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Raitoharju E, Rajić S, Marttila S. Non-coding 886 ( nc886/ vtRNA2-1), the epigenetic odd duck - implications for future studies. Epigenetics 2024; 19:2332819. [PMID: 38525792 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2024.2332819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-coding 886 (nc886, vtRNA2-1) is the only human polymorphically imprinted gene, in which the methylation status is not determined by genetics. Existing literature regarding the establishment, stability and consequences of the methylation pattern, as well as the nature and function of the nc886 RNAs transcribed from the locus, are contradictory. For example, the methylation status of the locus has been reported to be stable through life and across somatic tissues, but also susceptible to environmental effects. The nature of the produced nc886 RNA(s) has been redefined multiple times, and in carcinogenesis, these RNAs have been reported to have conflicting roles. In addition, due to the bimodal methylation pattern of the nc886 locus, traditional genome-wide methylation analyses can lead to false-positive results, especially in smaller datasets. Herein, we aim to summarize the existing literature regarding nc886, discuss how the characteristics of nc886 give rise to contradictory results, as well as to reinterpret, reanalyse and, where possible, replicate the results presented in the current literature. We also introduce novel findings on how the distribution of the nc886 methylation pattern is associated with the geographical origins of the population and describe the methylation changes in a large variety of human tumours. Through the example of this one peculiar genetic locus and RNA, we aim to highlight issues in the analysis of DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs in general and offer our suggestions for what should be taken into consideration in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Raitoharju
- Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sonja Rajić
- Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Marttila
- Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Taube M, Lisiak N, Totoń E, Rubiś B. Human Vault RNAs: Exploring Their Potential Role in Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4072. [PMID: 38612882 PMCID: PMC11012908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs have been described as crucial regulators of gene expression and guards of cellular homeostasis. Some recent papers focused on vault RNAs, one of the classes of non-coding RNA, and their role in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, cancer response to therapy, and autophagy, which makes them potential therapy targets in oncology. In the human genome, four vault RNA paralogues can be distinguished. They are associated with vault complexes, considered the largest ribonucleoprotein complexes. The protein part of these complexes consists of a major vault protein (MVP) and two minor vault proteins (vPARP and TEP1). The name of the complex, as well as vault RNA, comes from the hollow barrel-shaped structure that resembles a vault. Their sequence and structure are highly evolutionarily conserved and show many similarities in comparison with different species, but vault RNAs have various roles. Vaults were discovered in 1986, and their functions remained unclear for many years. Although not much is known about their contribution to cell metabolism, it has become clear that vault RNAs are involved in various processes and pathways associated with cancer progression and modulating cell functioning in normal and pathological stages. In this review, we discuss known functions of human vault RNAs in the context of cellular metabolism, emphasizing processes related to cancer and cancer therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Błażej Rubiś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (M.T.); (N.L.); (E.T.)
