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de Sousa Oliveira R, Andrade Pimentel KB, Ribeiro da Silva RC, Suely Guimarães-E-Silva A, Soares Moura ME, Soares Pinheiro VC. Spatial-temporal risk clusters, social vulnerability, and identification of priority areas for surveillance and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Maranhão, Brazil: an ecological study. J Med Entomol 2024; 61:481-490. [PMID: 38157319 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease widely distributed in Maranhão, Brazil and presents a significant public health problem. However, its transmission dynamics and determining factors are not clearly understood. In this context, geospatial technologies help interpret the process. This study, then, characterized the space-time dynamics and the influence of social vulnerability on CL in an endemic area in Northeast Brazil. This is an ecological study about new cases of CL in Maranhão, from 2007 to 2020, obtained directly from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The incidence rate was smoothed using a spatial empirical Bayesian method. Subsequently, global and local Moran statistics and their association with social vulnerability indicators were determined. Disease distribution was not random but grouped in space and time. All Social Vulnerability Index domains were positively correlated with the CL incidence. A likely cluster was detected in western Maranhão (P < 0.001), which encompassed 18 municipalities, from January 2007 to December 2013, with a high relative risk (5.06). The research findings suggest that planning public health actions and allocating resources should be prioritized in these areas to help effectively reduce the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário de Sousa Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Karen Brayner Andrade Pimentel
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil|
| | - Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Antonia Suely Guimarães-E-Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Maria Edileuza Soares Moura
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cristina Soares Pinheiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
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2
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are potent immune-regulating lipid mediators with patho-genic roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases, particularly asthma. These autacoids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and tumor diseases. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves release and oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of cytosolic and integral membrane enzymes that are typically expressed by cells of the innate immune system. In activated cells, these enzymes traffic and assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, together comprising a biosynthetic complex. Here we describe recent advances in our molecular understanding of the protein components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery and also briefly touch upon the leukotriene receptors. Moreover, we discuss emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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3
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dos Santos AJ, Lima SVMA, de Sousa AFL, Vasconcelos dos Santos A, Santos IGDA, Bezerra Santos M, Feitosa VLC, dos Santos AD, Primão JCM, de Andrade D, Silva JRS. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards the Prevention of Schistosomiasis Mansoni in an Endemic Area of Alagoas, Northeast Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010034. [PMID: 36668941 PMCID: PMC9864828 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of schistosomiasis mansoni prevention in an endemic area of Brazil. This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2021, with 412 participants living in the municipality of Feira Grande, Alagoas, Brazil. Data collection occurred through visits to the Health Center Urbano II and Massapê, through an interview with a structured questionnaire to identify the levels of KAP regarding schistosomiasis prevention. Of all respondents, 70.87% lived in rural areas, 22.66% reported a history of past schistosomiasis and 52.71% never participated in schistosomiasis control program actions. Factors associated with better KAP scores were being part of an older age group, not using rainwater and having no history of past schistosomiasis. Specifically, among the domains, attitude was the highest score and knowledge was the lowest. Participation in a health intervention program, knowing someone who had schistosomiasis and having been informed through a public health program seemed to have an important impact on the population's KAP. Our results contributed to broadening perceptions about schistosomiasis prevention, highlighting the positive impacts that health programs and interventions have on disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Programme in Parasitic Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida Lima
- Post-Graduation Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
- Collective Health Research Center, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Aytana Vasconcelos dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Bezerra Santos
- Medical and Nursing Science Center, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus Arapiraca 57309-005, AL, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Programme in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Corrêa Feitosa
- Post-Graduation Programme in Parasitic Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Allan Dantas dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Programme in Nursing, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
- Collective Health Research Center, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cristina Magnani Primão
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise de Andrade
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Santos Silva
- Post-Graduation Programme in Parasitic Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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4
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Ellis GC, Lanteri CA, Hsieh HC, Graf PCF, Pineda G, Crum-Cianflone NF, Berjohn CM, Sanders T, Maves RC, Deiss R. Coccidioidomycosis Seroincidence and Risk among Military Personnel, Naval Air Station Lemoore, San Joaquin Valley, California, USA 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1842-1846. [PMID: 35997543 PMCID: PMC9423930 DOI: 10.3201/eid2809.220652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective cohort study that tested 2,000 US military personnel for Coccidioides antibodies in a disease-endemic region. The overall incidence of seroconversion was 0.5 cases/100 person-years; 12.5% of persons who seroconverted had illnesses requiring medical care. No significant association was found between demographic characteristics and seroconversion or disease.
