). Supermarket analyses showed substitution to nontaxed beverage concentrates (27% increase in volume, 36% increase relative to other food) but remained a relatively small percentage of overall beverage dollar sales (12% at baseline, 15% at post). CONCLUSIONS At the population level, there is no evidence that Philadelphia's decline in taxed beverage purchases is offset by increases in snacks or spirits purchasing, but there is evidence of substitution to beverage concentrates in supermarkets. Future studies should explore individual-level purchasing changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Gibson
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Hannah G Lawman
- Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara N Bleich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiali Yan
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael T LeVasseur
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin M Lowery
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Morais JMB, Cruz EMS, da Rosa CVD, Cesário RC, Comar JF, Moreira CCL, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Seiva FRF. Pterostilbene influences glycemia and lipidemia and enhances antioxidant status in the liver of rats that consumed sucrose solution. Life Sci 2021; 269:119048. [PMID: 33453246 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study investigated the potential effects of pterostilbene (PT) on glycemic and lipid profiles, fat storage, cardiovascular indices, and hepatic parameters of rats fed with sucrose solution. MAIN METHODS 24 male Wistar rats received either drinking water or a 40% sucrose solution over a period of 140 days. After this period, animals were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 6): Control (C), C + Pterostilbene (PT), Sucrose (S), and S + PT. Pterostilbene (40 mg/kg) was given orally for 45 consecutive days. KEY FINDINGS Pterostilbene did not influence morphometric and nutritional parameters. The insulin sensitivity index TyG was elevated in the C + PT group (p < 0.01) and reduced in S + PT group (p < 0.05). Basal glucose levels were lower in the S + PT group (p < 0.05), and the glycemic response was improved with PT treatment in glucose provocative tests. Conversely, rats from the C + PT group showed impaired glucose disposal during those tests. Lipid profile was partially improved by PT treatment. Hepatic oxidative stress in the S group was improved after PT treatment. In the C group, PT reduced SOD activity, glutathione levels, and increased catalase activity. Collagen content was reduced by PT treatment. SIGNIFICANCE PT effects depends on the type of diet the animals were submitted. In rats fed with sucrose-solution, PT confirmed its positive effects, improving glucose and lipid profile, and acting as a potent antioxidant. The effects of PT on rats that consumed a normal diet were very discrete or even undesirable. We suggest caution with indiscriminate consume of natural compounds by healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Mayara Souza Cruz
- Post Graduation Program of Experimental Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vinícius Dalto da Rosa
- Department of Biology, Biological Science Center, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Luiz Meneghel Campus, Bandeirantes, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberta Carvalho Cesário
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigues Ferreira Seiva
- Department of Biology, Biological Science Center, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Luiz Meneghel Campus, Bandeirantes, Paraná, Brazil; Post Graduation Program of Experimental Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Browne NT, Snethen JA, Greenberg CS, Frenn M, Kilanowski JF, Gance-Cleveland B, Burke PJ, Lewandowski L. When Pandemics Collide: The Impact of COVID-19 on Childhood Obesity. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 56:90-98. [PMID: 33293199 PMCID: PMC7657263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A Snethen
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Nursing, WI 53211, USA..
| | | | - Marilyn Frenn
- Marquette University, College of Nursing, WI 53201, USA.
| | - Jill F Kilanowski
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Bonnie Gance-Cleveland
- Loretta C. Ford Professor, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Pamela J Burke
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, MA 02115, United States of America.