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Avila-Bonilla RG, Martínez-Montero JP. Crosstalk between vault RNAs and innate immunity. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:387. [PMID: 38443657 PMCID: PMC10914904 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vault (vt) RNAs are noncoding (nc) RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNA Pol III) with 5'-triphosphate (5'-PPP) termini that play significant roles and are recognized by innate immune sensors, including retinoic acid-inducible protein 1 (RIG-I). In addition, vtRNAs adopt secondary structures that can be targets of interferon-inducible protein kinase R (PKR) and the oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system, both of which are important for activating antiviral defenses. However, changes in the expression of vtRNAs have been associated with pathological processes that activate proinflammatory pathways, which influence cellular events such as differentiation, aging, autophagy, apoptosis, and drug resistance in cancer cells. RESULTS In this review, we summarized the biology of vtRNAs and focused on their interactions with the innate immune system. These findings provide insights into the diverse roles of vtRNAs and their correlation with various cellular processes to improve our understanding of their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Sadeghian I, Akbarpour M, Chafjiri FMA, Chafjiri PMA, Heidari R, Morowvat MH, Sadeghian R, Raee MJ, Negahdaripour M. Potential of oligonucleotide- and protein/peptide-based therapeutics in the management of toxicant/stressor-induced diseases. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:1275-1310. [PMID: 37688622 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to toxicants/stressors has been linked to the development of many human diseases. They could affect various cellular components, such as DNA, proteins, lipids, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), thereby triggering various cellular pathways, particularly oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis, which can contribute to pathophysiological states. Accordingly, modulation of these pathways has been the focus of numerous investigations for managing related diseases. The involvement of various ncRNAs, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNAs (miRNA), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), as well as various proteins and peptides in mediating these pathways, provides many target sites for pharmaceutical intervention. In this regard, various oligonucleotide- and protein/peptide-based therapies have been developed to treat toxicity-induced diseases, which have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo. This comprehensive review provides information about various aspects of toxicity-related diseases including their causing factors, main underlying mechanisms and intermediates, and their roles in pathophysiological states. Particularly, it highlights the principles and mechanisms of oligonucleotide- and protein/peptide-based therapies in the treatment of toxicity-related diseases. Furthermore, various issues of oligonucleotides and proteins/peptides for clinical usage and potential solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Sadeghian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Biotechnology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Akbarpour
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | | | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Aghajani Mir M. Vault RNAs (vtRNAs): Rediscovered non-coding RNAs with diverse physiological and pathological activities. Genes Dis 2024; 11:772-787. [PMID: 37692527 PMCID: PMC10491885 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical characteristics of RNA admit non-coding RNAs to perform a different range of biological acts through various mechanisms and are involved in regulating a diversity of fundamental processes. Notably, some reports of pathological conditions have proved abnormal expression of many non-coding RNAs guides the ailment. Vault RNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs containing stem regions or loops with well-conserved sequence patterns that play a fundamental role in the function of vault particles through RNA-ligand, RNA-RNA, or RNA-protein interactions. Taken together, vault RNAs have been proposed to be involved in a variety of functions such as cell proliferation, nucleocytoplasmic transport, intracellular detoxification processes, multidrug resistance, apoptosis, and autophagy, and serve as microRNA precursors and signaling pathways. Despite decades of investigations devoted, the biological function of the vault particle or the vault RNAs is not yet completely cleared. In this review, the current scientific assertions of the vital vault RNAs functions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Aghajani Mir
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-4774, Iran
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Kim Y, Sim J, Jeon K, Ryu D, Ji Y, Kim Y, Kim J, Jeon S, Park D, Jung E. Fermented black ginseng extract prevents UVB-induced inflammation by regulating the nc886-PKR pathway in human keratinocytes. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2024; 40. [PMID: 37961814 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays can cause inflammation and photodamage. In previous studies, we observed that the upregulation of nc886, a noncoding RNA (ncRNA), can alleviate UVB-induced inflammation through suppression of the protein kinase RNA (PKR) pathway. We aim to investigate the effect of fermented black ginseng extract (FBGE), which has been shown to increase the expression of nc886, on UVB-induced inflammation in keratinocytes. METHODS To confirm the cytotoxicity of FBGE, MTT assay was performed, and no significant cytotoxicity was found on human keratinocytes. The efficacies of FBGE were assessed through qPCR, Western blotting, and ELISA analysis which confirmed regulation of UVB-induced inflammation. RESULTS The analysis results showed that FBGE inhibited the decrease in nc886 expression and the increase in the methylated nc886 caused by UVB. It also prevented the UVB-induced increase of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Additionally, FBGE suppressed the PKR-MAPK pathways activated by UVB. CONCLUSION These results implicate that FBGE can alleviate UVB-induced inflammation through regulation of the nc886-PKR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbo Sim
