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Li X, Gao L, Li X, Xia J, Pan Y, Bai C. Autophagy, Pyroptosis and Ferroptosis are Rising Stars in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1289-1299. [PMID: 38505538 PMCID: PMC10949337 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s450695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes and can potentially develop into end-stage renal disease. Its pathogenesis is complex and not fully understood. Podocytes, glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) play important roles in the normal function of glomerulus and renal tubules, and their injury is involved in the progression of DN. Although our understanding of the mechanisms leading to DN has substantially improved, we still need to find more effective therapeutic targets. Autophagy, pyroptosis and ferroptosis are programmed cell death processes that are associated with inflammation and are closely related to a variety of diseases. Recently, a growing number of studies have reported that autophagy, pyroptosis and ferroptosis regulate the function of podocytes, GECs, GMCs and TECs. This review highlights the contributions of autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis to DN injury in these cells, offering potential therapeutic targets for DN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Lifeng Gao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Xuyang Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Jingdong Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Yurong Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Chunying Bai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Human Genetic Disease Research, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
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Yamahara K, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Kume S. A novel therapeutic target for kidney diseases: Lessons learned from starvation response. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108590. [PMID: 38286162 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, making the disease an urgent clinical challenge. Caloric restriction has various anti-aging and organ-protective effects, and unraveling its molecular mechanisms may provide insight into the pathophysiology of CKD. In response to changes in nutritional status, intracellular nutrient signaling pathways show adaptive changes. When nutrients are abundant, signals such as mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) are activated, driving cell proliferation and other processes. Conversely, others, such as sirtuins and AMP-activated protein kinase, are activated during energy scarcity, in an attempt to compensate. Autophagy, a cellular self-maintenance mechanism that is regulated by such signals, has also been reported to contribute to the progression of various kidney diseases. Furthermore, in recent years, ketone bodies, which have long been considered to be detrimental, have been reported to play a role as starvation signals, and thereby to have renoprotective effects, via the inhibition of mTORC1. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the role of mTORC1, which is one of the most extensively studied nutrient-related signals associated with kidney diseases, autophagy, and ketone body metabolism; and kidney energy metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
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Li Y, Fang Y, Liu J. Downregulation of TRPC6 regulates ERK1/2 to prevent sublytic C5b‑9 complement complex‑induced podocyte injury through activating autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:576. [PMID: 38023364 PMCID: PMC10652242 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is a common glomerular disease, in which 50-60% of patients can progress to end-stage renal disease within 10-20 years, seriously endangering human health. Podocyte injury is the direct cause of IMN. Sublytic C5b-9 complement complex induces damage in podocytes' structure and function. In sublytic C5b-9 treated podocytes, the expression of canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) is increased. However, the specific mechanism of TRPC6 in sublytic C5b-9 treated podocytes is unclear. The present study aimed to reveal the effect and mechanism of TRPC6 on sublytic C5b-9-induced podocytes. Normal human serum was stimulated using zymosan to form C5b-9. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay was used to examine C5b-9 cytotoxicity in podocytes. The RNA and protein expression levels were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescent assay, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry were carried out to test the viability and apoptosis of podocytes, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe autophagic vacuole. F-actin was tested through phalloidin staining. Sublytic C5b-9 was deposited and TRPC6 expression was boosted in podocytes stimulated through zymosan activation serum. Knockdown of TRPC6 raised the viability and reduced the apoptosis rate of sublytic C5b-9-induced podocytes. Meanwhile, transfection of small-interfering (si)TRPC6 facilitated autophagy progression and enhanced the activation of cathepsin B/L in sublytic C5b-9-induced podocytes. The phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 was receded in siTRPC6 and sublytic C5b-9 co-treated podocytes. Moreover, the addition of the ERK1/2 activator partially reversed the effect of TRPC6 inhibition on sublytic C5b-9-induced podocytes. TRPC6 knockdown reduced the damage of sublytic C5b-9 to podocytes by weakening the ERK1/2 phosphorylation level to activate autophagy. These results indicated that targeting TRPC6 reduced the injury of sublytic C5b-9 on podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262550, P.R. China
| | - Youfu Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262550, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262550, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Zhou H, Chang X. Involvement of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in diabetic endothelial dysfunction and cardiac microvascular injury. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3023-3035. [PMID: 37707623 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs), found in the innermost layer of blood vessels, are crucial for maintaining the structure and function of coronary microcirculation. Dysregulated coronary microcirculation poses a fundamental challenge in diabetes-related myocardial microvascular injury, impacting myocardial blood perfusion, thrombogenesis, and inflammation. Extensive research aims to understand the mechanistic connection and functional relationship between cardiac EC dysfunction and the development, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes-related myocardial microvascular injury. Despite the low mitochondrial content in ECs, mitochondria act as sensors of environmental and cellular stress, influencing EC viability, structure, and function. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy play a vital role in orchestrating mitochondrial responses to various stressors by regulating morphology, localization, and degradation. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics or reduced mitophagy is associated with EC dysfunction, serving as a potential molecular basis and promising therapeutic target for diabetes-related myocardial microvascular injury. This review introduces newly recognized mechanisms of damaged coronary microvasculature in diabetes-related microvascular injury and provides updated insights into the molecular aspects of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Additionally, novel targeted therapeutic approaches against diabetes-related microvascular injury or endothelial dysfunction, focusing on mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in endothelial cells, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Dermatology, Liaocheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 5 Beixiagge, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Wang R, Zhang W, Mao H, Yuan C, Hua R. Designing stimuli-responsive upconversion nanoparticles based on a mimetic immunoassay for potential accurate diabetic nephropathy diagnosis. Analyst 2023; 148:5684-5690. [PMID: 37819162 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common microvascular complication associated with incurable diabetes. The gold standard diagnostic method for DN is based on the detection of proteinuria but it overlooks cases of non-proteinuria (NP-DN). To address this limitation, urinary sialic acid (SA) has been confirmed as an effective biomarker for various DNs. Herein, we constructed an ultrasensitive non-proteinuria assay platform to accurately diagnose DN within 20 min. This platform utilized the ninhydrin reaction between acidic ninhydrin and urinary sialic acid (SA) as an effective biomarker for various DNs. A compound with a maximum absorption peak at 470 nm was produced in this reaction and contributed to the fluorescence decrease of the blue-emission core-shell upconverting nanoparticles through the inner filter effect (IFE). By integrating the inner filter effect (IFE) with a mimetic immunoassay, the imperceptible color was converted into highly sensitive fluorescence signals. This protocol shows a stable and high sensitivity with a detection limit of 20 nmol L-1 and provides 100% positive prediction for urine samples, demonstrating its potential for clinical diagnosis and long-term monitoring of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Ru Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Huiting Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Chuanjun Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Ruinian Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, P.R. China.
