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Gür Maz T, Dahlke P, Gizem Ergül A, Olğaç A, Jordan PM, Çalışkan B, Werz O, Banoglu E. Novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as highly potent microsomal prostaglandin E 2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107383. [PMID: 38653151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is implicated as a new therapeutic modality for the development of new-generation anti-inflammatory drugs. Here, we present the discovery of new and potent inhibitors of human mPGES-1, i.e., compounds 13, 15-25, 29-30 with IC50 values in the range of 5.6-82.3 nM in a cell-free assay of prostaglandin (PG)E2 formation. We also demonstrate that 20 (TG554, IC50 = 5.6 nM) suppresses leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis at low µM concentrations, providing a benchmark compound that dually intervenes with inflammatory PGE2 and LT biosynthesis. Comprehensive lipid mediator (LM) metabololipidomics with activated human monocyte-derived macrophages showed that TG554 selectively inhibits inflammatory PGE2 formation over all cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostanoids, does not cause substrate shunting towards 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway, and does not interfere with the biosynthesis of the specialized pro-resolving mediators as observed with COX inhibitors, providing a new chemotype for effective and safer anti-inflammatory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Gür Maz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Philipp Dahlke
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Azize Gizem Ergül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Olğaç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Burcu Çalışkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No:3 Yenimahalle 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Cerchia C, Küfner L, Werz O, Lavecchia A. Identification of selective 5-LOX and FLAP inhibitors as novel anti-inflammatory agents by ligand-based virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115932. [PMID: 37976708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a multifaceted biological process in which the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes (LTs), plays a crucial role. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is a key enzyme in cellular LT biosynthesis, and it is supported by the accessory protein 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). Pharmacological interventions to modulate LTs aim at either decreasing their biosynthesis or at mitigating their biological effects. Therefore, inhibiting 5-LOX or FLAP represents a useful strategy to reduce inflammation. Herein we present the identification and pharmacological evaluation of novel inhibitors targeting 5-LOX or FLAP. By means of a ligand-based virtual screening approach, we selected 38 compounds for in vitro assays. Among them, ALR-38 exhibits direct 5-LOX inhibition, while ALR-6 and ALR-27 showed potential as FLAP inhibitors. These latter not only reduced LT production but also promoted the generation of specialized pro-resolving mediators in specific human macrophage phenotypes. Interestingly, the identified compounds turned out to be selective for their respective targets, as none of them displayed activity towards microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 and soluble epoxide hydrolase, which are other proteins involved in eicosanoid biosynthesis. Thus, these compounds are endowed with potential therapeutic utility in mitigating inflammatory responses and might offer a venue for tackling inflammation-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Küfner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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3
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Olğaç A, Çapan İ, Dahlke P, Jordan PM, Werz O, Banoglu E. Substituted 1,2,4-Triazoles as Novel and Selective Inhibitors of Leukotriene Biosynthesis Targeting 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein. ACS Omega 2023; 8:31293-31304. [PMID: 37663492 PMCID: PMC10468765 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) is a regulator of cellular leukotriene biosynthesis, which governs the transfer of arachidonic acid (AA) to 5-lipoxygenase for efficient metabolism. Here, the synthesis and FLAP-antagonistic potential of fast synthetically accessible 1,2,4-triazole derivatives based on a previously discovered virtual screening hit compound is described. Our findings reveal that simple structural variations on 4,5-diaryl moieties and the 3-thioether side chain of the 1,2,4-triazole scaffold markedly influence the inhibitory potential, highlighting the significant chemical features necessary for FLAP antagonism. Comprehensive metabololipidomics analysis in activated FLAP-expressing human innate immune cells and human whole blood showed that the most potent analogue 6x selectively suppressed leukotriene B4 formation evoked by bacterial exotoxins without affecting other branches of the AA pathway. Taken together, the 1,2,4-triazole scaffold is a novel chemical platform for the development of more potent FLAP antagonists, which warrants further exploration for their potential as a new class of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Olğaç
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Yenimahalle 06560 ,Ankara ,Turkey
- Department
of Drug Discovery, Evias Pharmaceutical
R&D Ltd., Yenimahalle06830 ,Ankara ,Turkey
| | - İrfan Çapan
- Department
of Material and Material Processing Technologies Technical Sciences
Vocational College, Gazi University, Yenimahalle06374 ,Ankara ,Turkey
| | - Philipp Dahlke
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Yenimahalle 06560 ,Ankara ,Turkey
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4
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are potent immune-regulating lipid mediators with patho-genic roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases, particularly asthma. These autacoids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and tumor diseases. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves release and oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of cytosolic and integral membrane enzymes that are typically expressed by cells of the innate immune system. In activated cells, these enzymes traffic and assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, together comprising a biosynthetic complex. Here we describe recent advances in our molecular understanding of the protein components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery and also briefly touch upon the leukotriene receptors. Moreover, we discuss emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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5