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungeun Jeon
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dehun Ryu
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Ji
- Shinsegae International Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Shinsegae International Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junoh Kim
- Shinsegae International Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Jeon
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Li K, Zhou P, Guo Y, Xu T, Lin S, Lin S, Ji C. Recent advances in exosomal non-coding RNA-based therapeutic approaches for photoaging. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13463. [PMID: 37753673 PMCID: PMC10495620 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoaging is a degenerative biological process that affects the quality of life. It is caused by environmental factors including ultraviolet radiation (UVR), deep skin burns, smoking, active oxygen, chemical substances, and trauma. Among them, UVR plays a vital role in the aging process. AIM With the continuous development of modern medicine, clinical researchers have investigated novel approaches to treat aging. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), non-coding RNAs are involved in various physiological processes have broad clinical application as they have the advantages of convenient samples, abundant sources, and avoidable ethical issues. METHODS This article reviews research progress on five types of stem cell, exosomes, non-coding RNA in the context of photoaging treatment: adipose-derived stem cell, human umbilical cord MSCs, epidermal progenitor cells, keratinocyte stem cells, and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). It also includes stem cell related exosomes and their non-coding RNA research. RESULTS The results have clinical guiding significance for prevention and control of the onset and development of photoaging. It is found that stem cells secrete cytokines, cell growth factors, non-coding RNA, exosomes and proteins to repair aging skin tissues and achieve skin rejuvenation. In particular, stem cell exosomes and non-coding RNA are found to have significant research potential, as they possess the benefits of their source cells without the disadvantages which include immune rejection and granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun‐Jie Li
- Department of Dermatologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouFujianChina
| | - Peng‐Jun Zhou
- Department of Dermatologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouFujianChina
| | - Yan‐Ni Guo
- Department of Dermatologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouFujianChina
| | - Tian‐Xing Xu
- Department of Dermatologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouFujianChina
| | - Song‐Fa Lin
- Department of Dermatologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouFujianChina
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Researchthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouFujianChina
- Group of NeuroendocrinologyGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyAustralia
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
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Lee YS, Lee YS. nc886, an RNA Polymerase III-Transcribed Noncoding RNA Whose Expression Is Dynamic and Regulated by Intriguing Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108533. [PMID: 37239877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
nc886 is a medium-sized non-coding RNA that is transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) and plays diverse roles in tumorigenesis, innate immunity, and other cellular processes. Although Pol III-transcribed ncRNAs were previously thought to be expressed constitutively, this concept is evolving, and nc886 is the most notable example. The transcription of nc886 in a cell, as well as in human individuals, is controlled by multiple mechanisms, including its promoter CpG DNA methylation and transcription factor activity. Additionally, the RNA instability of nc886 contributes to its highly variable steady-state expression levels in a given situation. This comprehensive review discusses nc886's variable expression in physiological and pathological conditions and critically examines the regulatory factors that determine its expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Su Lee
- Rare Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
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Iakovou E, Kourti M. A Comprehensive Overview of the Complex Role of Oxidative Stress in Aging, The Contributing Environmental Stressors and Emerging Antioxidant Therapeutic Interventions. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:827900. [PMID: 35769600 PMCID: PMC9234325 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.827900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging is a normal, inevitable, irreversible, and progressive process which is driven by internal and external factors. Oxidative stress, that is the imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidant molecules favoring the first, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of aging and comprises one of the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related diseases. However, the oxidative stress theory of aging has not been successfully proven in all animal models studying lifespan, meaning that altering oxidative stress/antioxidant defense systems did not always lead to a prolonged lifespan, as expected. On the other hand, animal models of age-related pathological phenotypes showed a well-correlated relationship with the levels of prooxidant molecules. Therefore, it seems that oxidative stress plays a more complicated role than the one once believed and this role might be affected by the environment of each organism. Environmental factors such as UV radiation, air pollution, and an unbalanced diet, have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of aging and seem to initiate this process more rapidly and even at younger ages. Aim The purpose of this review is to elucidate the role of oxidative stress in the physiology of aging and the effect of certain environmental factors in initiating and sustaining this process. Understanding the pathophysiology of aging will contribute to the development of strategies to postpone this phenomenon. In addition, recent studies investigating ways to alter the antioxidant defense mechanisms in order to prevent aging will be presented. Conclusions Careful exposure to harmful environmental factors and the use of antioxidant supplements could potentially affect the biological processes driving aging and slow down the development of age-related diseases. Maybe a prolonged lifespan could not be achieved by this strategy alone, but a longer healthspan could also be a favorable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evripides Iakovou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Malamati Kourti
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Drug Discovery Group, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Malamati Kourti
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Soheilifar MH, Masoudi-Khoram N, Shirkavand A, Ghorbanifar S. Non-coding RNAs in photoaging-related mechanisms: a new paradigm in skin health. Biogerontology 2022; 23:289-306. [PMID: 35587318 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aging of skin is a biological process affected by environmental or genetic factors. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main environmental factor causing skin aging. Cumulative UV-induced photodamage of the skin tissue is associated with premature cellular senescence, extracellular degradation, and inflammatory responses in photoaging processes. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are untranslated transcripts and master regulators of protein-coding genes. ncRNAs have a critical regulatory role in maintaining skin structure, skin barrier function, morphogenesis, and development. Altered ncRNA expression has been reported in various skin disorders such as photoaging and skin cancers. ncRNAs contribute to the suppression and promotion of photoaging by modulating signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and regulating inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and senescence-associated genes. Elucidation of the functions of ncRNAs will improve the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying photoaging, and can be used in the development of therapeutic approaches in skin health and prevention of sun-induced aging. This review summarized the currently described ncRNAs and their functions in photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Soheilifar
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Enghelab St, 1315795613, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nastaran Masoudi-Khoram
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshan Shirkavand
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Enghelab St, 1315795613, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Ghorbanifar
- Department of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Enghelab St, 1315795613, Tehran, Iran
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Kavasi RM, Neagu M, Constantin C, Munteanu A, Surcel M, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Matrix Effectors in the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte-Derived Carcinomas. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:879500. [PMID: 35572966 PMCID: PMC9100789 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.879500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), referred to as keratinocyte carcinomas, are skin cancer with the highest incidence. BCCs, rarely metastasize; whereas, though generally not characterized by high lethality, approximately 2–4% of primary cSCCs metastasize with patients exhibiting poor prognosis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a scaffold that provides structural and biological support to cells in all human tissues. The main components of the ECM, including fibrillar proteins, proteoglycans (PGs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, are secreted by the cells in a tissue-specific manner, critical for the proper function of each organ. The skin compartmentalization to the epidermis and dermis compartments is based on a basement membrane (BM), a highly specialized network of ECM proteins that separate and unify the two compartments. The stiffness and assembly of BM and tensile forces affect tumor progenitors' invasion at the stratified epithelium's stromal border. Likewise, the mechanical properties of the stroma, e.g., stiffness, are directly correlated to the pathogenesis of the keratinocyte carcinomas. Since the ECM is a pool for various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, its' intense remodeling in the aberrant cancer tissue milieu affects biological functions, such as angiogenesis, adhesion, proliferation, or cell motility by regulating specific signaling pathways. This review discusses the structural and functional modulations of the keratinocyte carcinoma microenvironment. Furthermore, we debate how ECM remodeling affects the pathogenesis of these skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Munteanu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Forensic Science Department, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Dragana Nikitovic