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Wang T, Wang X, Fu T, Ma Y, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhou H, Chang X, Tong Y. Roles of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in diabetic myocardial microvascular injury. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:675-688. [PMID: 37755621 PMCID: PMC10746668 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial microvessels are composed of a monolayer of endothelial cells, which play a crucial role in maintaining vascular barrier function, luminal latency, vascular tone, and myocardial perfusion. Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in the development of cardiac microvascular injury and diabetic cardiomyopathy. In addition to their role in glucose oxidation and energy metabolism, mitochondria also participate in non-metabolic processes such as apoptosis, intracellular ion handling, and redox balancing. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are responsible for regulating the quality and quantity of mitochondria in response to hyperglycemia. However, these endogenous homeostatic mechanisms can both preserve and/or disrupt non-metabolic mitochondrial functions during diabetic endothelial damage and cardiac microvascular injury. This review provides an overview of the molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Furthermore, we summarize findings from various investigations that suggest abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and defective mitophagy contribute to the development of diabetic endothelial dysfunction and myocardial microvascular injury. Finally, we discuss different therapeutic strategies aimed at improving endothelial homeostasis and cardiac microvascular function through the enhancement of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Tong Fu
- Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Yanchun Ma
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Senior Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Senior Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Cardiovascular Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Ying Tong
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Liu T, Jin Q, Yang L, Mao H, Ma F, Wang Y, Li P, Zhan Y. Regulation of autophagy by natural polyphenols in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: therapeutic potential and mechanism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142276. [PMID: 37635982 PMCID: PMC10448531 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in renal physiology. In DKD, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products induces decreased renal autophagy-related protein expression and transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear transfer, leading to impaired autophagy and lysosomal function and blockage of autophagic flux. This accelerates renal resident cell injury and apoptosis, mediates macrophage infiltration and phenotypic changes, ultimately leading to aggravated proteinuria and fibrosis in DKD. Natural polyphenols show promise in treating DKD by regulating autophagy and promoting nuclear transfer of TFEB and lysosomal repair. This review summarizes the characteristics of autophagy in DKD, and the potential application and mechanisms of some known natural polyphenols as autophagy regulators in DKD, with the goal of contributing to a deeper understanding of natural polyphenol mechanisms in the treatment of DKD and promoting the development of their applications. Finally, we point out the limitations of polyphenols in current DKD research and provide an outlook for their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Mao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhan
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Mao Z, Yuan M, Li L, Tan Y, Qu Z, Chen M, Yu F. Glomerular mTORC1 activation was associated with podocytes to endothelial cells communication in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:10/1/e000896. [PMID: 37147021 PMCID: PMC10163597 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was initiated to evaluate the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in renal endothelial-podocyte crosstalk in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS We compared the kidney protein expression patterns of 10 patients with LN with severe endothelial-podocyte injury and 3 patients with non-severe endothelial-podocyte injury on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney tissues using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative proteomics analysis. Podocyte injury was graded by foot process width (FPW). The severe group was referred to patients with both glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity and FPW >1240 nm. The non-severe group included patients with normal endothelial capillaries and FPW in the range of 619~1240 nm. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed based on the protein intensity levels of differentially expressed proteins in each patient. An enriched mTOR pathway was selected, and the activation of mTOR complexes in renal biopsied specimens was further verified in 176 patients with LN. RESULTS Compared with those of the non-severe group, 230 proteins were upregulated and 54 proteins were downregulated in the severe group. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis showed enrichment in the 'positive regulation of mTOR signalling' pathway. The glomerular activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) was significantly increased in the severe group compared with the non-severe group (p=0.034), and mTORC1 was located in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells. Glomerular activation of mTORC1 was positively correlated with endocapillary hypercellularity (r=0.289, p<0.001) and significantly increased in patients with both endocapillary hypercellularity and FPW >1240 nm (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Glomerular mTORC1 was highly activated in patients with both glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity and podocyte injury, which might be involved in podocytes to endothelial cells communication in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Liu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaomin Mao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Yuan