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5
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Pawankar R, Thong BYH, Tiongco-Recto M, Wang JY, Latiff AHA, Leung TF, Li PH, Lobo RCM, Lucas M, Oh JW, Kamchaisatian W, Nagao M, Rengganis I, Udwadia ZF, Dhar R, Munkhbayarlakh S, Narantsetseg L, Pham DL, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Asia Pacific perspectives on the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A follow-up survey. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:965-973. [PMID: 35906963 PMCID: PMC9353384 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is currently in its third year. This follow‐up survey was commissioned by the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology (APAAACI) Task Force on COVID‐19 to compare and contrast changes in the epidemiology, clinical profile, therapeutics and public health measures of the pandemic in the Asia Pacific region. Methods A questionnaire‐based survey comprising 32 questions was electronically sent out to all 15 member countries of APAAACI using Survey Monkey® from 1 December 2021 to 28 February 2022. Results Seventeen responses were received from 14/15 (93.4%) member countries and 3 individual members. Mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 predominated over severe infection, largely contributed by COVID‐19 vaccination programmes in the region. The incidence of vaccine adverse reactions in particular anaphylaxis from messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines was no longer as high as initially anticipated, although perimyocarditis remains a concern in younger males. Novel therapeutics for mild‐to‐moderate disease including neutralizing antibodies casirivimab/imdevimab (REGEN‐COV®) and sotrovimab (Xevudy®), anti‐virals Paxlovid® (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) and Molnupiravir pre‐exposure prophylaxis for high‐risk persons with Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) are now also available to complement established therapeutics (e.g., remdesivir, dexamethasone and baricitinib) for severe disease. In the transition to endemicity, public health measures are also evolving away from containment/elimination strategies. Conclusions With access to internationally recommended standards of care including public health preventive measures, therapeutics and vaccines among most APAAACI member countries, much progress has been made over the 2‐year period in minimizing the morbidity and mortality from COVID‐19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Pawankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernard Yu-Hor Thong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marysia Tiongco-Recto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.) Research Centre, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Philip Hei Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rommel Crisenio M Lobo
- Philippine Childrens Medical Center Hospital of Infant Jesus Medical Center, Fe del Mundo Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Michela Lucas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jae-Won Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, South Korea
| | - Wasu Kamchaisatian
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Samitivej Children's Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Institute for Clinical Research, Tsu, Japan
| | - Iris Rengganis
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hopsital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zarir F Udwadia
- P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Breach Candy Hospital, in Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Sonomjamts Munkhbayarlakh
- Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Logii Narantsetseg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedicine, National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Duy Le Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Cruz CDSS, Cardoso DT, Ferreira CL, Barbosa DS, Carneiro M. Spatial and spatiotemporal patterns of human visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic southeastern area in countryside Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e07022021. [PMID: 35522814 PMCID: PMC9070065 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0702-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has shown endemic pattern and epidemic episodes in urban and rural areas, however, there are still gaps in knowledge with regards to disease transmission. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal dispersion of VL cases in the municipality of Araçuaí, Minas Gerais. A study of confirmed VL cases was conducted considering the endemic and epidemic periods between 2012 and 2017. The incidence rate was calculated, and for spatial analysis, the kernel map, directional distribution ellipse, and space-time scanning techniques were used. The correlations between VL cases and exposure variables (precipitation, humidity, and temperature) were calculated. The mean incidence of VL in the endemic period was 18.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9-32.5) and 44.4 in the epidemic period (95%CI, 12.0-28.6) by 100,000 inhabitants. The relative risk for the epidemic period was 2.4 (95% CI 1.4-4.1) when compared to the endemic period. A higher incidence of the disease was observed in rural areas of the municipality. Kernel mapping analysis revealed hotspots in the urban area of the municipality. The directional distribution ellipse encompasses the urban perimeter and part of the rural area of the municipality, expanding eastward during the epidemic period. Spatial analysis revealed a high-risk cluster for VL in rural areas. A positive correlation was observed between VL cases and temperature during the endemic period. Spatial analysis allowed us to outline the epidemiological scenario of human VL cases. These findings may be useful in case surveillance and in the work of health professionals and managers in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleya da Silva Santana Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Minas Gerais, Diamantina, MG,
Brasil
| | - Diogo Tavares Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Claudio Luiz Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Minas Gerais, Diamantina, MG,
Brasil
| | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências
Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação e Doenças Parasitárias, Ouro Preto, MG,
Brasil
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7
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Cáceres-Durán1 MÁ. [Epidemiological behavior of leprosy in several Latin American countries, 2011-2020Comportamento epidemiológico da hanseníase em vários países da América Latina, 2011-2020]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e14. [PMID: 35350456 PMCID: PMC8942284 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the epidemiological behavior of leprosy in several Latin American countries during 2011-2020, based on World Health Organization (WHO) indicators. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study with official data on incidence and prevalence in the general population, children, clinical form and cases with grade 2 disability from WHO records between 2011 and 2020. The eight countries in Latin America that reported most cases were selected and analyses were carried out using simple descriptive and comparative statistics between different variables. Results During the study period, 301 312 cases of leprosy were reported in the selected countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, and Venezuela. Brazil is the only country in the region with a prevalence greater than 1 per 10 000, representing 93.77% of all cases. Brazil and the Dominican Republic showed an increase in prevalence during 2011-2019, while in other countries the trend was decreasing. The disease is more frequent in men, and multibacillary cases significantly exceed paucibacillary ones. Brazil showed the highest incidences of cases of childhood leprosy and grade 2 disability during the evaluated period. Conclusion In Latin America, leprosy is only considered a public health problem in Brazil; however, most countries in the region continue to report cases annually, revealing a lack of adequate medical care. This study confirmed the importance of active surveillance, early diagnosis and planning of actions against the disease in all the countries evaluated with the aim of reducing its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cáceres-Durán1
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e MédicaUniversidade Federal do ParáBelémBrasilLaboratório de Genética Humana e Médica. Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil.