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Kim Y, Ji H, Cho E, Park NH, Hwang K, Park W, Lee KS, Park D, Jung E. nc886, a Non-Coding RNA, Is a New Biomarker and Epigenetic Mediator of Cellular Senescence in Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413673. [PMID: 34948464 PMCID: PMC8705676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional studies of organisms and human models have revealed that epigenetic changes can significantly impact the process of aging. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), one of epigenetic regulators, plays an important role in modifying the expression of mRNAs and their proteins. It can mediate the phenotype of cells. It has been reported that nc886 (=vtRNA2-1 or pre-miR-886), a long ncRNA, can suppress tumor formation and photo-damages of keratinocytes caused by UVB. The aim of this study was to determine the role of nc886 in replicative senescence of fibroblasts and determine whether substances capable of controlling nc886 expression could regulate cellular senescence. In replicative senescence fibroblasts, nc886 expression was decreased while methylated nc886 was increased. There were changes of senescence biomarkers including SA-β-gal activity and expression of p16INK4A and p21Waf1/Cip1 in senescent cells. These findings indicate that the decrease of nc886 associated with aging is related to cellular senescence of fibroblasts and that increasing nc886 expression has potential to suppress cellular senescence. AbsoluTea Concentrate 2.0 (ATC) increased nc886 expression and ameliorated cellular senescence of fibroblasts by inhibiting age-related biomarkers. These results indicate that nc886 has potential as a new target for anti-aging and that ATC can be a potent epigenetic anti-aging ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, A-1805, U-TOWER, Yongin-si 16827, Korea; (Y.K.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (K.-S.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Hyanggi Ji
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, A-1805, U-TOWER, Yongin-si 16827, Korea; (Y.K.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (K.-S.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Eunae Cho
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, A-1805, U-TOWER, Yongin-si 16827, Korea; (Y.K.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (K.-S.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Nok-Hyun Park
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Youngin-si 17074, Korea; (N.-H.P.); (K.H.); (W.P.)
| | - Kyeonghwan Hwang
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Youngin-si 17074, Korea; (N.-H.P.); (K.H.); (W.P.)
| | - Wonseok Park
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Youngin-si 17074, Korea; (N.-H.P.); (K.H.); (W.P.)
| | - Kwang-Soo Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, A-1805, U-TOWER, Yongin-si 16827, Korea; (Y.K.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (K.-S.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, A-1805, U-TOWER, Yongin-si 16827, Korea; (Y.K.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (K.-S.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, A-1805, U-TOWER, Yongin-si 16827, Korea; (Y.K.); (H.J.); (E.C.); (K.-S.L.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Kessler AC, Maraia RJ. The nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of RNA polymerase III, and an evolving transcriptome for surveillance. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12017-12034. [PMID: 34850129 PMCID: PMC8643620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1969 report that described biochemical and activity properties of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases revealed Pol III as highly distinguishable, even before its transcripts were identified. Now known to be the most complex, Pol III contains several stably-associated subunits referred to as built-in transcription factors (BITFs) that enable highly efficient RNA synthesis by a unique termination-associated recycling process. In vertebrates, subunit RPC7(α/β) can be of two forms, encoded by POLR3G or POLR3GL, with differential activity. Here we review promoter-dependent transcription by Pol III as an evolutionary perspective of eukaryotic tRNA expression. Pol III also provides nonconventional functions reportedly by promoter-independent transcription, one of which is RNA synthesis from DNA 3'-ends during repair. Another is synthesis of 5'ppp-RNA signaling molecules from cytoplasmic viral DNA in a pathway of interferon activation that is dysfunctional in immunocompromised patients with mutations in Pol III subunits. These unconventional functions are also reviewed, including evidence that link them to the BITF subunits. We also review data on a fraction of the human Pol III transcriptome that evolved to include vault RNAs and snaRs with activities related to differentiation, and in innate immune and tumor surveillance. The Pol III of higher eukaryotes does considerably more than housekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Kessler
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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14
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Abstract
