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Irfan M, Mészáros I, Szabó S, Oláh V. Comparative Phytotoxicity of Metallic Elements on Duckweed Lemna gibba L. Using Growth- and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction-Based Endpoints. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:215. [PMID: 38256768 PMCID: PMC10821045 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we exposed a commonly used duckweed species-Lemna gibba L.-to twelve environmentally relevant metals and metalloids under laboratory conditions. The phytotoxic effects were evaluated in a multi-well-plate-based experimental setup by means of the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging method. This technique allowed the simultaneous measuring of the growth and photosynthetic parameters in the same samples. The inhibition of relative growth rates (based on frond number and area) and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo and Y(II)) were both calculated from the obtained chlorophyll fluorescence images. In the applied test system, growth-inhibition-based phytotoxicity endpoints proved to be more sensitive than chlorophyll-fluorescence-based ones. Frond area growth inhibition was the most responsive parameter with a median EC50 of 1.75 mg L-1, while Fv/Fo, the more responsive chlorophyll-fluorescence-based endpoint, resulted in a 5.34 mg L-1 median EC50 for the tested metals. Ag (EC50 0.005-1.27 mg L-1), Hg (EC50 0.24-4.87 mg L-1) and Cu (EC50 0.37-1.86 mg L-1) were the most toxic elements among the tested ones, while As(V) (EC50 47.15-132.18 mg L-1), Cr(III) (EC50 6.22-19.92 mg L-1), Se(VI) (EC50 1.73-10.39 mg L-1) and Zn (EC50 3.88-350.56 mg L-1) were the least toxic ones. The results highlighted that multi-well-plate-based duckweed phytotoxicity assays may reduce space, time and sample volume requirements compared to the standard duckweed growth inhibition tests. These benefits, however, come with lowered test sensitivity. Our multi-well-plate-based test setup resulted in considerably higher median EC50 (3.21 mg L-1) for frond-number-based growth inhibition than the 0.683 mg L-1 median EC50 derived from corresponding data from the literature with standardized Lemna-tests. Under strong acute phytotoxicity, frond parts with impaired photochemical functionality may become undetectable by chlorophyll fluorometers. Consequently, the plant parts that are still detectable display a virtually higher average photosynthetic performance, leading to an underestimation of phytotoxicity. Nevertheless, multi-well-plate-based duckweed phytotoxicity assays, combined with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, offer definite advantages in the rapid screening of large sample series or multiple species/clones. As chlorophyll fluorescence images provide information both on the photochemical performance of the test plants and their morphology, a joint analysis of the two endpoint groups is recommended in multi-well-plate-based duckweed phytotoxicity assays to maximize the information gained from the tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Sándor Szabó
- Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyiregyhaza, H-4401 Nyiregyhaza, Hungary
| | - Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.I.); (I.M.)
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Rzodkiewicz LD, Turcotte MM. Two duckweed species exhibit variable tolerance to microcystin-LR exposure across genotypic lineages. Harmful Algae 2024; 131:102548. [PMID: 38212081 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by harmful cyanobacteria blooms can damage freshwater ecosystems and threaten human health. Floating macrophytes may be used as a means of biocontrol by limiting light and resources available to cyanobacteria. However, genetic variation in macrophyte sensitivity to cyanotoxins could influence their suitability as biocontrol agents. We investigated the influence of such intraspecific variation on the response of two rapidly growing duckweed species, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza, often used in nutrient and metal bioremediation. We assessed two biomarkers related to productivity (biomass and chlorophyll A production) and two related to fitness measures (population size and growth rate). Fifteen genetic lineages of each species were grown in media containing common cyanotoxin microcystin-LR at ecologically relevant concentrations or control media for a period of twelve days. Genotype identity had a strong impact on all biomarker responses. Microcystin concentration slightly increased the final population sizes of both macrophyte species with a marginal effect on growth rate of L. minor and the chlorophyll A production of S. polyrhiza, but overall these species were very tolerant of microcystin. The strong tolerance supports the potential use of these plants as bioremediators of cyanobacterial blooms. However, differential impact of microcystin exposure discovered in single lineage models among genotypes indicates a potential for cyanotoxins to act as selective forces, necessitating attention to genotype selection for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey D Rzodkiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Wagner-Deyriès M, Varignier L, Revel M, Delhaye T, Rondeau D, Coutellec MA, McCairns RJS. Variation of Tolerance to Isothiazolinones Among Daphnia pulex Clones. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:805-814. [PMID: 36661281 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinones are a family of broad-spectrum biocides widely used in industry and consumer products. Chloro- and methyl-isothiazolinones (CMIT and MIT) are documented as strong irritants, yet they are still used in a wide variety of applications, including cosmetics, cleansers, hygienic products, and various industrial applications. The subsequent substantial release of these molecules from urban sources into freshwater environments, and their potential impacts on aquatic species, have nevertheless received little attention so far, with few studies reporting on the toxicity of either CMIT or MIT to nontarget organisms. The present study addresses this current knowledge gap by evaluating the acute toxicity to Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) of CMIT/MIT (3:1) and MIT, the two formulations most commonly used by manufacturers. In addition, genetic diversity is known to be a major component of variability in phenotypic responses, although it is largely overlooked in typical toxicity tests. Thus the potential range of responses inherent to genetic diversity is rarely considered. Therefore, to account for intraspecific variations in sensitivity, our design involved eight clonal lines of D. pulex stemming from distinct natural populations or commercial strains. Clones exhibited strong variation in their responses, with median lethal concentration (LC50) values ranging from 0.10 to 1.84 mg/L for the mixture CMIT/MIT, and from 0.68 to 2.84 mg/L for MIT alone. These intraspecific ranges of LC50 values challenge the use of single clones of daphnids in standard ecotoxicological tests and the predictions based on their results. The present study brings new evidence that assessing ecological risk of chemicals while ignoring genotype diversity is neither ecologically relevant, nor a representative evaluation of the diversity of potential adverse outcomes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:805-814. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Wagner-Deyriès
- DECOD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Agro, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Rennes, France
| | - Léa Varignier
- DECOD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Agro, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Revel
- DECOD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Agro, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Delhaye
- Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6164, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - David Rondeau
- Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6164, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Coutellec
- DECOD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Agro, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Rennes, France
| | - R J Scott McCairns
- DECOD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Agro, Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Rennes, France
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Bhat SA, Bashir O, Ul Haq SA, Amin T, Rafiq A, Ali M, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Sher F. Phytoremediation of heavy metals in soil and water: An eco-friendly, sustainable and multidisciplinary approach. Chemosphere 2022; 303:134788. [PMID: 35504464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization, increased waste production and surge in agricultural activities, mining, contaminated irrigation water and industrial effluents contribute to the contamination of water resources due to heavy metal (HM) accumulation. Humans employ HM-contaminated resources to produce food, which eventually accumulates in the food chain. Decontamination of these valuable resources, as well as avoidance of additional contamination has long been needed to avoid detrimental health impacts. Phytoremediation is a realistic and promising strategy for heavy metal removal from polluted areas, based on the employment of hyper-accumulator plant species that are extremely tolerant to HMs present in the environment/soil. Green plants are used to remove, decompose, or detoxify hazardous metals in this technique. For soil decontamination, five types of phytoremediation methods have been used viz. phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytoextraction and phytovolatilization. Traditional phytoremediation methods, on the other hand, have significant limits in terms of large-scale application, thus biotechnological efforts to modify plants for HM phytoremediation ways are being explored to improve the efficacy of plants as HM decontamination candidates. It is relatively a new technology that is widely regarded as economic, efficient and unique besides being environment friendly. New metal hyperaccumulators with high efficiency are being explored and employed for their use in phytoremediation and phytomining. Therefore, this review comprehensively discusses different strategies and biotechnological approaches for the removal of various HM containments from the environment, with emphasis on the advancements and implications of phytoremediation, along with their applications in cleaning up various toxic pollutants. Moreover, sources, effects of HMs and factors affecting phytoremediation of HMs metals have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad Bhat
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Omar Bashir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144402, India
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Tawheed Amin
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Asif Rafiq
- College of Temperate Sericulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Mirgund, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, 193121, India
| | - Mudasir Ali
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro