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8
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Santman-Berends IMGA, Mars MH, Weber MF, van Duijn L, Waldeck HWF, Biesheuvel MM, van den Brink KMJA, Dijkstra T, Hodnik JJ, Strain SAJ, de Roo A, Veldhuis AMB, van Schaik G. Corrigendum: Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:817576. [PMID: 34957289 PMCID: PMC8693019 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.817576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I M G A Santman-Berends
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M H Mars
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - M F Weber
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - L van Duijn
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - H W F Waldeck
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - M M Biesheuvel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - T Dijkstra
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - J J Hodnik
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S A J Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, United Kingdom
| | - A de Roo
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - A M B Veldhuis
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - G van Schaik
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Maison RM, Pierce CF, Ragan IK, Brown VR, Bodenchuk MJ, Bowen RA, Bosco-Lauth AM. Potential Use for Serosurveillance of Feral Swine to Map Risk for Anthrax Exposure, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3103-3110. [PMID: 34808089 PMCID: PMC8632180 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a disease of concern in many mammals, including humans. Management primarily consists of prevention through vaccination and tracking clinical-level observations because environmental isolation is laborious and bacterial distribution across large geographic areas difficult to confirm. Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species with an extensive range in the southern United States that rarely succumbs to anthrax. We present evidence that feral swine might serve as biosentinels based on comparative seroprevalence in swine from historically defined anthrax-endemic and non–anthrax-endemic regions of Texas. Overall seropositivity was 43.7% (n = 478), and logistic regression revealed county endemicity status, age-class, sex, latitude, and longitude were informative for predicting antibody status. However, of these covariates, only latitude was statistically significant (β = –0.153, p = 0.047). These results suggests anthrax exposure in swine, when paired with continuous location data, could serve as a proxy for bacterial presence in specific areas.
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10
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Santman-Berends IMGA, Mars MH, Weber MF, van Duijn L, Waldeck HWF, Biesheuvel MM, van den Brink KMJA, Dijkstra T, Hodnik JJ, Strain SAJ, de Roo A, Veldhuis AMB, van Schaik G. Control and Eradication Programs for Non-EU Regulated Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:670419. [PMID: 34490388 PMCID: PMC8418201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.670419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the European Union, infectious cattle diseases are categorized in the Animal Health Law. No strict EU regulations exist for control, evidence of disease freedom, and surveillance of diseases listed other than categories A and B. Consequently, EU member states follow their own varying strategies for disease control. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the control and eradication programs (CPs) for six cattle diseases in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2019 and to highlight characteristics specific to the Dutch situation. All of these diseases were listed as C,D or E in the New Animal Health Law. In the Netherlands, CPs are in place for six endemic cattle diseases: bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, and neosporosis. These CPs have been tailored to the specific situation in the Netherlands: a country with a high cattle density, a high rate of animal movements, a strong dependence on export of dairy products, and a high-quality data-infrastructure. The latter specifically applies to the dairy sector, which is the leading cattle sector in the Netherlands. When a herd enters a CP, generally the within-herd prevalence of infection is estimated in an initial assessment. The outcome creates awareness of the infection status of a herd and also provides an indication of the costs and time to achieve the preferred herd status. Subsequently, the herd enrolls in the control phase of the CP to, if present, eliminate the infection from a herd and a surveillance phase to substantiate the free or low prevalence status over time. The high-quality data infrastructure that results in complete and centrally registered census data on cattle movements provides the opportunity to design CPs while minimizing administrative efforts for the farmer. In the CPs, mostly routinely collected samples are used for surveillance. Where possible, requests for proof of the herd status are sent automatically. Automated detection of risk factors for introduction of new animals originating from a herd without the preferred herd status i.e., free or unsuspected, is in place using centrally registered data. The presented overview may inspire countries that want to develop cost-effective CPs for endemic diseases that are not (yet) regulated at EU level.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M G A Santman-Berends
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M H Mars
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - M F Weber
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - L van Duijn
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - H W F Waldeck
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - M M Biesheuvel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - T Dijkstra
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - J J Hodnik
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S A J Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, United Kingdom
| | - A de Roo
- Department of Cattle Health, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - A M B Veldhuis
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - G van Schaik
- Department of Research and Development, Royal GD, Deventer, Netherlands.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Dzul-Rosado KR, Cardenas-Marrufo MF, Lugo-Caballero C, Alvarez-Baeza A, Mendez-Dominguez N. Clinical Manifestations in a Fatal Case of Probable Rickettsia and Leptospira Coinfection in Yucatan, Mexico. Pathogens 2021; 10:914. [PMID: 34451378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical or serological coinfections of Rickettsia and Leptospira are uncommon but should be included in differential diagnosis when poor sanitation and cohabitation with infected animals may converge. Rickettsial and leptospiral infections have been continuously increasing throughout the past decade in Yucatan, Mexico. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by aerobic spirochetes, while rickettsiosis is an arthropod-borne disease. In 2020, 16% of all rickettsiosis cases and 10% of leptospirosis in the country originated in Yucatan. The objective of the present case report was to document an unusual case of probable coinfection with Rickettsia and Leptospira with emphasis on clinical manifestations and the epidemiological context that may orient future multidisciplinary measures. Here, we presented the case of a 12-year-old female whose mother had recently recovered from a rickettsial infection. The patient presented with fever and developed unspecific signs and symptoms of infection; however, her condition quickly deteriorated with gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, and neurological dysfunction. After discounting rabies and identifying infection with Rickettsia and Leptospira, antibiotic treatment was indicated, but it was too late to prevent death. Simultaneous infections of Rickettsia and Leptospira may be considered in endemic regions when environmental, epidemiological, and clinical conditions converge.