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of lmmune-Mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Sehrawat A, Mishra J, Mastana SS, Navik U, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Dysregulated autophagy: A key player in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166666. [PMID: 36791919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential in regulating the turnover of macromolecules via removing damaged organelles, misfolded proteins in various tissues, including liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue to maintain the cellular homeostasis. In these tissues, a specific type of autophagy maintains the accumulation of lipid droplets which is directly related to obesity and the development of insulin resistance. It appears to play a protective role in a normal physiological environment by eliminating the invading pathogens, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles and generating energy and new building blocks by recycling the cellular components. Ageing is also a crucial modulator of autophagy process. During stress conditions involving nutrient deficiency, lipids excess, hypoxia etc., autophagy serves as a pro-survival mechanism by recycling the free amino acids to maintain the synthesis of proteins. The dysregulated autophagy has been found in several ageing associated diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. So, targeting autophagy can be a promising therapeutic strategy against the progression to diabetes related complications. Our article provides a comprehensive outline of understanding of the autophagy process, including its types, mechanisms, regulation, and role in the pathophysiology of T2DM and related complications. We also explored the significance of autophagy in the homeostasis of β-cells, insulin resistance (IR), clearance of protein aggregates such as islet amyloid polypeptide, and various insulin-sensitive tissues. This will further pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Sun D, Wang J, Toan S, Muid D, Li R, Chang X, Zhou H. Molecular mechanisms of coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: focus on mitochondrial quality surveillance. Angiogenesis 2022. [PMID: 35303170 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction is both a culprit and a victim of diabetes, and can accelerate diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications by promoting vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic responses. Perturbed mitochondrial function induces oxidative stress, disrupts metabolism and activates apoptosis in endothelial cells, thus exacerbating the progression of coronary microvascular complications in diabetes. The mitochondrial quality surveillance (MQS) system responds to stress by altering mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics (fission and fusion), mitophagy and biogenesis. Dysfunctional mitochondria are prone to fission, which generates two distinct types of mitochondria: one with a normal and the other with a depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial fusion and mitophagy can restore the membrane potential and homeostasis of defective mitochondrial fragments. Mitophagy-induced decreases in the mitochondrial population can be reversed by mitochondrial biogenesis. MQS abnormalities induce pathological mitochondrial fission, delayed mitophagy, impaired metabolism and defective biogenesis, thus promoting the accumulation of unhealthy mitochondria and the activation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. In this review, we examine the effects of MQS on mitochondrial fitness and explore the association of MQS disorders with coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. We also discuss the potential to treat diabetes-related coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction using novel MQS-altering drugs.
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Tagaya M, Kume S, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Kuwagata S, Yamahara K, Takeda N, Tanaka Y, Chin-Kanasaki M, Nakae Y, Yokoi H, Mukoyama M, Ishihara N, Nomura M, Araki SI, Maegawa H. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission protects podocytes from albumin-induced cell damage in diabetic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tserga A, Pouloudi D, Saulnier-Blache JS, Stroggilos R, Theochari I, Gakiopoulou H, Mischak H, Zoidakis J, Schanstra JP, Vlahou A, Makridakis M. Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Kidney Tissue Associates Peroxisomal Dysfunction with Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020216. [PMID: 35203426 PMCID: PMC8869654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The absence of efficient inhibitors for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression reflects the gaps in our understanding of DKD molecular pathogenesis. Methods: A comprehensive proteomic analysis was performed on the glomeruli and kidney cortex of diabetic mice with the subsequent validation of findings in human biopsies and omics datasets, aiming to better understand the underlying molecular biology of early DKD development and progression. Results: LC–MS/MS was employed to analyze the kidney proteome of 2 DKD models: Ins2Akita (early and late DKD) and db/db mice (late DKD). The abundance of detected proteins was defined. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the early and late DKD versus the respective controls predicted dysregulation in DKD hallmarks (peroxisomal lipid metabolism and β-oxidation), supporting the functional relevance of the findings. Comparing the observed protein changes in early and late DKD, the consistent upregulation of 21 and downregulation of 18 proteins was detected. Among these were downregulated peroxisomal and upregulated mitochondrial proteins. Tissue sections from 16 DKD patients were analyzed by IHC confirming our results. Conclusion: Our study shows an extensive differential expression of peroxisomal proteins in the early stages of DKD that persists regardless of the disease severity, providing new perspectives and potential markers of diabetic kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Tserga
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Despoina Pouloudi
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); (I.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Jean Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, 31432 Toulouse, France;
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Rafael Stroggilos
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Irene Theochari
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); (I.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Harikleia Gakiopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); (I.T.); (H.G.)
| | | | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joost Peter Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, 31432 Toulouse, France;
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (A.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +33-5-31224078 (J.P.S.); +30-210-6597506 (A.V.); +30-210-6597485 (M.M.)
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (A.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +33-5-31224078 (J.P.S.); +30-210-6597506 (A.V.); +30-210-6597485 (M.M.)