| | - Linda Lewandowski
- University of Toledo, College of Nursing, Collier Building, OH 43614-2598, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harris JL, Yokum S, Fleming-milici F. Hooked on Junk: Emerging Evidence on How Food Marketing Affects Adolescents’ Diets and Long-Term Health. Curr Addict Rep 2021; 8:19-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Lacko A, Ng SW, Popkin B. Urban vs. Rural Socioeconomic Differences in the Nutritional Quality of Household Packaged Food Purchases by Store Type. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7637. [PMID: 33092077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. food system is rapidly changing, including the growth of mass merchandisers and dollar stores, which may impact the quality of packaged food purchases (PFPs). Furthermore, diet-related disparities exist by socioeconomic status (SES) and rural residence. We use data from the 2010–2018 Nielsen Homescan Panel to describe the nutritional profiles of PFPs by store type and to assess whether these vary by household urbanicity and SES. Store types include grocery stores, mass merchandisers, club stores, online shopping, dollar stores, and convenience/drug stores. Food and beverage groups contributing the most calories at each store type are estimated using survey-weighted means, while the associations of urbanicity and SES with nutritional quality are estimated using multivariate regression. We find that households that are customers at particular store types purchase the same quality of food regardless of urbanicity or SES. However, we find differences in the quality of foods between store types and that the quantity of calories purchased at each store type varies according to household urbanicity and SES. Rural shoppers tend to shop more at mass merchandisers and dollar stores with less healthful PFPs. We discuss implications for the types of store interventions most relevant for improving the quality of PFPs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Duplaga M. The Use of Fitness Influencers' Websites by Young Adult Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6360. [PMID: 32882887 PMCID: PMC7503997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The growth of the fitness industry observed in the last decade has been accompanied by the emergence of an occupation as a social media fitness influencer. The most popular are able to accumulate millions of followers. The marketing potential of fitness influencers is a subject of interest, not only for the fitness industry but also for other sectors offering products related to health, wellness, or healthy nutrition. However, the activities of fitness influencers related to the promotion of physical activity and healthy lifestyle converge with the aims of those promoting public health. The main objective of this study was to make an assessment of the determinants of regular access to fitness influencers' sites (FIS) and their relationship with the health behaviors of young adult women. It was based on the data originating from an online survey on a representative sample of Polish women aged 18-35 years. Chi2 test, univariate, and multiply logistic regression models were used to determine the relationships between FIS and the variables related to the respondents' characteristics of and their health behaviors. FIS were accessed by 29.3% of respondents (n = 1030) at least once a week. It was found that those living in cities with a population ranging from 20,000 to 100,000 were more likely to access FIS than those living in rural areas. Similarly, greater access was made by those in a high-income household rather than those with the lowest income, by those with inadequate rather than those with problematic health literacy and by those with high rather than low e-health literacy. The use of FIS was significantly associated with the consumptions of fruit and vegetables (OR, 95%CI: 2.77, 2.01-3.82), physical activity (1.74, 1.27-2.38), breast self-examination (1.54, 1.11-2.13), and also with the greater use of e-cigarettes (1.63, 1.09-2.43) and increased consumption of alcohol (1.37, 1.01-1.88). In conclusion, as access to Internet resources run by fitness influencers was a prevailing predictor of young adult Polish women's health behaviors, FIS may play a potentially important role in promoting a healthy lifestyle in this population. However, it should be remembered that there are complex patterns of associations with specific behaviors, e.g., the use of e-cigarettes or alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Duplaga
- Department of Health Promotion and e-Health, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka Str. 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thomson JL, Hennessy E, Landry AS, Goodman MH. Patterns of food parenting practices regarding junk food and sugary drinks among parent-child dyads. Nutr J 2020; 19:91. [PMID: 32847599 PMCID: PMC7448982 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s food preference and intake patterns are affected by parental child feeding practices. The objective was to determine patterns of food parenting practices regarding junk food and sugary drinks (JS) and investigate their associations with demographic characteristics and dietary intake in a large cohort of parents and their children (12–17 years). Methods Dyadic survey data from the cross-sectional, internet-based Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study, conducted in 2014, were analyzed using latent class analysis to identify patterns of use for six JS parenting practices – negative emotions, restriction, monitoring, availability, modeling, and child involvement – based on parent and child report. Model covariates included self-reported parent and child sex, age (child only), body mass index category (based on height and weight), added sugars intake, and legitimacy of parental authority. Results Based on 1657 parent-child dyads, five parenting practice patterns were identified representing different levels of practice use – Complete Influencers (28%; reference class), Indifferent Influencers (21%), Negative Influencers (20%), Minimal Influencers (18%), and Disagreeing Influencers (13%). Compared to older child dyads, younger child dyads were less likely to belong to Indifferent and Minimal Influencers (79 and 63% lower odds, respectively). Greater parent added sugars intake increased the odds of belonging to Indifferent and Negative Influencers (4 and 5% higher for every teaspoon increase, respectively) while greater child added sugars intake decreased the odds of belonging to Minimal Influencers (6% lower for every teaspoon increase). Compared to dyads with high scores, dyads with low child scores for legitimacy of parental authority regarding JS were 18 times as likely to belong to Disagreeing Influencers. Conclusions The study findings suggest that parents utilize distinct patterns of feeding practices regarding JS ranging from use of many practices, use of some practices, to low use of any practice, with differential associations with parent and child intakes of added sugars. Counseling or intervening with parents to use a mix of structure practices, such as availability and modeling, to positively influence their child’s and possibly their own intake of sugary snacks and drinks may prove more efficacious than use of coercive control practices, such as negative emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Thomson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, PO Box 225, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
| | - Erin Hennessy
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Alicia S Landry
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, McAllister 112, 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Melissa H Goodman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, PO Box 225, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| |
Collapse
|