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Lisitsyna EA. [The diseases of Russia: the medical geographical studies of I. Ya. Lerkhe]. Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med 2021; 29:1011-1016. [PMID: 34486875 DOI: 10.32687/0869-866x-2021-29-4-1011-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The article analyses the process of establishment of medical knowledge concerning territories of the Russian Empire in XVIII century on the basis of written heritage of the Prussian physician Johann Jacob Lerche (1708-1780). The analysis is focused on forms of actual medical geographical studies practiced by European doctors and Lerche himself, first of all on his meteorological observations. The Lerche's interpretations of local natural and social phenomena in construction of medical characteristics of particular corners of the Empire in manuscript about endemics in Russia and Persia are analyzed. The assumption is proposed that studies of Russia implemented by Lerche are constructed on the analogy of summarizing academic descriptions of naturalists of XVIII century. Thereby, the works of Prussian physician seems to be participated in process of development of language of systematization and ranking of diseases and endowed category of "disease" with function of inherent to region characteristic such as climate, flora and fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lisitsyna
- The Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany,
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13
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Abstract
Blastomycosis is a systemic disease caused by Blastomyces spp. fungi. To determine its epidemiology in blastomycosis-endemic Minnesota, USA, we evaluated all cases reported to public health officials during 1999-2018. We focused on time to diagnosis, exposure activities, and exposure location. A total of 671 cases and a median of 34 cases/year were reported. Median time to diagnosis was 31 days; 61% of patients were not tested for blastomycosis until they were hospitalized. The case-fatality rate was 10%, and patients who died were 5.3 times more likely to have a concurrent medical condition. Outdoor activities and soil exposure were reported by many patients, but no specific activity or exposure was common to most. Almost one third of patients were probably exposed in geographic areas other than their home county. Providers should consider alternative etiologies for patients with pneumonia not responding to antibacterial treatment, and public health officials should increase awareness in blastomycosis-endemic areas.
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Clarke A, More SJ, Maher JW, Byrne AW, Horan M, Barrett D. Development and Application of a Prioritization Tool for Animal Health Surveillance Activities in Ireland. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:596867. [PMID: 33426017 PMCID: PMC7785526 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.596867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions around animal health management by stakeholders are often subject to resource limitation, therefore prioritization processes are required to evaluate whether effort is attributed appropriately. The objectives of this study were to develop and apply a surveillance prioritization process for animal health surveillance activities in Ireland. An exploratory sequential mixed research methods design was utilized. A prioritization tool was developed for surveillance activities and implemented over two phases. During the first phase, a survey was conducted which asked stakeholders to prioritize diseases/conditions by importance for Irish agriculture. In the second phase, experts identified the most important surveillance objectives, and allocated resources to the activities that they considered would best meet the surveillance objectives, for each disease/condition. This study developed a process and an accompanying user-friendly practical tool for animal disease surveillance prioritization which could be utilized by other competent authorities/governments. Antimicrobial resistance and bovine tuberculosis were ranked top of the endemic diseases/conditions in the Irish context, while African swine fever and foot and mouth disease were ranked top of the exotic diseases/conditions by the stakeholders. The study showed that for most of the diseases/conditions examined in the prioritization exercise, the respondents indicated a preference for a combination of active and passive surveillance activities. Future extensions of the tool could include prioritization on a per species basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnneMarie Clarke
- One Health One Welfare Scientific Support Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre of Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James W Maher
- One Health One Welfare Scientific Support Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew W Byrne
- One Health One Welfare Scientific Support Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Horan
- One Health One Welfare Scientific Support Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien Barrett
- One Health One Welfare Scientific Support Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Gutierrez-Barbosa H, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC, Chua JV. Dengue Infections in Colombia: Epidemiological Trends of a Hyperendemic Country. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E156. [PMID: 33022908 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major public health problem in hyperendemic countries like Colombia, the understanding of the epidemiological trends is important for the development of efficient public health policies. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiologic data on dengue in Colombia from 1971 to 2020. A total of 375 relevant citations were identified, 36 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data of dengue and severe dengue cases, infection fatality rate, and serotype distribution were used to understand and identify gaps in the epidemiological knowledge in Colombia. The epidemiology of dengue in this country was characterized by five main outbreaks in 1998, 2002, 2010, 2013, and 2019 with high fatality rates in comparison with the average values reported in the Americas. The case fatality rate of severe dengue exceeded 2% and all four serotypes co-circulate throughout the country with some regional variations. Overall, the behavior of dengue in Colombia is influenced by multiple factors including seasonal temperature variation and socioeconomic conditions. Additionally, the most important barriers in the epidemiological surveillance of dengue may be due to the insufficient notification rate in some regions and the low active search for the circulation of different serotypes.