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (A.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +33-5-31224078 (J.P.S.); +30-210-6597506 (A.V.); +30-210-6597485 (M.M.)
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13
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Teh YM, Mualif SA, Lim SK. A comprehensive insight into autophagy and its potential signaling pathways as a therapeutic target in podocyte injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 143:106153. [PMID: 34974186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As part of the glomerular filtration membrane, podocyte is terminally differentiated, structurally unique, and highly specialized in maintaining kidney function. Proteinuria caused by podocyte injury (foot process effacement) is the clinical symptom of various kidney diseases (CKD), including nephrotic syndrome. Podocyte autophagy has become a powerful therapeutic strategy target in ameliorating podocyte injury. Autophagy is known to be associated significantly with sirtuin-1, proteinuria, and podocyte injury. Various key findings in podocyte autophagy were reported in the past ten years, such as the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in podocyte autophagy impairment, podocyte autophagy-related gene, essential roles of the signaling pathways: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)/ Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k)/ serine/threonine kinase 1 (Akt) in podocyte autophagy. These significant factors caused podocyte injury associated with autophagy impairment. Sirtuin-1 was reported to have a vital key role in mTOR signaling, 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulation, autophagy activation, and various critical pathways associated with podocyte's function and health; it has potential value to podocyte injury pathogenesis investigation. From these findings, podocyte autophagy has become an attractive therapeutic strategy to ameliorate podocyte injury, and this review will provide an in-depth review on therapeutic targets he podocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Mond Teh
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aisyah Mualif
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Medical Device and Technology Centre (MEDiTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Soo Kun Lim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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14
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Takagaki Y, Kanasaki K. Classical molecule in diabetic kidney hypertrophy is linked to defects in self-eating through fine-tuning. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:686-688. [PMID: 33455088 PMCID: PMC8088996 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takagaki
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaJapan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine 1Faculty of MedicineShimane UniversityIzumoJapan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and TechnologyMedical Research InstituteKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaJapan
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15
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Li Z, Wu N, Wang J, Zhang Q. Roles of Endovascular Calyx Related Enzymes in Endothelial Dysfunction and Diabetic Vascular Complications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590614. [PMID: 33328998 PMCID: PMC7734331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of diabetic patients has rapidly increased. Diabetic vascular complications seriously affect people’s quality of life. Studies found that endothelial dysfunction precedes the vascular complications of diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction is related to glycocalyx degradation on the surface of blood vessels. Heparanase (HPSE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), hyaluronidase (HYAL), hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS), and neuraminidase (NEU) are related to glycocalyx degradation. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and the vascular complications of diabetes from the perspective of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Zheng HJ, Zhang X, Guo J, Zhang W, Ai S, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu WJ. Lysosomal dysfunction-induced autophagic stress in diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8276-8290. [PMID: 32583573 PMCID: PMC7412686 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome for degradation, known as autophagy, is thought to act as a cytoprotective mechanism in response to stress or as a pathogenic process contributing towards cell death. Animal and human studies have shown that autophagy is substantially dysregulated in renal cells in diabetes, suggesting that activating autophagy could be a therapeutic intervention. However, under prolonged hyperglycaemia with impaired lysosome function, increased autophagy induction that exceeds the degradative capacity in cells could contribute toward autophagic stress or even the stagnation of autophagy, leading to renal cytotoxicity. Since lysosomal function is likely key to linking the dual cytoprotective and cytotoxic actions of autophagy, it is important to develop novel pharmacological agents that improve lysosomal function and restore autophagic flux. In this review, we first provide an overview of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, particularly focusing on stages of lysosomal degradation during autophagy. Then, we discuss the role of adaptive autophagy and autophagic stress based on lysosomal function. More importantly, we focus on the role of autophagic stress induced by lysosomal dysfunction according to the pathogenic factors (including high glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), urinary protein, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid overload) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), respectively. Finally, therapeutic possibilities aimed at lysosomal restoration in DKD are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Juan Zheng
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sinan Ai
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, and Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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