- School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Brasil Sul, Number 56, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; Brazil University, Street Carolina Fonseca, Number 584, 08230-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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Vijayaraj V, Laviale M, Allen J, Amoussou N, Hilt S, Hölker F, Kipferler N, Leflaive J, López Moreira M GA, Polst BH, Schmitt-Jansen M, Stibor H, Gross EM. Multiple-stressor exposure of aquatic food webs: Nitrate and warming modulate the effect of pesticides. Water Res 2022; 216:118325. [PMID: 35349923 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shallow lakes provide essential ecological and environmental services but are exposed to multiple stressors, including agricultural runoff (ARO) and climate warming, which may act on different target receptors disrupting their normal functioning. We performed a microcosm experiment to determine the individual and combined effects of three stressors-pesticides, nitrate and climate warming-on two trophic levels representative of communities found in shallow lakes. We used three submerged macrophyte species (Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Elodea nuttallii), eight benthic or pelagic microalgal species and three primary consumer species (Daphnia magna, Lymnaea stagnalis, Dreissena polymorpha) with different feeding preferences for benthic and pelagic primary producers. Eight different treatments consisted of a control, only nitrate, a pesticide cocktail, and a combination of nitrate and pesticides representing ARO, each replicated at ambient temperature and +3.5°C, mimicking climate warming. Pesticides negatively affected all functional groups except phytoplankton, which increased. Warming and nitrate modified these effects. Strong but opposite pesticide and warming effects on Myriophyllum drove the response of the total macrophyte biomass. Nitrate significantly suppressed Myriophyllum final biomass, but not overall macrophyte and microalgal biomass. Nitrate and pesticides in combination caused a macrophyte decline, and the system tipped towards phytoplankton dominance. Strong synergistic or even reversed stressor interaction effects were observed for macrophytes or periphyton. We emphasize the need for more complex community- and ecosystem-level studies incorporating multiple stressor scenarios to define safe operating spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Vijayaraj
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France; LTSER-Zone Atelier Moselle, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Martin Laviale
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France; LTSER-Zone Atelier Moselle, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Joey Allen
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France; Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement UMR 5245 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sabine Hilt
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Hölker
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Kipferler
- Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Department of Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Joséphine Leflaive
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement UMR 5245 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bastian H Polst
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Herwig Stibor
- Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Department of Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Gross
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France; LTSER-Zone Atelier Moselle, F-57000 Metz, France.
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Ceschin S, Bellini A, Scalici M. Aquatic plants and ecotoxicological assessment in freshwater ecosystems: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:4975-4988. [PMID: 33244691 PMCID: PMC7838074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art, limitations, critical issues, and new directions in freshwater plant ecotoxicology. We selected peer-reviewed studies using relevant databases and for each (1) publication year, (2) test plant species, (3) reference plant group (microalgae, macroalgae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, flowering plants), (4) toxicant tested (heavy metal, pharmaceutical product, hydrocarbon, pesticide, surfactant, plastic), (5) experiment site (laboratory, field), and (6) toxicant exposure duration. Although aquatic plant organisms play a key role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystems, mainly linked to their primary productivity, their use as biological models in ecotoxicological tests was limited if compared to animals. Also, toxicant effects on freshwater plants were scarcely investigated and limited to studies on microalgae (80%), or only to a certain number of recurrent species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna minor, Myriophyllum spicatum). The most widely tested toxicants on plants were heavy metals (74%), followed by pharmaceutical products and hydrocarbons (7%), while the most commonly utilized endpoints in tests were plant growth inhibition, variations in dry or fresh weight, morpho-structural alterations, chlorosis, and/or necrosis. The main critical issues emerged from plant-based ecotoxicological tests were the narrow range of species and endpoints considered, the lack of environmental relevance, the excessively short exposure times, and the culture media potentially reacting with toxicants. Proposals to overcome these issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ceschin
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Amii Bellini
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Scalici
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 00146, Rome, Italy