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Morabia A. Pandemics and the development of scientific methods in the history of epidemiology. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020; 51:e104564. [PMID: 33402752 PMCID: PMC7744110 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v50i3.4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Morabia
- Editor in chief American Journal of Public Health. New York University, New York, EEUU
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Camp JV, Kannan DO, Osman BM, Shah MS, Howarth B, Khafaga T, Weidinger P, Karuvantevida N, Kolodziejek J, Mazrooei H, Wolf N, Loney T, Nowotny N. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity in United Arab Emirates, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1019-1021. [PMID: 32097111 PMCID: PMC7181925 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.191414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in dromedary camels and attached ticks at 3 locations in the United Arab Emirates. Results revealed a high prevalence of CCHFV-reactive antibodies in camels and viral RNA in ticks and camel serum, suggesting the virus is endemic in this country.
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Alba-Casals A, Allue E, Tarancon V, Baliellas J, Novell E, Napp S, Fraile L. Near Real-Time Monitoring of Clinical Events Detected in Swine Herds in Northeastern Spain. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:68. [PMID: 32133377 PMCID: PMC7040479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel techniques of data mining and time series analyses allow the development of new methods to analyze information relating to the health status of the swine population in near real-time. A swine health monitoring system based on the reporting of clinical events detected at farm level has been in operation in Northeastern Spain since 2012. This initiative was supported by swine stakeholders and veterinary practitioners of the Catalonia, Aragon, and Navarra regions. The system aims to evidence the occurrence of endemic diseases in near real-time by gathering data from practitioners that visited swine farms in these regions. Practitioners volunteered to report data on clinical events detected during their visits using a web application. The system allowed collection, transfer and storage of data on different clinical signs, analysis, and modeling of the diverse clinical events detected, and provision of reproducible reports with updated results. The information enables the industry to quantify the occurrence of endemic diseases on swine farms, better recognize their spatiotemporal distribution, determine factors that influence their presence and take more efficient prevention and control measures at region, county, and farm level. This study assesses the functionality of this monitoring tool by evaluating the target population coverage, the spatiotemporal patterns of clinical signs and presumptive diagnoses reported by practitioners over more than 6 years, and describes the information provided by this system in near real-time. Between January 2012 and March 2018, the system achieved a coverage of 33 of the 62 existing counties in the three study regions. Twenty-five percent of the target swine population farms reported one or more clinical events to the system. During the study period 10,654 clinical events comprising 14,971 clinical signs from 1,693 farms were reported. The most frequent clinical signs detected in these farms were respiratory, followed by digestive, neurological, locomotor, reproductive, and dermatological signs. Respiratory disorders were mainly associated with microorganisms of the porcine respiratory disease complex. Digestive signs were mainly related to colibacilosis and clostridiosis, neurological signs to Glässer's disease and streptococcosis, reproductive signs to PRRS, locomotor to streptococcosis and Glässer's disease, and dermatological signs to exudative epidermitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alba-Casals
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastián Napp
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departament de Ciència Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, Lleida, Spain
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Abstract
The spread of infectious diseases is intimately linked with the strength and type of contact between individuals. Multiple observational and modelling studies have highlighted the importance of two forms of social mixing: age structure, where the likelihood of interaction between two individuals is determined by their ages; and household structure, which recognizes the much stronger contacts and hence transmission potential within the family setting. Age structure has been ubiquitous in predictive models of both endemic and epidemic infections, in part due to the ease of assessing someone’s age. By contrast, although household structure is potentially the dominant heterogeneity, it has received less attention, in part due to an absence of the necessary methodology. Here, we develop the modelling framework necessary to predict the behaviour of endemic infections (which necessitates capturing demographic processes) in populations that possess both household and age structure. We compare two childhood infections, with measles-like and mumps-like parameters, and two populations with UK-like and Kenya-like characteristics, which allows us to disentangle the impact of epidemiology and demography. For this high-dimensional model, we predict complex nonlinear dynamics, where the dynamics of within-household outbreaks are tempered by historical waves of infection and the immunity of older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hilton
- MathSys CDT, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Benedict K, Ireland M, Weinberg MP, Gruninger RJ, Weigand J, Chen L, Perez-Lockett K, Bledsoe C, Denny L, Cibulskas K, Gibbons-Burgener S, Kocharian A, DeBess E, Miller TK, Lepp A, Cronquist L, Warren K, Serrano JA, Loveland C, Turabelidze G, McCotter O, Jackson BR. Enhanced Surveillance for Coccidioidomycosis, 14 US States, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1444-1452. [PMID: 30014837 PMCID: PMC6056093 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.171595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California has been well-characterized, much remains unknown about its epidemiology in states where it is not highly endemic. We conducted enhanced surveillance in 14 such states in 2016 by identifying cases according to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists case definition and interviewing patients about their demographic characteristics, clinical features, and exposures. Among 186 patients, median time from seeking healthcare to diagnosis was 38 days (range 1–1,654 days); 70% had another condition diagnosed before coccidioidomycosis testing occurred (of whom 83% were prescribed antibacterial medications); 43% were hospitalized; and 29% had culture-positive coccidioidomycosis. Most (83%) patients from nonendemic states had traveled to a coccidioidomycosis-endemic area. Coccidioidomycosis can cause severe disease in residents of non–highly endemic states, a finding consistent with previous studies in Arizona, and less severe cases likely go undiagnosed or unreported. Improved coccidioidomycosis awareness in non–highly endemic areas is needed.