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Di Micco S, Lauro G, Bifulco G. Extensive Molecular Dynamics Simulations Disclosed the Stability of mPGES-1 Enzyme and the Structural Role of Glutathione (GSH) Cofactor. Mol Inform 2022; 41:e2200140. [PMID: 36075865 PMCID: PMC10078397 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A deep in silico investigation of various microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) protein systems is here reported using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Firstly, eight different proteins models (Models A-H) were built, starting from the active enzyme trimer system (Model A), namely that bound to three glutathione (GSH) cofactor molecules, and then gradually removing the GSHs (Models B-H), simulating each of them for 100 ns in explicit solvent. The analysis of the obtained data disclosed the structural role of GSH in the chemical architecture of mPGES-1 enzyme, thus suggesting the unlikely displacement of this cofactor, in accordance with experimentally determined protein structures co-complexed with small molecule inhibitors. Afterwards, Model A was submitted to microsecond-scale molecular dynamics simulation (total simulation time=10 μs), in order to shed light about the dynamical behaviour of this enzyme at atomic level and to obtain further structural features and protein function information. We confirmed the structural stability of the enzyme machinery, observing a conformational rigidity of the protein, with a backbone RMSD of ∼3 Å along the simulation time, and highlighting the strong active contribution of GSH molecules due to their active role in packing the protein chains through a tight binding at monomer interfaces. Furthermore, the focused analysis on R73 residue disclosed its role in solvent exchange events, probably excluding its function as route for GSH to enter towards the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, in line with the recently reported function of cap domain residues F44-D66 as gatekeeper for GSH entrance into catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Micco
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), via Salvatore De Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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6
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Vieider L, Zoeller E, Romp E, Schoenthaler M, Hernández-Olmos V, Temml V, Hasenoehrl T, Schuster D, Werz O, Garscha U, Matuszczak B. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships for some novel diflapolin derivatives with benzimidazole subunit. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1752-1764. [PMID: 36124840 PMCID: PMC9518245 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2087645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of derivatives of the potent dual soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)/5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor diflapolin was designed, synthesised, and characterised. These novel compounds, which contain a benzimidazole subunit were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against sEH and FLAP. Molecular modelling tools were applied to analyse structure-activity relationships (SAR) on both targets and to predict solubility and gastrointestinal (GI) absorption. The most promising dual inhibitors of these series are 5a, 6b, and 6c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Vieider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Zoeller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Romp
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schoenthaler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victor Hernández-Olmos
- Branch for Translation Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frauenhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Hasenoehrl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Di Micco S, Terracciano S, Pierri M, Cantone V, Liening S, König S, Garscha U, Hofstetter RK, Koeberle A, Werz O, Bruno I, Bifulco G. Identification of 2,4-Dinitro-Biphenyl-Based Compounds as MAPEG Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200327. [PMID: 36111583 PMCID: PMC9827972 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We identified 2,4-dinitro-biphenyl-based compounds as new inhibitors of leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4 S) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), both members of the "Membrane Associated Proteins in Eicosanoid and Glutathione metabolism" (MAPEG) family involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. By molecular docking we evaluated the putative binding against the targets of interest, and by applying cell-free and cell-based assays we assessed the inhibition of LTC4 S and FLAP by the small molecules at low micromolar concentrations. The present results integrate the previously observed inhibitory profile of the tested compounds against another MAPEG member, i. e., microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1, suggesting that the 2,4-dinitro-biphenyl scaffold is a suitable molecular platform for a multitargeting approach to modulate pro-inflammatory mediators in inflammation and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Micco
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS)Via Salvatore De Renzi 5084125SalernoItaly
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Martina Pierri
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Vincenza Cantone
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Liening
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie König
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Robert Klaus Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Research InstituteUniversity of InnsbruckMitterweg 246020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaPhilosophenweg 147743JenaGermany
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 13284084FiscianoSAItaly
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8