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Cui R, Nam SH, An YJ. Salvinia natans: A potential test species for ecotoxicity testing. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115650. [PMID: 33254667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although macrophytes are known to play vital roles in aquatic ecosystems, most quantitative aquatic toxicity data focus on fishes, water fleas, or algae, with limited ecotoxicity data published on macrophytes. Salvinia natans is a fast-growing plant commonly found in freshwater habitats. In this study, we verified a suitable disinfectant for preventing foreign contamination and formulated a culture medium for ensuring high productivity of S. natans. Finally, we established methodology for S. natans to be used in ecotoxicity testing of heavy metals and pesticides. As global regulations are being developed to harmonize guidelines and laboratory test species, S. natans is emerging as a potential candidate. The toxicity data publicly available for S. natans are very limited; hence, this study reports an advantageous culturing technique to optimize healthy growth of this species in the laboratory and presents optimal toxicity results, achieved by modifying the currently available test guidelines for Lemna. Our findings expand the currently limited range of test species for aquatic toxicity assays. We conclude that S. natans could serve as a valuable test species for aquatic toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxue Cui
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Nam
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Kanwar VS, Sharma A, Srivastav AL, Rani L. Phytoremediation of toxic metals present in soil and water environment: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:44835-44860. [PMID: 32981020 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are one of the most hazardous inorganic contaminants of both water and soil environment composition. Normally, heavy metals are non-biodegradable in nature because of their long persistence in the environment. Trace amounts of heavy metal contamination may pose severe health problems in human beings after prolonged consumption. Many instrumental techniques such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, etc. have been developed to determine their concentration in water as well as in the soil up to ppm, ppb, or ppt levels. Recent advances in these techniques along with their respective advantages and limitations are being discussed in the present paper. Moreover, some possible remedial phytoremediation approaches (phytostimulation, phytoextraction, phyotovolatilization, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization) have been presented for the removal of the heavy metal contamination from the water and soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh Kanwar
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Arun Lal Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
| | - Lata Rani
- School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
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Roubeau Dumont E, Larue C, Michel HC, Gryta H, Liné C, Baqué D, Maria Gross E, Elger A. Genotypes of the aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum with different growth strategies show contrasting sensitivities to copper contamination. Chemosphere 2020; 245:125552. [PMID: 31846788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genotypic variability has been considered for years as a key attribute in species adaptation to new environments. It has been extensively studied in a context of chemical resistance, but remains poorly studied in response to chemical exposure in a context of global change. As aquatic ecosystems are particularly affected by environmental changes, we aimed to study how genotypic variability could inflect the sensitivity of aquatic plants to chemicals. Seven genotypes of Myriophyllum spicatum were exposed to three copper concentrations at 0, 0.15 and 0.5 mg/L. The sensitivity of the different genotypes was assessed through several endpoints such as relative growth rate (RGR) and morphological traits, as well as physiological markers, such as plant biomacromolecular composition. Our results showed that genotypes exhibited significant differences in their life-history traits in absence of chemical contamination. Some trait syndromes were observed, and three growth strategies were identified: (1) biomass production and main shoot elongation, (2) dry matter storage with denser whorls to promote resource conservation and (3) lateral shoot production. An up to eightfold difference in sensitivity for growth-related endpoints was observed among genotypes. Differences in sensitivity were partly attributed to morphological life-history traits. Our results confirm that genotypic variability can significantly affect M. spicatum sensitivity to Cu, and may influence the outcomes of laboratory testing based on the study of one single genotype. We recommend including genotypic variation as an assessment factor in ecological risk assessment and to study this source of variability more in depth as a possible driver of ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Larue
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hiram Castillo Michel
- Beamline ID21, ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Hervé Gryta
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Bat 4R1, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Clarisse Liné
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; CIRIMAT, UMR CNRS 5085/LCMI, Université Paul-Sabatier, F 31062, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - David Baqué
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Arnaud Elger
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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