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing number of transplants performed worldwide and the growing global mobility with migration and travel to and from developing countries and tropical areas are bringing new challenges for the management of transplant infectious diseases, previously less commonly seen, such as Leishmaniasis. However, in this scenario there is a lack of information and the current knowledge is based on a few studies. The selection of the most appropriate treatment depends on various factors, such as patient profile, Leishmania species, disease extent, drug availability, concomitant infections and previous treatments. Therapeutic options may include different formulations of amphotericin B, pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine and paromomycin, among others. These drugs can be used alone or in combination. Areas covered: This review is a practical guide for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) specific treatment in solid organ transplant recipients (SOT), including therapeutic options and assessment of therapy response. Expert commentary: The main challenges for treatment of leishmaniasis in SOT recipients are related to the duration of therapy, curative criteria and secondary prophylaxis. Immunosuppression dose reduction is often recommended, but such decisions must be made on an individual basis. At present, Liposomal Amphotericin B is the best choice for treatment and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Trindade Clemente
- a Faculty of Medicine, Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar , Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | | | - Jose María Aguado
- c Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Comunidad de Madrid , Spain
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Noble JA, Nelson RG, Fufaa GD, Kang P, Shafir SC, Galgiani JN. Effect of Geography on the Analysis of Coccidioidomycosis-Associated Deaths, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1821-3. [PMID: 27649029 PMCID: PMC5038404 DOI: 10.3201/eid2210.160696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because coccidioidomycosis death rates vary by region, we reanalyzed coccidioidomycosis-associated mortality in the United States by race/ethnicity, then limited analysis to Arizona and California. Coccidioidomycosis-associated deaths were shown to increase among African-Americans but decrease among Native Americans and Hispanics. Separately, in a Native American cohort, diabetes co-varied with coccidioidomycosis-associated death.
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Abstract
This article considers the problem of malaria in the Korean peninsula from 1876 to 1945, focusing particularly on the impact of Japanese colonial rule. One aspect which receives special attention is malaria in urban contexts. The relationship between malaria and urbanisation is shown to be extremely complex, fluctuating regardless of specific interventions against the disease. In rural and urban areas, Japanese antimalarial measures concentrated on military garrisons, at the expense of both civilian settlers and Koreans. However, it was Koreans who bore the brunt of the malaria problem, which was exacerbated in many areas by agricultural and industrial development and, ultimately, by the war regime introduced from 1938. The worsening of the malaria burden in the final years of Japanese rule left a legacy which lasted long after independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ran Kim
- *Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, 45–47 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PE, UK. E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infections, such as soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and lymphatic filariasis, are prevalent in many countries where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is also common. There is some evidence from observational studies that HIV and helminth co-infection may be associated with higher viral load and lower CD4+ cell counts. Treatment of helminth infections with antihelminthics (deworming drugs) may have benefits for people living with HIV beyond simply clearance of worm infections.This is an update of a Cochrane Review published in 2009 and we have expanded it to include outcomes of anaemia and adverse events. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of deworming drugs (antihelminthic therapy) on markers of HIV disease progression, anaemia, and adverse events in children and adults. SEARCH METHODS In this review update, we searched online for published and unpublished studies in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICRTP), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO Global Health Library up to 29 September 2015. We also searched databases listing conference abstracts, scanned reference lists of articles, and contacted the authors of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared antihelminthic drugs with placebo or no intervention in HIV-positive people. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trials for eligibility and risk of bias. The primary outcomes were changes in HIV viral load and CD4+ cell count, and secondary outcomes were anaemia, iron deficiency, adverse events, and mortality events. We compared the effects of deworming using mean differences, risk ratios (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. MAIN RESULTS Eight trials met the inclusion criteria of this review, enrolling a total of 1612 participants. Three trials evaluated the effect of providing antihelminthics to all adults with HIV without knowledge of their helminth infection status, and five trials evaluated the effects of providing deworming drugs to HIV-positive individuals with confirmed helminth infections. Seven trials were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and one in Thailand. Antihelminthics for people with unknown helminth infection statusProviding antihelminthics (albendazole and praziquantel together or separately) to HIV-positive adults with unknown helminth infection status may have a small suppressive effect on mean viral load at six weeks but the 95% CI includes the possibility of no effect (difference in mean change -0.14 log10 viral RNA/mL, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.07, P = 0.19; one trial, 166 participants, low quality evidence).Repeated dosing with deworming drugs over two years (albendazole every three months plus annual praziquantel), probably has little or no effect on mean viral load (difference in mean change 0.01 log10 viral RNA, 95% CI: -0.03 to -0.05; one trial, 917 participants, moderate quality evidence), and little or no effect on mean CD4+ count (difference in mean change 2.60 CD4+ cells/µL, 95% CI -10.15 to 15.35; P = 0.7; one trial, 917 participants, low quality evidence). Antihelminthics for people with confirmed helminth infectionsTreating confirmed helminth infections in HIV-positive adults may have a small suppressive effect on mean viral load at six to 12 weeks following deworming (difference in mean change -0.13 log10 viral RNA, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.00; P = 0.04; four trials, 445 participants, low quality evidence). However, this finding is strongly influenced by a single study of praziquantel treatment for schistosomiasis. There may also be a small favourable effect on mean CD4+ cell count at 12 weeks after deworming in HIV-positive populations with confirmed helminth infections (difference in mean change 37.86 CD4+ cells/µL, 95% CI 7.36 to 68.35; P = 0.01; three trials, 358 participants, low quality evidence). Adverse events and mortality There is no indication that antihelminthic drugs impart additional risks in HIV-positive populations. However, adverse events were not well reported (very low quality evidence) and trials were underpowered to evaluate effects on mortality (low quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is low quality evidence that treating confirmed helminth infections in HIV-positive adults may have small, short-term favourable effects on markers of HIV disease progression. Further studies are required to confirm this finding. Current evidence suggests that deworming with antihelminthics is not harmful, and this is reassuring for the routine treatment of confirmed or suspected helminth infections in people living with HIV in co-endemic areas.Further long-term studies are required to make confident conclusions regarding the impact of presumptively deworming all HIV-positive individuals irrespective of helminth infection status, as the only long-term trial to date did not demonstrate an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Burns
- University of WashingtonDepartment of Global HealthSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - David Sinclair
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesPembroke PlaceLiverpoolUKL3 5QA
| | - Judd L Walson
- University of WashingtonDepartments of Global Health, Medicine (Infectious Disease) and Pediatrics, EpidemiologyBox 359909325 Ninth AvenueSeattleWAUSA98104
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Nett RJ, Skillman D, Riek L, Davis B, Blue SR, Sundberg EE, Merriman JR, Hahn CG, Park BJ. Histoplasmosis in Idaho and Montana, USA, 2012-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1071-2. [PMID: 25989199 PMCID: PMC4451912 DOI: 10.3201/eid2106.141367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Yip TW, Hewagama S, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Bastian I, Baird RW, Spratt BG, Currie BJ. Endemic melioidosis in residents of desert region after atypically intense rainfall in central Australia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1038-40. [PMID: 25988301 PMCID: PMC4451904 DOI: 10.3201/eid2106.141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After heavy rains and flooding during early 2011 in the normally arid interior of Australia, melioidosis was diagnosed in 6 persons over a 4-month period. Although the precise global distribution of the causal bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei remains to be determined, this organism can clearly survive in harsh and even desert environments outside the wet tropics.
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Hernández M, Arboleda D, Arce S, Benavides A, Tejada PA, Ramírez SV, Cubides Á. Methodology to develop endemic channels and notification trends for dengue in Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 2009-2013. Biomedica 2015; 36:98-107. [PMID: 27622797 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is the fastest spreading disease in the world and a permanent threat to global public health. It is a viral illness for which approximately 2.5 million people are at high risk of infection. Given the severity of the disease at national and global levels, new predictive methodologies need to be generated to facilitate decision-making in public health. OBJECTIVE To characterize cases of dengue reported from 2009 to 2013 in Valle del Cauca department, Colombia, and to establish a methodology to develop endemic channels that can be applied to this event. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective descriptive study. Notification forms were used as a secondary database to characterize dengue cases from 2009 to 2013. Two endemic channels were developed, one using running means and the other through exponential smoothing. RESULTS Dengue in the department of Valle del Cauca showed a positive tendency, indicating that the number of cases had increased in the last five years. An important variation was observed that could be explained by a three-year cycle beginning in the first epidemiological period of the year. CONCLUSION The development of the dengue endemic channel for Valle del Cauca illustrates the importance of applying these monitoring methodologies to events of public health interest. As can be seen from the results, there were some years in which the number of cases was very low and others in which the epidemic reached very high levels.
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Abstract
Scrub typhus, an acute febrile illness caused by Rickettsia and transmitted by mites, is a re-emerging endemic zoonosis in the Asia Pacific region. It is an uncommon entity and very few cases of this disease in pregnant women have been reported. We present a series of six such cases collected over 1 year with poor feto-maternal outcome in 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Meena
- MD, senior resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Minakshi Rohilla
- MD, additional Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vanita Jain
- MD, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jaswinder Kalra
- MD, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Grv Prasad
- MD, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Taylor‐Robinson DC, Maayan N, Soares‐Weiser K, Donegan S, Garner P. Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD000371. [PMID: 26202783 PMCID: PMC4523932 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000371.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating all school children at regular intervals with deworming drugs in areas where helminth infection is common. As the intervention is often claimed to have important health, nutrition, and societal effects beyond the removal of worms, we critically evaluated the evidence on benefits. OBJECTIVES To summarize the effects of giving deworming drugs to children to treat soil-transmitted helminths on weight, haemoglobin, and cognition; and the evidence of impact on physical well-being, school attendance, school performance, and mortality. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register (14 April 2015); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library (2015, Issue 4); MEDLINE (2000 to 14 April 2015); EMBASE (2000 to 14 April 2015); LILACS (2000 to 14 April 2015); the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT); and reference lists, and registers of ongoing and completed trials up to 14 April 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing deworming drugs for soil-transmitted helminths with placebo or no treatment in children aged 16 years or less, reporting on weight, haemoglobin, and formal tests of intellectual development. We also sought data on school attendance, school performance, and mortality. We included trials that combined health education with deworming programmes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two review authors independently assessed the trials, evaluated risk of bias, and extracted data. We analysed continuous data using the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where data were missing, we contacted trial authors. We used outcomes at time of longest follow-up. The evidence quality was assessed using GRADE. This edition of the Cochrane Review adds the DEVTA trial from India, and draws on an independent analytical replication of a trial from Kenya. MAIN RESULTS We identified 45 trials, including nine cluster-RCTs, that met the inclusion criteria. One trial evaluating mortality included over one million children, and the remaining 44 trials included a total of 67,672 participants. Eight trials were in children known to be infected, and 37 trials were carried out in endemic areas, including areas of high (15 trials), moderate (12 trials), and low prevalence (10 trials). Treating children known to be infectedTreating children known to be infected with a single dose of deworming drugs (selected by screening, or living in areas where all children are infected) may increase weight gain over the next one to six months (627 participants, five trials, low quality evidence). The effect size varied across trials from an additional 0.2 kg gain to 1.3 kg. There is currently insufficient evidence to know whether treatment has additional effects on haemoglobin (247 participants, two trials, very low quality evidence); school attendance (0 trials); cognitive functioning (103 participants, two trials, very low quality evidence), or physical well-being (280 participants, three trials, very low quality evidence). Community deworming programmesTreating all children living in endemic areas with a dose of deworming drugs probably has little or no effect on average weight gain (MD 0.04 kg less, 95% CI 0.11 kg less to 0.04 kg more; trials 2719 participants, seven trials, moderate quality evidence), even in settings with high prevalence of infection (290 participants, two trials). A single dose also probably has no effect on average haemoglobin (MD 0.06 g/dL, 95% CI -0.05 lower to 0.17 higher; 1005 participants, three trials, moderate quality evidence), or average cognition (1361 participants, two trials, low quality evidence).Similiarly, regularly treating all children in endemic areas with deworming drugs, given every three to six months, may have little or no effect on average weight gain (MD 0.08 kg, 95% CI 0.11 kg less to 0.27 kg more; 38,392 participants, 10 trials, low quality evidence). The effects were variable across trials; one trial from a low prevalence setting carried out in 1995 found an increase in weight, but nine trials carried out since then found no effect, including five from moderate and high prevalence areas.There is also reasonable evidence that regular treatment probably has no effect on average height (MD 0.02 cm higher, 95% CI 0.14 lower to 0.17 cm higher; 7057 participants, seven trials, moderate quality evidence); average haemoglobin (MD 0.02 g/dL lower; 95% CI 0.08 g/dL lower to 0.04 g/dL higher; 3595 participants, seven trials, low quality evidence); formal tests of cognition (32,486 participants, five trials, moderate quality evidence); exam performance (32,659 participants, two trials, moderate quality evidence); or mortality (1,005,135 participants, three trials, low quality evidence). There is very limited evidence assessing an effect on school attendance and the findings are inconsistent, and at risk of bias (mean attendance 2% higher, 95% CI 4% lower to 8% higher; 20,243 participants, two trials, very low quality evidence).In a sensitivity analysis that only included trials with adequate allocation concealment, there was no evidence of any effect for the main outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Treating children known to have worm infection may have some nutritional benefits for the individual. However, in mass treatment of all children in endemic areas, there is now substantial evidence that this does not improve average nutritional status, haemoglobin, cognition, school performance, or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Maayan
- CochraneCochrane ResponseSt Albans House57‐59 HaymarketLondonUKSW1Y 4QX
| | - Karla Soares‐Weiser
- CochraneCochrane Editorial UnitSt Albans House, 57 ‐ 59 HaymarketLondonUKSW1Y 4QX
| | - Sarah Donegan
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesLiverpoolUKL3 5QA
| | - Paul Garner
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesLiverpoolUKL3 5QA
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Pranjic N, Mustajbegovic J, Ivankovic D, Kern J, Vuletic S. Recipe from the past for the future: public health intervention represent a process for century. Mater Sociomed 2015; 27:125-8. [PMID: 26005392 PMCID: PMC4404953 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2015.27.125-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the poor Bosnia, in the early 20(th) century endemic syphilis was widespread. Combating this disease entailed the necessity of etiology research, diagnosis and clinical nature of the disease, as well as the insight into the epidemiological image of this unresolved health problem. Thanks to the visionary, the enthusiasm and persistence of the expert team of doctors from that time in Croatia, School of Public Health and the Rockefeller Foundation as financial support, conditions were created to conduct population monitoring and research called "survey". The team of experts from Croatia and Bosnia led by Dr. Ante Vuletic began this important public health intervention in Central Bosnia underneath the mountain Vlasic 1934. In villages of mountain Vlasic people were living in very difficult social and unsanitary conditions. "Interviewers" worked in makeshift clinics in the rural schools Opare, Rankovici, Vitovlje Mehorica, Turbe, Bila and Gornji Vakuf. A hundred years later, a team of university professors from the School of Public Health "Andrija Stampar" led by Professor Silvije Viletic followed the footsteps of century "survey" on Vlasic in the summer of 2014. They determined that with the integrated approach to population monitoring and testing endemic syphilis in Bosnia was successfully suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurka Pranjic
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Department of Professional Pathology and Toxicology, University Teaching Department of Medicine, Primary Health Center in Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jadranka Mustajbegovic
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health "Andrija Stampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Ivankovic
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health "Andrija Stampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Kern
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health "Andrija Stampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvije Vuletic
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health "Andrija Stampar", Zagreb, Croatia
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