Background: The vault RNAs (vtRNAs) are a class of 84-141-nt eukaryotic non-coding RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III, associated to the ribonucleoprotein complex known as vault particle. Of the four human vtRNA genes, vtRNA1-1, vtRNA1-2 and vtRNA1-3, clustered at locus 1, are integral components of the vault particle, while vtRNA2-1 is a more divergent homologue located in a second locus. Gene expression studies of vtRNAs in large cohorts have been hindered by their unsuccessful sequencing using conventional transcriptomic approaches. Methods: VtRNA expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pan-Cancer cohort was estimated using the genome-wide DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility data (ATAC-seq) of their genes as surrogate variables. The association between vtRNA expression and patient clinical outcome, immune subtypes and transcriptionally co-regulated gene programs was analyzed in the dataset. Results: VtRNAs promoters are enriched in transcription factors related to viral infection. VtRNA2-1 is likely the most independently regulated homologue. VtRNA1-1 has the most accessible chromatin, followed by vtRNA1-2, vtRNA2-1 and vtRNA1-3. VtRNA1-1 and vtRNA1-3 chromatin status does not significantly change in cancer tissues. Meanwhile, vtRNA2-1 and vtRNA1-2 expression is widely deregulated in neoplastic tissues and its alteration is compatible with a broad oncogenic role for vtRNA1-2, and both tumor suppressor and oncogenic functions for vtRNA2-1. Yet, vtRNA1-1, vtRNA1-2 and vtRNA2-1 promoter DNA methylation predicts a shorter patient overall survival cancer-wide. In addition, gene ontology analyses of vtRNAs co-regulated genes identify a chromosome regulatory domain, epithelial differentiation, immune and thyroid cancer gene sets for specific vtRNAs. Furthermore, vtRNA expression patterns are associated with cancer immune subtypes and vtRNA1-2 expression is positively associated with cell proliferation and wound healing. Conclusions: Our study presents the landscape of vtRNA chromatin status cancer-wide, identifying co-regulated gene networks and ontological pathways associated with the different vtRNA genes that may account for their diverse roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sebastián Fort
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.,Depto. de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - María Ana Duhagon
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay.,Depto. de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
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15
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Gromkowska-Kępka KJ, Puścion-Jakubik A, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Socha K. The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging - review of in vitro studies. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3427-3431. [PMID: 33655657 PMCID: PMC8597149 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Photoaging, ultra violet (UV) induced skin aging is a gradual process that depends on the time and intensity of solar radiation. Aim The aim of this paper was to review of the literature focused on in vitro studies explaining the mechanisms of photoaging. Methods Electronic databases, including PubMed and MEDLINE, were searched for in vitro studies on the importance of UV radiation in the skin photoaging process of peer‐reviewed scientific journals. Only articles available in English and full version publications were considered for this review. Results Three main modes of UV radiation action on skin cells which lead to photoaging, there are changes in cell metabolism, induction of oxidative stress due to the change in enzyme activity. Conclusion The information gathered in this publication will help to better understand the complex and multidirectional mechanism of skin photoaging, which will contribute to the development of research on potential cosmetic products that provide effective and safe sun protection or repair damage caused by UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Socha
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Lee KS, Cho E, Weon JB, Park D, Fréchet M, Chajra H, Jung E. Inhibition of UVB-Induced Inflammation by Laminaria japonica Extract via Regulation of nc886-PKR Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1958. [PMID: 32630038 PMCID: PMC7400497 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) can cause photodamage of the skin. This photodamage can be inhibited by the overexpression of the non-coding RNA, nc886, via the protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) pathway. The study aims to identify how UVB inhibits nc886 expression, and it also seeks to determine whether substances that can control nc886 expression can influence UV-induced inflammation, and the mechanisms involved. The results suggest that UVB irradiation accelerates the methylation of the nc886 gene, therefore, reducing its expression. This induces the activation of the PKR, which accelerates the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and the production of MMP-9, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PGE2), and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-). Conversely, in a model of nc886 overexpression, the expression and production of those inflammatory factors are inhibited. In addition, Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) protect the levels of nc886 against UVB irradiation then subsequently inhibit the production of UV-induced inflammatory factors through the PKR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lee
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Eunae Cho
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Jin Bae Weon
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Mathilde Fréchet
- Clariant Active Ingredients, d’espagne, 31000 Toulouse, France; (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Hanane Chajra
- Clariant Active Ingredients, d’espagne, 31000 Toulouse, France; (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
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17
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Yin Z, Yang B, Ren H. Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Skin Diseases and Care. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:311-321. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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