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Turanlı S, Ergül AG, Jordan PM, Olğaç A, Çalışkan B, Werz O, Banoglu E. Quinazoline-4(3 H)-one-7-carboxamide Derivatives as Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors with Developable 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein Inhibition. ACS Omega 2022; 7:36354-36365. [PMID: 36278102 PMCID: PMC9583330 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are endowed with beneficial biological activities as they reduce inflammation, regulate endothelial tone, improve mitochondrial function, and decrease oxidative stress. Therefore, inhibition of sEH for maintaining high EET levels is implicated as a new therapeutic modality with broad clinical applications for metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular disorders. In our search for new sEH inhibitors, we designed and synthesized novel amide analogues of the quinazolinone-7-carboxylic acid derivative 5, a previously discovered 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor, to evaluate their potential for inhibiting sEH. As a result, we identified new quinazolinone-7-carboxamides that demonstrated selective sEH inhibition with decreased FLAP inhibitor properties. The tractable SAR results indicated that the amide and thiobenzyl fragments flanking the quinazolinone nucleus are critical features governing the potent sEH inhibition, and compounds 34, 35, 37, and 43 inhibited the sEH activity with IC50 values of 0.30-0.66 μM. Compound 34 also inhibited the FLAP-mediated leukotriene biosynthesis (IC50 = 2.91 μM). In conclusion, quinazolinone-7-carboxamides can be regarded as novel lead structures, and newer analogues with improved efficiency against sEH along with or without FLAP inhibition can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyye Turanlı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No: 3 Yenimahalle, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Azize Gizem Ergül
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No: 3 Yenimahalle, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Abdurrahman Olğaç
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No: 3 Yenimahalle, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Çalışkan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No: 3 Yenimahalle, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Taç Sok. No: 3 Yenimahalle, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Santos Nascimento IJD, de Aquino TM, da Silva Júnior EF. Computer-Aided Drug Design of Anti-inflammatory Agents Targeting Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5397-5419. [PMID: 35301943 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220317122948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural process in response to external stimuli associated with organism protection. However, this reaction could be exaggerated, leading to severe damages related to physiopathological processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, diabetes, allergies, infections, among others. Inflammation is mainly characterized by pain, increased temperature, flushing, and edema, which can be controlled using anti-inflammatory drugs. In this context, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibition has been targeted for designing new compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. It is a bioactive lipid overproduced during an inflammatory process, in which its increased production is carried out mainly by COX-1, COX-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Recently, studies have demonstrated that mPGES-1 inhibition is a safe strategy to develop anti-inflammatory agents, which could protect against pain, acute inflammation, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and different types of cancers. To decrease production costs and increase the probability of discovering active substances, computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches have been increasingly used for designing new inhibitors. Thus, this review will cover all aspects involving high-throughput virtual screening, molecular docking, dynamics, fragment-based drug design, quantitative structure-activity relationship in seeking new promising mPGES-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacy, Estácio of Alagoas College, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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10
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Gilbert NC, Newcomer ME, Werz O. Untangling the web of 5-lipoxygenase-derived products from a molecular and structural perspective: The battle between pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114759. [PMID: 34487716 PMCID: PMC8865081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor to leukotrienes (LT), potent mediators of the inflammatory response. In the 35 + years since cysteinyl-LTs were reported to mediate antigen-induced constriction of bronchi in tissue from asthma patients, numerous cellular responses evoked by the LTs, such as chemoattraction and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, have been elucidated and revealed a potential for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a promising drug target that goes beyond asthma. We describe herein early work identifying 5-LOX as the key enzyme that initiates LT biosynthesis and the discovery of its membrane-embedded helper protein required to execute the two-step reaction that transforms AA to the progenitor leukotriene A4 (LTA4). 5-LOX must traffic to the nuclear membrane to interact with its partner and undergo a conformational change so that AA can enter the active site. Additionally, the enzyme must retain the hydroperoxy-reaction intermediate for its final transformation to LTA4. Each of these steps provide a unique target for inhibition. Next, we describe the recent structures of GPCRs that recognize metabolites of the 5-LOX pathway and thus provide target alternatives. We also highlight the role of 5-LOX in the biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators (LM), the so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). The involvement of 5-LOX in the biosynthesis of LM with opposing functions undoubtedly complicates the continuing search for 5-LOX inhibitors as therapeutic leads. Finally, we address the recent discovery of how some allosteric 5-LOX inhibitors promote oxygenation at the 12/15 carbon on AA to generate mediators that resolve, rather than promote, inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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